Anaerobic digestion of simulated distillery waste using flocculated and fixed cell reactors

References

• Boone , D. R. and Bryant , M. P. 1980 . Propionate‐degrading bacterium, Syntrophobacter wolinii sp. nov. gen. nov., from methanogenic ecosystems . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 40 : 626 – 632 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chartrain , M. , Bhatnagar , L. and Zeikus , J. G. 1987 . Microbial ecophysiology of whey biomethanation: comparison of carbon transformation parameters, species composition, and starter culture performance in continuous culture . Appl Environ. Microbiol. , 53 : 1147 – 1156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frostell , B. 1985 . Process control in anaerobic wastewater treatment . Wat. Sci. Technol. , 17 : 173 – 189 .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , W. J. , Nagle , D. P. and Whitman , W. B. 1987 . Methanogens and the diversity of Archaebacteria . Microbiol. Rev. , 51 : 135 – 177 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacLeod , F. A. , Guiot , S. R. and Costerton , J. W. 1990 . Layered structure of bacterial aggregates produced in an upflow anaerobic sludge bed and filter reactor . Appl Environ. Microbiol. , 56 : 1598 – 1607 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarty , P. L. and Smith , D. P. 1986 . Anaerobic wastewater treatment . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 20 : 1200 – 1206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McInerney , M. J. , Bryant , M. P. and Pfennig , N. 1979 . Anaerobic bacterium that degrades fatty acids in syntrophic association with methanogens . Arch. Microbiol. , 122 : 129 – 135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , M. R. , Zinder , S. H. and Man , R. A. 1980 . Microbial methanogenesis from acetate . Proc. Biochem. , 15 : 34 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele , J. H. , Chartrain , M. and Zeikus , J. G. 1988 . Control of interspecies electron flow during anaerobic digestion: role of floc formation in syntrophic methanogenesis . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 54 : 10 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele , J. H. and Zeikus , J. G. 1988 . Control of interspecies electron flow during anaerobic digestion: significance of formate transfer versus hydrogen transfer during syntrophic methanogenesis in flocs . Appl Environ. Microbiol. , 54 : 20 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage , D. C. and Fletcher , M. 1985 . Bacterial Adhesion: Mechanisms and Physiological Significance. , 476 NY : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lettinga , G. , Van Velsen , A.F.M. , Hobma , S.W. , de Zeeuw , W. and Klapwijk , A. 1980 . Use of the upflow sludge blanket (USB) reactor concept for biological wastewater treatment, especially for anaerobic treatment . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 22 : 699 – 734 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Switzenbaum , M. S. and Jewell , W. J. 1980 . Anaerobic attached‐film expanded‐bed reactor treatment . J. WPCF. , 52 : 1953 – 1964 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , J. C. and McCarty , P. L. 1969 . The anaerobic filter for waste treatment . J. WPCF. , 41 : R160 – R173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , A. , Zoetemeyer , R. J. , van Deursen , A. and van Andel , J. G. 1979 . Anaerobic digestion of glucose with separated acid production and methane formation . Wat. Res. , 13 : 571 – 580 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cail , R. G. and Barford , J. P. 1985 . The development of granulation in an upflow floc digester and an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digester treating cane juice stillage . Biotechnol. Lett. , 7 : 493 – 498 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callander , I.J. and Barford , J. P. 1983 . Recent advances in anaerobic digestion technology . Proc. Biochem. , 18 : 24 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canovas‐Diaz , M. and Howell , J. A. 1987 . Stratified ecology techniques in the startup of an anaerobic downflow fixed film percolating reactor . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 30 : 289 – 296 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen , A. , Breure , A. M. , van Andel , J. G. and van Deursen , A. 1982 . Influence of phase separation on the anaerobic digestion of glucose ‐ II. Stability and kinetic responses to shock loadings . Water Res. , 16 : 449 – 455 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh , S. , Ombregt , J. P. and Pipyn , P. 1985 . Methane production from industrial wastes by two‐phase anaerobic digestion . Wat. Res. , 19 : 1083 – 1088 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , E. R. 1987 . Biofilm reactors in anaerobic wastewater treatment . Biotech. Adv. , 5 : 257 – 269 .
   Google Scholar
• Harper , S. R. and Pohland , F. G. 1987 . Enhancement of anaerobic treatment efficiency through process modification . J. WPCF. , 59 : 152 – 161 .
   Google Scholar
• Henze , M. and Harremoes , P. 1983 . Anaerobic treatment of wastewater in fixed film reactors ‐ a literature review . Wat. Sci. Technol. , 15 : 1 – 101 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy , K. J. , Hamoda , M. F. and Guiot , S. G. 1988 . Anaerobic treatment of leachate using fixed film and sludge bed systems . J. WPCF. , 60 : 1675 – 1683 .
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy , K.J. , Muzar , M. and Copp , G.H. 1985 . Stability and performance of mesophilic anaerobic fixed‐film reactors during organic overloading . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 27 : 86 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Kobayashi , H.A. , de Macario , E.C. , Williams , R.S. and Macario , A.J.L. 1988 . Direct characterization of methanogens in two high‐rate anaerobic biological reactors . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 54 : 693 – 698 .
   Google Scholar
• Lettinga , G. , Hobma , S.W. , Pol , L.W.H. , de Zeeuw , W. , de Jong , P. , Grin , P. and Roersma , R. 1983 . Design operation and economy of anaerobic treatment . Wat. Sci. Technol. , 15 : 177 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele , J. H. and Zeikus , J. G. 1988 . The anion‐exchange substrate shuttle process: a new approach to two‐stage biomethanation of organic and toxic wastes . Biotechnol Bioeng. , 31 : 521 – 535 .
   Google Scholar
• Weiland , P. 1987 . Development of anaerobic filters for treatment of high strength agro‐industrial wastewaters . Bioproc. Eng. , 2 : 39 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Yoda , M. , Shin , S. W. , Watanabe , A , Watanabe , M. , Kitagawa , M. and Miyaji , Y. 1987 . Anaerobic fluidized bed treatment with a steady‐state biofilm . Wat. Sci. Tech. , 19 : 287 – 298 .
   Google Scholar
• Kitsos , H.H. 1989 . Development of a Two‐Staged Immobilized Cell Bioreactor for the Production of Methane from Organic Wastes. , 371 Atlanta, GA : Georgia Institute of Technology . PhD thesis
   Google Scholar
• Kitsos , H.M. , Roberts , R. , Jones , W.J. and Tornabene , T.G. 1992 . An experimental study of mass diffusion and reaction rates in an anaerobic biofilm . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 39 : 1141 – 1146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balch , W. E. , Fox , G. E. , Magrum , L. J. , Woese , C. R. and Wolfe , R. S. 1979 . Methanogens: re‐evaluation of a unique biological group . Microbiol. Rev. , 43 : 260 – 296 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ribeiro , C. C. and Branco , J. R. C. 1981 . Stillage: a resource disguised as a nuisance . Proc. Biochem. , 16 : 8 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Bolle , W. L. , van Breugel , J. , van Eybergen , G. C. , Kossen , N. W. F. and Zoetemeyer , R. J. 1986 . Modeling the liquid flow in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 28 : 1615 – 1620 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Public Health Association . 1981 . Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. , Washington, DC : APHA .
   Google Scholar
• Cline , J. D. 1971 . Spectrophotometric determination of hydrogen sulphide in natural waters . Oceanography, , 47 : 454 – 458 .
   Google Scholar
• Dubois , M. , Giles , D. A. , Hamilton , J. K. , Rebers , P. A. and Smith , I. 1956 . Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances . Anal Chem. , 28 : 350 – 356 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowry , O. H. , Rosebrough , N. J. , Farr , A. L. and Randall , R. J. 1951 . Protein measurements with folin phenol reagent . J. Biol Chem. , 193 : 265 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawes , C. J. 1971 . Biological Techniques in Electron Microscopy , International Textbook Series 193 NY : Barnes and Noble .
   Google Scholar
• Characklis , W. G. , Trulear , M. G. , Bryers , J. D. and Zelver . 1982 . Dynamics of biofilm processes: methods . Water Res. , 16 : 1207 – 1216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenspiel , O. 1972 . Chemical Reaction Engineering. , NY : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Current address: National Starch and Chemical Company, Plainsfield, NJ 07063.
   Google Scholar
• Current address: US‐EPA, Athens, GA 30613.
   Google Scholar
• To whom correspondence should be sent.
   Google Scholar