195
Views
23
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Combined Exposure to Deet (N,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide) and Permethrin: Pharmacokinetics and Toxicological Effects

&
Pages 41-53 | Published online: 25 May 2012

REFERENCES

  • Abdel-Rahman , A. A. , Suliman , H. B. , Khan , W. A. and Abou-Donia , M. B. 2001 . Apoptosis in testes induced by co-exposure of rats to DEET, permethrin and pyridostigmine bromide, alone and in combination with stress . Toxicologist , 60 : 1344
  • Abou-Donia , M. B. 1992 . “ Organophosphorus compounds. ” . In Neurotoxicology Edited by: Abou-Donia , M. B. 446 – 458 . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press. .
  • Abou-Donia , M. B. , Wilmarth , K. R. , Jensen , K. L. , Oehme , F. W. and Kurt , T. L. 1996 . Neurotoxicity resulting from co-exposure to pyridostigmine bromide, DEET, and permethrin: Implications of Gulf War chemicals exposure . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 48 : 35 – 56 .
  • Abou-Donia , M. B. , Goldstein , L. B. , Dechovskaia , A. , Bullman , S. , Jones , K. H. , Herrick , E. A. , Abdel Rahman , A. A. and Khan , W. A. 2001a . Effects of daily dermal application of DEET and permethrin, alone and in combination, on sensorimotor performance, blood-brain barrier, and blood-testes barrier in rats . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 62 : 523 – 541 .
  • Abou-Donia , M. B. , Goldstein , L. B. , Jones , K. H. , Abdel-Rahman , A. A. , Damodaran , T. V. , Dechovskaia , A. M. , Bullman , S. , Amir , B. E. and Khan , W. A. 2001b . Locomotor and sensorimoror performance deficit in rats following exposure to pyridostigmine bromide, DEET and permethrin, alone and in combination . Toxicol. Sci. , 60 : 305 – 314 .
  • Abou-Donia , M. B. , EI-Masry , E. and Abu-Qare , A. W. 2001c . “ Metabolism and toxicokinetics of xenobiotics. ” . In CRC handbook of toxicology, , 2nd ed. Edited by: Derelanko , M. J. and Hollinger , M. A. 757 – 821 . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press. .
  • Abu-Qare , A. W. and Abou-Donia , M. B. 2000a . Increased 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage in rat urine following a single dermal dose of DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide), and permethrin, alone and in combination in rats . Toxicol. Lett. , 117 : 151 – 160 .
  • Abu-Qare , A. W. and Abou-Donia , M. B. 2000b . Simultaneous determination of pyridostigmine bromide, DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide), permethrin and their metabolites in rat plasma and urine by highperformance liquid chromatography . J. Chromatogr. B , 749 : 171 – 178 .
  • Abu-Qare , A. W. and Abou-Donia , M. B. 2001a . Biomarkers of apoptosis: Releaseof cytochrome c, activation of caspase-3, induction of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, increased 3-nitrotyrosine, and alteration of P53 gene . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B , 4 : 313 – 332 .
  • Abu-Qare , A. W. and Abou-Donia , M. B. 2001b . Combined exposure to DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) and permethrin induced the release of rat brain cytochrome c . J. Toxicol Environ. Health A , 63 : 243 – 252 .
  • Abu-Qare , A. W. and Abou-Donia , M. B. 2001c . High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of diazinon, permethrin, DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) and their metabolites in rat plasrna and urine . Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. , 370 : 403 – 407 .
  • Abu-Qare , A. W. and Abou-Donia , M. B. 2001d . DEET(N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) alone and in combination with permethrin increased urinary excretion of 6β-hydroxycortisol in rats, a marker of hepatic CYP3A induction . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 64 : 373 – 384 .
  • Abu-Qare , A. W. and Abou-Donia , M. B. 2001e . In vitro metabolism of pyridostigmine bromide, DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) and permethrin, alone and in combination by human plasma and liver microsomes . Toxicologist , 60 : 429
  • Abu-Qare , A. W. and Abou-Donia , M. B. 2001f . Simultaneous determination of malathion, permethrin, DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide), and their metabolites in rat plasma and urine using high-performance liquid chromatography . J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. , 26 : 291 – 299 .
  • Abu-Qare , A. W. , Abdel-Rahman , A. A. and Abou-Donia , M. B. 2001a . Pharmacokinetic interactions between permethrin, and DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) following dermal administration in rats In press
  • Abu-Qare , A. W. , Suliman , H. and Abou-Donia , M. B. 2001b . Induction of urinary excretion of 3-nitrotyrosine, a marker of oxidative stress, following administration of pyridostigmine bromide, DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide), and permethrin, alone and in combination in rats . Toxicol. Lett. , 121 : 127 – 134 .
  • Alexander , B. , Cadena , H. , Usma , M. C. and Rojas , C. A. 1995 . and field evaluations of a soap containing diethyl toluamide (DEET) and permethrin against phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Valle del Cauca, Colombia . Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , 52 : 169 – 173 .
  • Anadon , A. , Martinez-Larranaga , M. R. , Diaz , M. J. and Brings , P. 1991 . Toxicokinetics of Permethrin in the rat . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 110 : 1 – 8 .
  • Angerer , J. and Ritter , A. 1997 . Determination of metabolites of pyrethroids in human urine using Solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry . J. Chromatogr. B , 695 : 217 – 226 .
  • Baynes , R. E. , Halling , K. B. and Riviere , J. E. 1997 . The influence of diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) on the percutaneous absorption of permethrin and carbaryl . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 144 : 332 – 339 .
  • Blomquist , L. and Thorsell , W. 1977 . Distribution, and fate of the insect C-N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in the animal body. Distribution and excretion of the cutaneous application . Acta Pharmaeol. Toxicol. , 41 : 235 – 243 .
  • Brown , M. and Hebert , A. A. 1997 . Insect reoeuents: An overview . J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. , 36 : 243 – 249 .
  • Burgess , I. , Veal , L. and Sindle , T. 1992 . Efficacy of d-permethrin and permethrin formulations against head lice: Comparison . Pharm. J. , 246 : 692 – 693 .
  • Chaney , L. A. , Wineman , R. W. , Rockhold , R. W. and Hume , A. S. 2000 . Acute effects of an insect repellent, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, on cholinesterase inhibition induced by pyridostigmine bromide in rats . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 165 : 107 – 114 .
  • Chiang , G. L. , Tay , S. L. , Eng , K. L. and Chan , S. T. 1990 . Effectiveness of repellent/insecticidal bars against malaria and filariasis vectors in peninsular Malaysia . Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public. Health , 21 : 412 – 417 .
  • Constantino , L. and Iley , J. 1999 . Microsomal metabolism of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET, DET): The extended network of metabolites . Xenobiotica , 29 : 409 – 416 .
  • Coosemans , M. and Guillet , P. 1999 . Individual protection against mosquito bites . Med. Maladies Infect. , 29 ( suppl. ) : 390S – 396S .
  • Couch , P. and Johnson , C. E. 1992 . Prevention of Lyme disease . Am. J. Hosp. Pharm. , 49 : 1164 – 1173 .
  • Evans , S. R. , Lorch , G. W. and Lawson , M. A. 1990 . Comparative field evaluation of permethrin and DEET-treated military uniforms for personal protection against ticks (Acari) . J. Med. Entomol. , 27 : 829 – 834 .
  • Frances , S. P. 1987 . Effectiveness of DEET and permethrin, alone, and in a soap formulation as skin and clothing protect ants against mosquitoes in Australia . J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. , 3 : 648 – 650 .
  • Fraser , A. D. , MacNeil , A. , Theriault , M. and Morzycki , W. 1995 . Analysis of diethyltoluamide (DEET) following intentional oral ingestion of Muscol . J. Anal. Toxicol. , 19 : 197 – 199 .
  • Fraser , J. 1994 . Perrnethrin: Top end viewpoint and experience. Med . J. Australia , 106 : 806
  • Garcia , E. , Garcia , C. and Barbas , C. 2001 . Validated HPLC method for quantifying permethrin in pharmaceutical formulations . J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. , 24 : 999 – 1004 .
  • Garey , I. and Wolff , M. S. 1998 . Estrogenic and antiprogestagenic activities of pyrethroid insecticides . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 251 : 855 – 859 .
  • Go , V. , Garey , J. , Wolff , M. S. and Pogo , B. G. 1999 . Estrogenic potential of certain pyrethroid compounds in the MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cell line . Environ. Health Perspect. , 107 : 173 – 177 .
  • Haddad , S. and Krishman , K. 1998 . Physiological modeling of toxicological interactions: Implications for mixture risk assessment . Environ. Health. Perspect. , 106 ( suppl. ) : 1377 – 1384 .
  • Haley , R. W. and Kurt , T. L. 1997 . Self reported exposure to neurotoxic chemical combination in the Gulf War: Cross section epidemiological study . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 277 : 231 – 237 .
  • Haley , R. W. , Billecks , S. and La Du , B. N. 1999 . Association of low PON1 type Q (type A) arylesterases activity with neurological symptoms complexes in Gulf War veterans . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 157 : 227 – 233 .
  • Harbach , R. E. , Tang , D. B. , Wirtz , R. A. and Gingrich , J. B. 1990 . Relative repellency of two formulations of N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) and permethrin-treated clothing against Clux sitiens and Aedes vigilax in Thailand . J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. , 6 : 641 – 644 .
  • Heder , A. F. , Hirsch-Ernst , K. I. , Bauer , D. , Kahl , G. F. and Desel , H. 2001 . Induction of cytochrome P450 2B1 by pyrethroids in primary rat hepatocye cultures . Biochem. Pharmacol. , 62 : 71 – 79 .
  • Heudorf , U. J. 2001 . Metabolites of pyrethroid insecticides in urine specimens: Current exposure in an urban population in Germany . Environ. Health. Perspect. , 109 : 213 – 217 .
  • Hoy , J. B. , Cornell , J. A. , Karlix , J. L. , Schmidt , C. J. , Tebbett , I. R. and Haaren , F. V. 2000a . Interactions of pyridostigmine bromide, DEET and permethrin alter locomotor behavior of rats . Vet. Hurn. Toxicol. , 42 : 65 – 71 .
  • Hoy , J. B. , Cornell , J. A. , Karlix , J. L. , Tebbett , I. R. and Van Haaren , F. 2000b . Ropeated coadministration of pyridostigmine bromide, DEET and permethrin bromide, DEET and permethrin alter locomotor behavior rats . Vet. Hurn. Toxicol. , 42 : 72 – 76 .
  • Imamura , L. , Hasegawa , H. , Kurashina , K. , Hamanishi , A. , Tabuchi , A. and Tsuda , M. 2000 . Repression of activity-dependent c-fos and brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA expression by pyrethroid insecticides accompanying a decrease in Ca(2+) influx into neurons . J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , 295 : 1175 – 1182 .
  • Jamal , G. A. 1998 . Gulf War syndrome—A model for the complexity of biological and environmental interaction with human health. Adverse drug reaction . Taxicol. Rev. , 17 : 1 – 17 .
  • Koska , G. , Palut , D. and Wiadrowska , B. 1997 . The effect of permethrin and DDT on the activity of cytochrome P-450 1A and 2B molecular forms in rat liver . RoeZnik. Panstwowego. Zakladu. Hig. , 48 : 229 – 237 .
  • Kurt , T. L. 1998 . Epidemiological association in US veterans between Gulf War illness and exposure to anti cholinesterases . Taxicol. Lett. , 103 : 523 – 526 .
  • Lu , G. , Jun , H. W. and Suh , H. 1997 . Percutaneous absorption and disposition studies of methotrexate in rabbits and rats . Biopharm. Drug. Dispos. , 18 : 409 – 422 .
  • Mani , T. R. , Reuben , R. and Akiyama , J. 1991 . Field efficacy of “Mosbar” mosquito repellent soap against vectors of bancroftian filariasis and Japanese encephalitis in southern India . J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. , 7 : 565 – 568 .
  • McCain , W. C. , Lee , R. , Johnson , M. S. , Whaley , J. E. , Ferguson , J. W. , Beall , P. and Leach , G. 1997 . Acute oral toxicity study of pyridostigmine bromide, permethrin, and DEFT in the laboratory rat . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 50 : 113 – 124 .
  • Miller , G. L. 1989 . Lyme disease: National update . ASHP. Midyear Clin. Meet. , 24 : SPG-30
  • Moody , R. P. , Riedel , D. , Ritter , L. and Franklin , C. A. 1987 . The effect of (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) on dermal persistence and absorption of the insecticide fenitrothion in rats and monkeys . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 22 : 471 – 479 .
  • Moss , J. I. 1996 . Synergism of toxicity of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide to German cockroaches (Orthoptera: Blattellidae) by hydrolytic enzyme inhibitors . J. Econ. Entomol. , 89 : 1151 – 1155 .
  • New York City Department of Health . 2000 . West Nile virus confirmed in three pools of mosquitoes: One in Central Park and two in Staten Island New York : Author. .
  • Qiu , H. and Jun , H. W. 1996 . Solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatographic quantitation of insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in plasma . J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. , 15 : 241 – 250 .
  • Qiu , H. , Jun , H. W. and Tao , J. 1997 . Pharamcokinetics of insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in beagle dogs following intravenous and topical routes of administration . J. Pharm. Sci. , 86 : 514 – 516 .
  • Qiu , H. , McCall , J. W. and Jun , H. W. 1998 . Formulation of topical insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET): Vehicle effects on DEET in vitro skin permeation . Int. J. Pharm. , 163 : 167 – 176 .
  • Ray , D. E. and Forshaw , P. J. 2000 . Pyrethroid insecticides: poisoning syndromes, synergies, and therapy . J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. , 38 : 95 – 101 .
  • Robbins , P. J. and Cherniack , M. G. 1986 . Review of the biodistribution and toxicity of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 18 : 503 – 525 .
  • Roberts , E. S. , Lin , H. L. , Crowley , J. R. , Vuletich , J. L. , Osawa , Y. and Hollenberg , P. F. 1998 . Peroxynitrite mediated nitration of tyrosine and inactivation of the catalytic activity of cytochrome P450 2B1 . Chem. Res. Taxicol. , 11 : 1067 – 1074 .
  • Schoenig , G. P. , Hartnagel , R. E. , Osimitz , T. G. and Llanso , S. 1996 . Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in the rat . Drug Metab. Dispos. , 24 : 156 – 163 .
  • Seliem , S. , Hartnagel , R. E. , Osimitz , T. G. , Gabriel , K. L. and Schoening , G. P. 1995 . Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide following dermal application to human volunteers . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. , 2 : 95 – 100 .
  • Shen , Z. X. 1998 . Pyridostigmine bromide and Gulf War syndrome . Med. Hyg. , 51 : 235 – 237 .
  • Sholdt , L. L. , Schreek , C. E. , Mwangelwa , M. I. , Mondo , J. and Siachinji , V. J. 1989 . Evaluations of permethrin-impregnated clothing and three topical repellent formulations of DEET against tsetse flies in Zambia . Med. J. Entomol. , 3 : 153 – 158 .
  • Sholdt , L. L. , Schreek , C. E. , Qureshi , A. , Mammino , S. , Aziz , A. and Iqbal , M. 1988 . Field bioassay of permethrin-treated uniforms and a new extended duration repellent against mosquitoes in Pakistan . J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. , 4 : 233 – 236 .
  • Smallwood , A. W. , DeBord , K. E. and Lowry , L. K. 1992 . N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (m-DEET): Analysis of an insect repellent in human urine and serum by high-performance liquid chromatography . J. Anal. Toxicol. , 16 : 10 – 13 .
  • Stinecipher , J. and Shah , J. 1997 . Percutaneous permeation of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) from commercial mosquito repellents and the effect of solvent . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 52 : 119 – 135 .
  • Taylor , W. G. 1986 . Metabolism of N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide by rat liver microsornes . Drug Metab. Dispos. , 14 : 532 – 539 .
  • Taylor , W. G. , Danielson , T. J. , Spooner , R. W. and Golsteyn , L. R. 1994 . ‘Pharrnacokinetic assessment of the dermal absorption of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) in cattle . Drug Metab. Dispos. , 22 : 106 – 112 .
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1998 . Re-registration of the insect repellent DEET Arlington , VA : Author. . Office of Pesticide Programs. 28 April
  • Usmani , K. M. and Knowles , C. O. 2001a . Pharmacokinetic mechanisms associated with synergism by DEF of cypermethrin toxicity in larval and adult Helicoverpa zea, Spodoptera frugiperda Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) . Ecotoxicology , 94 : 874 – 883 .
  • Usmani , K. M. and Knowles , C. O. 2001b . Toxicity of pyrethroids and effect of synergists to larval and adult Helicoverpa zea, Spodoptera frugiperda Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) . Ecotoxicology , 94 : 869 – 873 .
  • Van Haaren , F. , Haworth , S. C. , Bennett , S. M. , Cody , B. A. , Hoy , J. B. , Karlix , J. L. and Tebbett , I. R. 2001 . The effects of pyridostigmine bromide, permethrin, and DEET, alone and in combination, on fixed-ratio and fixed-interval behavior in male and female rats . Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. , 69 : 23 – 33 .
  • Vulule , J. M. , Beach , R. F. , Atieli , F. K. , McAllister , T. C. , Brogdan , W. G. , Roberts , J. M. , Mwangi , R. W. and Hawley , W. A. 1999 . Elevated oxidase and esterase levels associated with permethrin tolerance in Anopheles gambiae from Kenyan villages using permethrin-impregnated rats . Med. Vet. Entomol. , 13 : 239 – 244 .
  • Wilson , B. W. , Henderson , J. D. and Spencer , P. S. 1998 . Clinical effects of low-level exposures to chemical warfare agents in mice and chicken . Drug Chem. Toxicol. , 21 : 183 – 190 .
  • Windheuser , J. J. , Haslan , J. L. , Coldwell , L. and Shaffer , R. D. 1982 . The use of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide to enhance dermal and transdermal delivery of drugs . J. Pharm. Sci. , 71 : 1211 – 1213 .
  • World Health Organization . 1990 . Permethrin Geneva : WHO. . Environmental Health Criteria 94
  • Yap , H. H. 1986 . Effectiveness of soap formulations containing DEET and permethrin as personal protection against outdoor mosquitoes in Malaysia . J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. , 2 : 63 – 67 .
  • Yeung , J. A. and Taylor , W. G. 1988 . Metabolism of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) by liver microsomes from male and female rats, simultaneous quantitation of DEET and its metabolites by high performance liquid chromatography . Drug. Metab. Dispos. , 16 : 600 – 604 .
  • Young , G. D. and Evans , S. 1998 . Safety and efficacy of DEET and permethrin in the prevention of arthropod attack . Mil. Med. , 136 : 324 – 330 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.