Microbiology of rainwater cistern systems: A review

References

• Draffin , J. O. 1939 . The Story of Man's Quest for Water , Champaign, Illinois : The Garrard Press .
   Google Scholar
• International Development Research Centre (IDRC) . 1986 . Rainwater Catchment: Status and Research Priorities in the Southeast Asian Region , Report MR 127e
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Environment Programme . 1983 . Rain and Stormwater Harvesting in Rural Areas , Dublin, , Ireland : Tycooly International Publishing Limited .
   Google Scholar
• Michael ides , G. and Young , R. J. 1983 . Rainwater Harvesting for Domestic Use in Rural Areas . Ekistics , 50 ( 303 ) : 473 – 476 .
   Google Scholar
• Fontaine , J. 1987 . Water Supply in Micronesia . Journal of American Water Works Association , 7 : 65 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Mayo , A. W. and Mashauri , D. A. 1991 . Rainwater Harvesting for Domestic Use in Tanzania a Case Study: University of Dar Es Salaam Staff Houses . Water International , 16 : 2 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Fok , Y‐S and Murabayashi , E. T. 1981 . Water Reuse by Rainwater Cisterns and Impervious Membranes . Proceedings of Water Reuse Symposium II . 1981 . pp. 2487 – 2499 . Denver, Colorado : American Water Works Association .
   Google Scholar
• Dill aha , T. A. and Zolan , W. J. 1983 . An Investigation of the Water Quality of Rooftop Rainwater Catchment Systems in Micronesia , Technical Report No. 45 Guam : Water and Energy Research Institute of the Western Pacific .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , H. H. 1983 . Effects of Various Factors on the Sizing of Rain Water Cistern Systems , Technical Report No. 19 St. Thomas, Virgin Islands : Caribbean Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Ruskin , R. H. and Krishna , J. H. 1990 . A Preliminary Assessment of Cistern Water Quality in Selected Hotels and Guest Houses in The U. S. Virgin Islands , Technical Report no. 34 St. Thomas, Virgin Islands : Caribbean Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Waller , D. H. 1982 . Rain Water as a Water Supply Source in Bermuda . Proceedings of the First International Conference on Rain Water Cistern Systems . 1982 , Honolulu, Hawaii. pp. 184 – 193 .
   Google Scholar
• Schiller , E. J. 1982 . “ Rooftop Rainwater Catchment Systems for Drinking Water Supply ” . In Water Supply and Sanitation in Developing Countries , Edited by: Scheiller , E. J. and Droste , R. L. Ann Arbor, Michigan : Ann Arbor Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Waller , E. H. 1989 . Rain Water ‐ An Alternative Source in Developing and Developed Countries . Water International , 14 : 27 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Fok , Y‐S , Fong , R. H. L. , Hung , J. , Hurabayashi , E. T. and Lo , A. 1980 . Bayes‐Harkov Analysis for Rain‐Catchment Cisterns , Report No. 133 Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii .
   Google Scholar
• Keller , K. 1982 . Rainwater Harvesting for Domestic Water Supplies in Developing Countries , Washington, D. C : Agency for International Development . Report PB85–133502,
   Google Scholar
• Latham , B. and Schiller , E. 1984 . Rainwater Collection Systems: A Literature Review , University of Ottawa, Institute for International Development and Cooperation .
   Google Scholar
• Crasta , R. M. , Fasso , C. A. , Patta , F. and Putzu , G. 1982 . Carthaginian‐Roman Cisterns in Sardinia . Proceedings of the First International Conference on Rainwater Cistern Systems . 1982 , Honolulu, Hawaii. pp. 37 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Ellms , J. W. 1928 . Water Purification , New York : McGraw‐Hill Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , M. N. 1949 . The Quest for Pure Water , New York : The American Water Works Association .
   Google Scholar
• Grimand , M. G. 1960 . Water Cisterns fn Venice . Journal of the Franklin Institute , 70 : 372 – 373 .
   Google Scholar
• Blake , N. M. 1956 . Water for the Cities , Syracuse, New York : Syracuse University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ohio Department of Health . 1981 . Plans for Developing a Cistern Water Supply , Report 2445.32
   Google Scholar
• Rinehart , F. 1983 . Water Quality of Cistern Water in St. Thomas, USVI , Technical Report No. 15 St. Thomas, Virgin Islands : Caribbean Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Coles‐Finch , W. 1909 . Water its Origin and Use , New York : D. Van Nostrand Company .
   Google Scholar
• Reid , G. W. 1982 . Lessons of History in the Design and Acceptance of Rainwater Cistern Systems . Proceedings of the International Conference on Rainwater Cistern Systems . 1982 , Honolulu, Hawaii. pp. 1 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Michael ides , G. and Young , R. J. 1984 . Protection of Water Quality from Roof Catchments by Appropriate Design and Maintenance . Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Rainwater Systems . 1984 , St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. pp. E3–1 – E3–14 .
   Google Scholar
• Klein , B. and Bullerman , M. 1989 . Qualitative Aspects of Rainwater Use in the Federal Republic of Germany . Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Rainwater Cistern Systems . 1989 , Manila, Philippines. pp. El‐1 – El‐15 .
   Google Scholar
• Waller , D. H. , Sheppard , W. , Paterson , B. , D'Eon , W. and Feldman , D. 1984 . Quantity and Quality Aspects of Rain Water Cistern Supplies in Nova Scotia . Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Rain Water Cistern Systems . 1984 , St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. pp. E5–1 – E5–14 .
   Google Scholar
• Canoy , M. J. and Knudsen , A. 1983 . Water Quality of Cistern Water in St. Thomas, U.S.V.I.: Microbial Analysis and Major Ion Composition , Caribbean Research Institute, College of the Virgin Islands .
   Google Scholar
• Lye , D. J. 1987 . Bacterial Levels in Cistern Water Systems of Northern Kentucky . Water Resources Bulletin , 23 : 1063 – 1068 .
   Google Scholar
• Fujioka , R. S. , Inserra , S. G. and Chinn , R. D. 1991 . The Bacterial Content of Cistern Waters in Hawaii . Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Rainwater Cistern Systems . 1991 , Keelung, Taiwan. pp. 33 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Cornell University, Department of Rural Sociology . 1984 . National Statistical Assessment of Rural Water Conditions , U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Drinking Water . EPA Report 570/9–84–004a,
   Google Scholar
• Fujioka , R. S. and Chinn , R. D. 1987 . The Microbiological Quality of Cistern Waters in the Tantalus Area of Honolulu, Hawaii . Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Rainwater Cistern Systems . 1987 , Khon Kaen, Thailand. pp. F3–1 – F3–13 .
   Google Scholar
• Isquith , I. and Winters , H. 1981 . Microbial Analysis of Domestic Cistern Water in the U. S. Virgin Islands , Technical Report No. 7 St. Thomas, U.S.V.I. : Caribbean Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Laird , H. 1988 . The Natural History of Larval Mosquito Habitats , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lye , D. J. and Dufour , A. P. 1991 . A Membrane Filter Procedure for Assaying Cytotoxic Activity in Heterotrophic Bacteria Isolated from Drinking Water . Journal of Applied Bacteriology , 70 : 89 – 94 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lye , D. J. 1989 . Virulence Characteristics of Bacteria Isolated from Cistern Water Systems in Rural Northern Kentucky, U.S.A. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Rainwater Cistern Systems . 1989 , Manila, Philiipines. pp. E4 – 1 .
   Google Scholar
• Ruskin , R. H. , Lye , D. J. and Krishna , J. H. 1990 . The Need for Separate Water Quality Standards for Cistern Water Systems: A Review . Proceedings of the American Society for Microbiology Annual Meeting . 1990 , Anaheim, California.
   Google Scholar
• Mara , J. S. , LaCroix , S. J. , Hopkins , B. S. and Staley , J. T. 1986 . Recovery and Diversity of Heterotrophic Bacteria from Chlorinated Drinking Waters . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 51 : 1047 – 1055 .
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd , B. 1982 . Water Quality Surveillance . Waterlines , 1 : 19 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Koplan , J. P. , Deen , R. D. , Swanston , W. H. and Tota , B. 1978 . Contaminated Roof‐Collected Rainwater as a Possible Cause of an Outbreak of Salmonellosis . Journal of Hygiene, Cambridge , 81 : 303 – 309 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schlech , W. F. III , Gorman , G. W. , Payne , H. C. and Broome , C. V. 1985 . Legionnaires’ Disease in the Carribean. An Outbreak Associated with a Resort Hotel . Archives of Internal Medicine , 145 : 2076 – 2079 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Broadhead , J. N. , Negron‐Alvira , A. , Baez , L. A. , Hazen , T. C. and Canoy , M. J. 1988 . Occurrence of Legionella Species in Tropical Rain Water Cisterns . Caribbean Journal of Science , 24 : 71 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• Lye , D. O. 1991 . Microbial Levels in Cistern Systems: Acceptable or Unacceptable . Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Rainwater Cistern Systems . 1991 , Keelung, Taiwan. pp. 80 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Ruskin , R. H. and Callender , P. S. 1988 . Maintenance of Cistern Water Quality and Quantity in the Virgin Islands , Technical Report No. 30 St. Thomas, U.S.V.I. : Caribbean Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins , D. , Pearson , F. , Moore , E. , Kim , S. J. and Valentine , R. 1978 . Feasibility of Rainwater Collection Systems in California , Davis, California : California Water Resources Center .
   Google Scholar
• Gambell , A. W. and Fisher , D. W. 1966 . Chemical Composition of Rainfall; Eastern North Carolina and Southeastern Virginia , Geological Survey Water‐Supply Paper 1535‐K Washington, D.C.
   Google Scholar
• Dalai , R. C. 1979 . Composition of Trinidad Rainfall . Water Resources Research , 15 : 1217 – 1223 .
   Google Scholar
• Gumbs , A. F. and Dierberg , F. E. 1985 . Heavy Metals in the Drinking Water from Cisterns Supplying Single‐Family Dwellings . Water International , 10 : 22 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Young , E. S. Jr. and Sharpe , W. E. 1984 . Atmospheric Deposition and Roof‐Catchment Cistern Water Quality . Journal of Environmental Quality , 13 : 38 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Millette , J. R. , Boone , R. and Rosenthal , M. 1980 . Asbestos in Cistern Water , U.S.E.P.A. Report Cincinnati, Ohio
   Google Scholar
• Sharpe , W. E. and Young , E. S. 1982 . Occurrence of Selected Heavy Metals in Rural Roof‐Catchment Cistern Systems . Proceedings of the First International Conference on Rain Water Cistern Systems . 1982 , Honolulu, Hawaii. pp. 249 – 256 .
   Google Scholar
• Hichaelides , G. and Young , R. J. 1984 . Diverting the Foul Flush from Roof Catchments used for Potable Water Supply . African and Asian Water and Sewage , 3 : 18 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Hichaelides , G. , Allybokus , M. and Young , R. J. 1986 . Optimized Design and Water Quality Studies of Roof Top Rainwater Catchment Project in Mauritius . Proceedings of Third ASCHEW Regional Conference . 1986 , Seychelles.
   Google Scholar
• Neri , L. C. , Li , D. K. and Schiller , E. J. 1984 . Use of Rainwater for Drinking Purposes: Its Health Implications . Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Rainwater Systems . 1984 , St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. pp. E6–1 – E6–24 .
   Google Scholar
• Waller , D. H. and Inman , D. V. 1982 . Rain Water as an Alternative Source in Nova Scotia . Proceedings of the First International Conference on Rain Water Cistern Systems . 1982 , Honolulu, Hawaii. pp. 202 – 209 .
   Google Scholar
• Richmond , R. E. , Rickabough , J. , Huffman , J. and Epperly , N. 1987 . Colorectal Cancer Mortality and Incidence in Campbell County, Kentucky . Southern Medical Journal , 80 : 953 – 957 .
   Google Scholar
• Rinehart , F. , Peebles , R. , Hoffman , P. L. , Canoy , M. J. and Knudsen , A. 1983 . Water Quality of Cistern Water in St. Thomas USVI. A. Preliminary Survey, B. Microbial Analysis and Major Ion Composition , Technical Report No. 14 St. Thomas, USVI : Caribbean Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Wirojanagud , W. 1991 . Rainwater Quality: Pathogens and Heavy Metals . Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Rain Water Cistern Systems . 1991 , Keelung, Taiwan.
   Google Scholar
• Weltrop , J. A. 1991 . There is no Substitute for Water . Water International , 16 : 57 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Lo , A. and Fok , Y‐S. 1981 . Application of a Single Reservoir Operation Policy to a Rain Water Cistern System . Water Resources Bulletin , 17 : 868 – 873 .
   Google Scholar
• Fok , Y‐S and Leung , P. 1982 . Cost Analysis of Rain Water Cistern Systems . Proceedings of the First International Conference on Rainwater Cistern Systems . 1982 , Honolulu, Hawaii. pp. 210 – 219 .
   Google Scholar
• Nissen‐Petersen , E. 1982 . Rain Catchment and Water Supply in Rural Africa: A Manual , Great Britain : Hodder and Stoughton Ltd. .
   Google Scholar
• White , G. F. , Bradley , D. J. and White , A. U. 1972 . Drawers of Water ‐ Domestic Water Use in East Africa , Chicago, Illinois : The University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bailey , N. G. 1959 . Cisterns for Rural Water Supply in Ohio , Columbus, Ohio : Department of Natural Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Extension Service, Pennsylvania State University . 1981 . Rainwater Cisterns Design, Construction, and Water Treatment Special Circular 277,
   Google Scholar
• Scott , R. S. and Waller , D. H. 1991 . Development of Guidelines for Rainwater Cistern Systems in Nova Scotia . Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Rain Water Cistern Systems . 1991 , Keelung, Taiwan. pp. 51 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Gould , J. E. 1990 . Developments in Rainwater Catchment Systems Technology and Implementation Strategies in the 1980's and Lessons for the 1990's . International Symposium on Development of Small Scale Water Resources in Rural Areas . 1990 , Bangkok and Khon Kaen, Thailand.
   Google Scholar
• Fewkes , A and Jay , A. 1991 . The Use of Rain Water for W. C. Flushing in the U. K. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Rainwater Cistern Systems . 1991 , Keelung, Taiwan. pp. 511 – 520 .
   Google Scholar
• Owen , M. C. R. and Gerba , C. P. 1987 . A Case History of Disinfection of Water in Rural Areas of Mexico . Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Rainwater Systems . 1987 , Khon Kaen, Thailand. pp. F4–1 – F4–17 .
   Google Scholar
• Bell , F. A. Jr. 1991 . Review of Effects of Silver‐Impregnated Carbon Filters on Microbial Water Quality . Journal of American Water Works Association , August : 74 – 76 .
   Google Scholar