Modeling climate related feedback processes

References

• Aselmann , I. and Crutzen , P.J. 1989 . The global distribution of natural freshwater wetlands and rice paddies, their net primary productivity, season‐ality and possible methane emission . Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry , 8 : 307 – 358 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazzaz , F.A. 1990 . The response of natural ecosystems to the rising global CO2 ‐Vlevels . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , 21 : 167 – 196 .
   Google Scholar
• Bacastow , R. and Keeling , C.D. 1973 . “ Atmospheric carbon dioxide and radio carbon in the natural carbon cycle: II. Changes from A.D. 1700 to 2070 as deduced from a geochemical model ” . In Carbon and the Biosphere , Edited by: Woodwell , G.M. and Pecan , E.V. 86 – 135 . Washington, DC : U.S. Atomic Energy Commission .
   Google Scholar
• Boden , T.A. , Kanciruk , P. and Farrell , M.P. 1990 . Trends ‘90, A Compendium of Data on Global Change , Technical Report TN : Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Bruhl , C. and Crutzen , P.J. 1988 . Scenarios of possible changes in atmospheric temperatures and ozone concentrations due to man's activities, estimated with a one‐dimensional coupled photochemical climate model . Climate Dynamics , 2 : 173 – 203 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke , M. K. , Houghton , R. A. and Woodwell , G. M. 1990 . “ Progress toward predicting the potential for increasing emissions of CH4 from wetlands as a consequence of global warming ” . In Soils and the Greenhouse Effect , Edited by: Bouwman , A. F. London : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Cess , R.D. 1989 . Gauging water‐vapor feedback . Nature , 342 : 736 – 737 .
   Google Scholar
• Cess , R.D. , Potter , G.L. , Blanchet , J.P. , Boer , G.J. , Ghan , S.J. , Kiehl , J.T. , Le Treut , H. , Li , Z.X. , Liang , X.Z. , Mitchell , J.F.B. , Morcrette , J.J. , Randall , D.A. , Riches , M.R. , Roeckner , E. , Schlese , U. , Slingo , A. , Taylor , K.E. , Washington , W.M. , Wetherald , R.T. and Yagai , I. 1989 . Interpretation of cloud‐climate feedback as produced by 14 atmospheric general circulation models . Science , 245 : 513 – 516 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crill , P. M. , Bartlett , K. B. , Harris , R. C. , Gorham , E. , Verry , E. S. , Sebacher , D. I. , Madzar , L. and Sanner , W. 1988 . Methane flux from Minnesota peatlands . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 2 (4) : 371 – 384 .
   Google Scholar
• Dickinson , R.E. 1986 . “ How will climate change? ” . In The Greenhouse Effect, Climate Change and Ecosystems , SCOPE 13 Edited by: Jager , J. , Bolin , B. , Doos , B.R. and Warrick , R.A. 206 – 270 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Emanuel , W.R. , Fung , I.Y.S. , Killough , G.G. , Moor , B. and Peng , T.H. 1985 . “ Modeling the global carbon cycle and changes in the atmospheric carbon dioxide levels ” . In Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and the Global Carbon Cycle , Edited by: Traballa , J.R. 141 – 173 . Washington, DC : U.S. Department of Energy . ER‐0239
   Google Scholar
• Esser , G. 1987 . Sensitivity of global carbon pools and fluxes to human and potential climatic impacts . Tellus , 39B : 459 – 476 .
   Google Scholar
• Fitter , A.H. and Hay , R.K.M. 1981 . Environmental Hysiology of Plants , 355 London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Friedli , H. , Lotscher , H. , Oeschger , H. , Siegenthaler , U. and Stauffer , B. 1986 . Ice core record of the 13C/12C ratio of atmospheric CO2 in the past two centuries . Nature , 324 : 237 – 238 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gargett , A.E. 1984 . Vertical eddy diffusivity in the ocean interior . Journal of Maritime Research , 42 : 359 – 393 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gates , D. 1985 . “ Global biospheric response to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ” . In Direct Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide on Vegetation , Edited by: Strain , B. and Cure , J. Washington, DC : U.S. Department of Energy .
   Google Scholar
• Goudriaan , J. and Ketner , P. 1984 . A simulation study for the global carbon cycle including man's impact on the biosphere . Climatic Change , 6 : 167 – 192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goudriaan , J. and de Ruiter , H.E. 1983 . The effect of CO2 enrichment in interaction with shortage of either nitrogen or phosphorus on plant growth . Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science , 31 : 157 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• Guthrie , P.D. 1986 . Biological methanogenesis and the CO2 greenhouse effect . Journal of Geophysical Research , 91 (D10) : 10847 – 10851 .
   Google Scholar
• Hansen , J. , Russell , G. , Rind , D. , Stone , P. , Lacis , A. , Lebedeff , S. , Ruedy , R. and Travis , L. 1983 . Efficient three‐dimensional global models for climate studies: Model I and II . Monthly Weather Review , 111 : 609 – 662 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotmans , J. 1990 . IMAGE: An Integrated Model to Assess the Greenhouse Effect , Dordrecht/Boston/London, , The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers . ISBN 0–7923–0957‐X
   Google Scholar
• Harvey , L.D. 1989 . Managing atmospheric CO2 . Climatic Change , 15 : 343 – 381 .
   Google Scholar
• Kohlmaier , G.H. , Janecek , A. and Kindermann , J. 1990 . “ Positive and negative feedback loops within the vegetation/soil system in response to a CO2greenhouse warming ” . In Soils and the Greenhouse Effect , Edited by: Bouwman , AE . London : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Lashof , D. A. 1989 . The dynamic greenhouse: feedback processes that may influence future concentrations of atmospheric trace gases and climate change . Climatic Change , 14 : 213 – 242 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen , J. , Fung , I. , Lacis , A. , Rind , D. , Lebedeff , S. , Ruedy , F. and Russel , G. 1988 . Global climate change as forecast by Goddard Institute for Space Studies three‐dimensional model . Journal of Geophysical Research , 93 : 9341 – 9363 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlesinger , M.E. 1988 . “ Quantitative analysis of feedbacks in climate model simulations of CO2‐induced warming ” . In Physically‐Based Modeling and Simulation of Climate and Climate Change , Edited by: Schlesinger , M.E. Volume 243 , 653 – 736 . Kluwer Acadamics Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Schlesinger , M.E. 1986 . Equilibrium and transient climatic warming induced by increased atmospheric CO2 . Climate Dynamics , 1 : 35 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Hansen , J. , Lacis , A. , Rind , D. , Russell , G. , Stone , P. , Fung , I. , Ruedy , R. and Lerner , J. 1984 . “ Climate sensitivity: analysis of feedback mechanisms ” . In Climate Processes and Climate Sensitivity , Geophysical Monograph 29 Edited by: Hansen , J. and Takahashi , T. Volume 5 , 130 – 163 . Washington DC : American Geophysical Union . Maurice Ewing
   Google Scholar
• Houghton , J.T. , Jenkins , G.J. and Ephraums , J.J. , eds. 1990 . Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment , Cambridge, MA : Cambridge University Press . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC
   Google Scholar
• Raval , A. and Ramanathan , V. 1989 . Observational determination of the greenhouse effect . Nature , 342 : 758 – 761 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manabe , S. and Stouffer , R.J. 1980 . Sensitivity of a global climate model to an increase in the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere . Journal of Geophysical Research , 85 : 5529 – 5554 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robock , A. 1983 . Ice and snow feedbacks and the latitudinal and seasonal distribution of climate sensitivity . Journal of Atmospheric Science , 40 : 986 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffert , M.I. and Flannery , B.P. 1985 . “ Model projections of the time‐dependent response to increasing carbon dioxide ” . In Projecting the Climatic Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide , Edited by: MacCracken , M.C. and Luther , F.M. U.S. Department of Energy .
   Google Scholar
• Togweiler , J.R. and Sarmiento , J.L. 1985 . “ Glacial to interglacial changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide: the critical rol of ocean surface water in high latitudes ” . In The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO₂: Natural Variations Ardean to present , Geophysical Monograph 32 Edited by: Sundquist , E.T. and Broecker , W.S. Washington DC : American Geophysical Union .
   Google Scholar
• Wenk , T. and Siegenthaler , U. 1985 . “ The high‐latitude ocean as a control of atmospheric CO2 ” . In The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO₂: Natural Variations Ardean to present , Geophysical Monograph 32 Edited by: Sundquist , E.T. and Broecker , W.S. Washington DC : American Geophysical Union .
   Google Scholar
• Strain , B.R. and Cure , J.D. 1985 . Direct Effect on Increasing Carbon Dioxide on Vegetation , Washington DC, , United States : Department of Energy . DOE/ER‐0238
   Google Scholar
• Solomon , A.M. 1986 . Transient responses of forests to CO2‐induced climatic change: simulation modeling experiments in eastern North America . Oecologica , 68 : 567 – 579 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tans , P.P. , Fung , I.Y. and Takahashi , T. 1990 . Observational constraints on the global atmospheric CO2 budget . Science , 247 : 1431 – 1438 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wigley , T.M.L. 1991 . A simple inverse carbon cycle model . Global Biogeo‐chemical Cycles , 5 : 373 – 381 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houghton , J.T. , Callander , B.A. and Varney , S.K. , eds. 1992 . Climate Change 1992: The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment , Cambridge, MA : Cambridge University Press . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC
   Google Scholar
• Wigley , T.M.L. 1992 . Balancing the carbon budget: implications for projections of future carbon dioxide concentration changes . Tellus , Submitted
   Google Scholar
• Neftel , A. , Moor , E. , Oeschger , H. and Stauffer , B. 1985 . Evidence from polar ice cores for the increase in atmospheric CO2in the past two centuries . Nature , 315 : 45 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeling , C.D. , Bacastow , R.B. , Carter , AE , Piper , S.C. , Whorf , TP. , Heimann , M. , Mook , W.G. and Roeloffzen , H. 1989 . “ A three‐dimensional model of atmospheric CO2 transport based on observed winds: 1. Analysis of observational data ” . In Aspects of Climate Variability in the Pacific and the Western Americas , Geophysical Monograph 55 Edited by: Peterson , D.H. 165 – 236 . Washington, DC : American Geophysical Union .
   Google Scholar
• Rotmans , J. and Swart , R.J. 1991 . Modeling deforestation and its consequences for global climate . Ecological Modeling , 58 : 217 – 247 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotmans , J. , de Boois , H. and Swart , R.J. 1990 . An integrated model for the assessment of the greenhouse effect: the Dutch approach . Climatic Change , 16 (3) : 331 – 356 .
   Google Scholar
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC . 1991 . Climate Change: The IPCC Response Strategies , Island Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wigley , T.M.L. and Schlesinger , M.E. 1985 . Analytical soultion for the effect of increasing CO2 on global mean temperature . Nature , 315 : 649 – 652 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wigley , T.M.L and Raper , S.C.B. 1987 . Thermal expansion of sea water associated with global warming . Nature , 330 : 127 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revelle , R. and Suess , H. 1957 . Carbon dioxide exchange between atmosphere and ocean and the question of an increase of atmospheric CO2 during the past decades . Tellus , 9 : 18 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Kohlmaier , G.H. , Sire , E. and Janecek , A. 1989 . Modeling the seasonal distribution of a CO2‐fertilization effect of the terrestrial vegetation to the amplitude increase in atmospheric CO2 at Mauna Loa Observatory . Tellus , 41B : 487 – 510 .
   Google Scholar
• Olson , J.S. , Watts , J.A. and Allison , L.J. 1983 . Carbon in Live Vegetation of Major World Ecosystems , Environmental Sciences Division . Publication No. 1997
   Google Scholar
• Leemans , R. and Cramer , W.P. 1990 . The IIASA Database for Mean Monthly Values of Temperature, Precipitation and Cloudiness on a Global Terrestrial Grid , Working Paper 90–41 Austria : Biosphere Dynamics Project, International Institute for Applied System Analyses, IIASA .
   Google Scholar
• Harvey , L.D. 1989 . Effect of model structure on the response of terrestrial biosphere models to CO2 and temperature increases . Global Biogeo‐chemical Cycles , 3 (2) : 137 – 153 .
   Google Scholar
• Webb , W.L. , Lauenroth , W.K. , Szarek , S.R. and Kinerson , R.S. 1983 . Primary production and abiotic controls in forests, grasslands, and desert ecosystems in the United States . Ecology , 64 : 134 – 151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkinson , D.S. , Adams , D.E. and Wild , A. 1991 . Model estimates of CO2emissions from soil in response to global warming . Nature , 351 : 304 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vagjiani , G.L. and Ravishankara , A.R. 1991 . New measurement of the rate coefficient for the reaction of OH with methane . Nature , 350 : 406 – 409 .
   Google Scholar
• Rotmans , J. , Elzew , M.G.J. , Krol , J.S. , Swort , R.J. and van der Woord , H.J. 1992 . Stabilizing atmospheric concentrations: toward international methane control . AMBIO , XXI (6) : 404 – 413 .
   Google Scholar
• Raynaud , D. , Chappellaz , J. , Barnola , J. M. , Korotkevich , Y. S. and Lorius , C. 1988 . Climatic and CH4 cycle implications of glacial‐interglacial CH4change in the Vostok ice core . Nature , 333 : 655 – 657 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalil , M.A.K. and Rasmussen , R.A. 1989 . Climate‐induced feedbacks for the global cycles of methane and nitrous oxide . Tellus , 41B : 554 – 559 .
   Google Scholar
• Nesbet , E.G. 1989 . Some northern source of atmospheric methane: production, history, and future implications . Can J. Earth Sci. , 26 : 1603 – 1611 .
   Google Scholar
• Kvenvolden , K.A. 1988 . Methane hydrates and global climate . Global Biogeo‐chemical Cycles , 2 (3) : 221 – 229 .
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald , Gordon J. 1990 . Role of methane clathrates in past and future climates . Climatic Change , 16 : 247 – 281 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaksen , I.S.A and Hov , O. 1987 . Calculation in trends in the tropospheric concentration of O3, OH, CO, CH4 and NOX . Tellus , 39B : 271 – 285 .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , A.M. and Cicerone , R.J. 1986 . Possible perturbations to atmospheric CO, CH4 and OH . Journal of Geophysical Research , 92 : 10853 – 10864 .
   Google Scholar
• Pra , M.J. 1988 . Then AMAC, An Assessment Model for Atmospheric Compounds , NASA . Confidential Publication
   Google Scholar
• Holzapfel‐Pschorn , A. and Seiler , W. 1986 . Methane emissions during a cultivation period from an Italian rice paddy . Journal of Geophysical Research , 92 : 11803 – 11814 .
   Google Scholar
• Khalil , M.A.K. and Rasmussen , R.A. 1991 . Methane emissions from rice fields in China . Environmental Science and Technology , 25 : 979 – 981 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mingxing , W. , Aiguo , D. , Renxing , S. , Shutz , H. , Rennenberg , H. , Seiler , W. and Haibao , W. 1990 . CH4‐emission from a Chinese rice paddy field . Acta Meteorologica Sinica , 4 (3) : 265 – 275 .
   Google Scholar
• Uchijima , T. 1988 . “ The effects on altitudinal shift of rice yield and cultivable area in northern Japan ” . In The Impact of Climatic Variations on Agriculture Volume 1: Assessments in Cool Temperate and Cold Regions , Edited by: Parry , M.L. , Carter , T.R. and Konijn , N.T. Dordrecht/Boston/London, , The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Revelle , R. 1983 . “ Methane hydrates in continental slope sediments and increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide ” . In Changing Climate , 252 – 261 . Washington, DC : National Research Council, National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• To whom correspondence should be addressed.
   Google Scholar