References
- Peakall , D.B. and Bart , J.R. 1983 . Impacts of aerial applications of insecticides on forest birds . CRC Crit. Rev. Environ. Control , 13 : 117 – 165 .
- O'Brien , R.D. 1967 . Insecticides: Action and Metabolism , New York, NY : Academic Press .
- DeRache , R. 1977 . Organophosphorus Pesticides. Criteria (Dose/Effect Relationships) for Organophosphorus Pesticides , Toronto, ON : Pergamon Press .
- Stickel , W.H. 1974 . Effects on wildlife of newer pesticides and other pollutants . Proc. Ann. Conf. West. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 1974 . Vol. 53 , pp. 484 – 491 .
- Miyamoto , J. 1977 . Degradation of fenitrothion in terrestrial and aquatic environments including photolytic and microbial reactions . Proceedings of a Symposium on Fenitrothion: The Long‐Term Effects of Its Use in Forest Ecosystems . 1977 . Edited by: Roberts , J.R. , Greenhalgh , R. and Marshall , W.K. pp. 105 – 134 . Ottawa, ON : National Research Council of Canada .
- Miyamoto , J. 1977 . Long‐term toxicological effects of fenitrothion in mammals including carcinogenicity and mutagenicity . Proceedings of a Symposium on Fenitrothion: The Long‐Term Effects of Its Use in Forest Ecosystems . 1977 . Edited by: Roberts , J.R. , Greenhalgh , R. and Marshall , W.K. pp. 459 – 496 . Ottawa, ON : National Research Council of Canada .
- Symons , P.E.K. 1977 . Dispersal and toxicology of the insecticide fenitrothion . Residue Rev. , 38 : 1 – 36 .
- Yule , W.N. and Duffy , J.R. 1972 . The persistence and fate of fenitrothion insecticide in a forest environment . Bull Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 8 : 10 – 18 .
- Busby , D.G. , Pearce , P.A. , Garrity , N.R. and Reynolds , L.M. 1983 . Effect of an organophosphorus insecticide on brain cholinesterase activity in white‐throated sparrows exposed to aerial forest spraying . J. Appl. Ecol. , 20 : 255 – 263 .
- Findlay , G.M. , Howe , G.J. and Lockhart , W.L. 1974 . Impact of fenitrothion on Japanese quail (Coturnix cotumix japonica) in a forest ecosystem . Man. Ent. , 8 : 10 – 15 .
- Hamilton , G.A. , Hunter , K. and Ruthven , A.D. 1981 . Inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase activity in songbirds exposed to fenitrothion during aerial spraying of forests . Bull Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 27 : 856 – 863 .
- Holmes , S.B. and Boag , P.T. 1990 . Inhibition of brain and plasma cholinesterase activity in zebra finches orally dosed with fenitrothion . Environ. Toxicol Chem. , 9 : 323 – 334 .
- Holmes , S.B. and Boag , P.T. 1990 . Effects of the organophosphorus pesticide fenitrothion on behavior and reproduction in zebra finches . Environ. Res. , 53 : 62 – 75 .
- Westlake , G.E. , Martin , A.D. , Stanley , P.I. and Walker , C.H. 1983 . Control enzyme levels in the plasma, brain and liver from wild birds and mammals in Britain . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. , 76 : 15 – 24 .
- Ellman , G.L. , Courtney , K.D. , Andres , V. Jr. and Featherstone , R.M. 1961 . A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity . Biochem. Pharmacol , 7 : 88 – 95 .
- Hill , E.E and Fleming , W.J. 1982 . Anticholinesterase poisoning of birds: field monitoring and diagnosis of acute poisoning . Environ. Toxicol Chem. , 1 : 27 – 38 .
- Jones , D. 1984 . Use, misuse, and role of multiple comparison procedures in ecological and agricultural entomology . Environ. Entomol. , 13 : 635 – 649 .
- Spray , C.J. , Crick , H.Q.P. and Hart , A.D.M. 1987 . Effects of aerial applications of fenitrothion on bird populations of a Scottish pine plantation . J. Appl. EcoL , 24 : 29 – 47 .
- Tilbrook , P.J. 1979 . “ The effects on wildlife of fenitrothion application to Forestry Commission plantations in Sutherland ” . In Control of Pine Beauty Moth by Fenitrothion in Scotland 1978 , Edited by: Holden , A.V. and Bevan , D. 133 – 141 . Edinburgh, , Scotland : Forestry Commission . Occasional Paper 4,
- Mineau , P. , Sundaram , K.M.S. , Sundaram , A. , Feng , C. , Busby , D.G. and Pearce , P. A. 1990 . An improved method to study the impact of pesticide sprays on small songbirds . J. Environ. Sci Health (Part B) , 25 : 105 – 135 .
- Raske , A.G. , Sundaram , K.M.S. , Sundaram , A. and West , R.J. 1989 . “ Fenitroth‐ion deposits on simulated and live fir foliage following aerial spraying of two formulations ” . In Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems: International Aspects , Edited by: Hazen , J.L. and Hovde , D.A. Volume 9 , 233 – 243 . Philadelphia, PA : American Society for Testing and Materials .
- Sundaram , K.M.S. , Millikin , R. and Sundaram , A. 1989 . Assessment of canopy and ground deposits of fenitrothion following aerial and ground application in a Northern Ontario forest . Pestic. Sci. , 25 : 59 – 69 .
- Pope , G.G. and Ward , P. 1971 . The effects of small applications of an organophosphorus poison, fenthion, on the weaverbird, Quelea quelea . Pestic. Sci , 3 : 197 – 205 .
- Grue , C.E. , Fleming , W.J. , Busby , D.G. and Hill , E.F. 1983 . Assessing hazards of organophosphate pesticides to wildlife . Trans. N. Amer. Wildl. Nat. Resources Conf. , 48 : 200 – 220 .
- Busby , D.G. , White , L.M. , Pearce , P.A. and Mineau , P. 1989 . “ Fenitrothion effects on forest songbirds: a critical new look ” . In Environmental Effects of Fenitrothion Use in Forestry‐Impacts on Insect Pollinators, Songbirds and Aquatic Organisms , Edited by: Ernst , W.R. , Pearce , P.A. and Pollock , T.L. 43 – 108 . Dartmouth, NS : Environment Canada, Conservation and Protection, Atlantic Region .
- Crick , H.Q.P. and Spray , CJ. 1987 . “ The impact of aerial applications of fenitrothion on forest bird populations ” . In Population Biology and Control of the Pine Beauty Moth , Forestry Commission Bulletin 67 Edited by: Leather , S.R. , Stoakley , J.T. and Evans , H.E . 76 – 86 . London, , UK : Her Majesty's Stationery Office .
- Fleming , W.J. 1981 . Recovery of brain and plasma cholinesterase activities in ducklings exposed to organophosphorus pesticides . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 10 : 215 – 229 .
- Hayes , W.J. Jr. 1975 . Toxicology of Pesticides , Baltimore, MD : The Williams and Wilkins Company .