1,286
Views
174
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Toxicological Characteristics of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Developmental Toxicity, Carcinogenicity, and Mutagenicity

, &
Pages 1-23 | Published online: 12 Aug 2010

REFERENCES

  • Adami , H. O. , Bergstrom , R. and Mohner , M. 1994 . Testicular cancer in nine northern European countries . Int. J. Cancer , 59 : 33 – 38 .
  • Ahmed , S. A. , Hissong , B. D. , Verthelyi , D. , Donner , K. , Becker , K. and Karpuzoglu-Sahin , E. 1999 . Gender and risk of autoimmune disease: possible role of estrogenic compounds . Environ. Health Perspect. , 107 ( suppl. 5 ) : 681 – 686 .
  • Akhundov , Viu. , Lur’e , L. M. , Bagirova , S. M. and Ismailova , I. M. 1981 . Effect of sevin on body immunological reactivity . Gig. Sanit , 2 : 25 – 28 .
  • Albrecht , W. N. 1987 . Central nervous system toxicity of some common environmental residues in the mouse . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 21 : 405 – 421 .
  • Alessio , L. , Apostoli , P. , Forni , A. and Toffoletto , F. 1993 . Biological monitoring of cadmium exposure—An Italian experience . Scand. J. Work Environ. Health , 19 ( suppl. 1 ) : 27 – 33 .
  • Allen , A. L. , Koller , L. D. and Pollock , G. A. 1983 . Effect of toxaphene exposure on immune responses in mice . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 11 : 61 – 69 .
  • Alvarez , L. , Randi , A. , Alvarez , P. , Piroli , G. , Chamson-Reig , A. , Lux-Lantos , V. and Kleiman de Pisarev , D. 2000 . Reproductive effects of hexachlorobenzene in female rats . J. Appl. Toxicol. , 20 : 81 – 87 .
  • Andersen , H. R. , Andersson , A. M. , Arnold , S. F. , Autrup , H. , Barfoed , M. , Beresford , N. A. , Bjerregaard , P. , Christiansen , L. B. , Gissel , B. , Hummel , R. , Jorgensen , E. B. , Korsgaard , B. , Le Guevel , R. , Leffers , H. , McLachlan , J. , Moller , A. , Nielsen , J. B. , Olea , N. , Oles-Karasko , A. , Pakdel , F. , Pedersen , K. L. , Perez , P. , Skakkeboek , N. E. , Sonnenschein , C. , Soto , A. M. , Sumpter , J. P. , Thorpe , S. M. and Grandjean , P. 1999 . Comparison of short-term estrogenicity tests for identification of hormone-disrupting chemicals . Environ. Health Perspect , 107 ( suppl. 1 ) : 89 – 108 .
  • Ardito , G. , Bigatti , P. and Lamberti , L. 1997 . Increased frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges and micronuclei in “in vitro” lymphocyte cultures treated with the fungicides thiram and ziram . Boll. Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper , 73 : 1 – 7 .
  • Arias , E. 1988 . Sister-chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in chick embryos after treatment with the fungicide maneb . Mutat. Res. , 206 : 271 – 273 .
  • Arnold , S. F. , Klotz , D. M. , Collins , B. M. , Vonier , P. M. , Guillette , L. J. Jr. and McLachlan , J. A. 1996 . Synergistic activation of estrogen receptor with combinations of environmental chemicals . Science , 272 : 1489 – 1492 .
  • Atkinson , A. and Roy , D. 1995 . IN VIVO DNA adduct formation by bisphenol A . Environ. Mol. Mutagen , 26 : 60 – 66 .
  • Baccarelli , A. 1999 . Occupational agents and endocrine function: An update of the experimental and human evidence . Med. Lav. , 90 : 650 – 670 .
  • Balash , K. J. , Al-Omar , M. A. and Abdul Latif , B. M. 1987 . Effect of chlordane on testicular tissues of Swiss mice . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol , 39 : 434 – 442 .
  • Banerjee , B. D. and Hussain , Q. Z. 1986 . Effect of sub-chronic endosulfan exposure on humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in albino rats . Arch. Toxicol. , 59 : 279 – 284 .
  • Banerjee , B. D. , Koner , B. C. , Ray , A. and Pasha , S. T. 1996a . Influence of subchronic exposure to lindane on humoral immunity in mice . Indian J. Exp. Biol , 34 : 1109 – 1113 .
  • Banerjee , B. D. , Ray , A. and Pasha , S. T. 1996b . A comparative evaluation of immunotoxicity of DDT and its metabolites in rats . Indian J. Exp. Biol , 34 : 517 – 522 .
  • Baron , R. L. 1991 . “ Carbamate insecticides ” . In Handbook of pesticide toxicology , Edited by: Hayes , W. J. Jr. and Laws , E. R. Jr. pp. 3 – 6 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Barregard , L. , Lindstedt , G. , Schutz , A. and Sallsten , G. 1994 . Endocrine function in mercury exposed chloralkali workers . Occup. Environ. Med. , 51 : 536 – 540 .
  • Barrueco , C. , Herrera , A. , Caballo , C. and de la Pena , E. 1994 . Induction of structural chromosome aberrations in human lymphocyte cultures and CHO cells by permethrin . Teratogen. Carcinogen. Mutagen , 14 : 31 – 38 .
  • Begum , S. J. , Reddy , M. M. , Indira , K. and Swami , K. S. 1987 . Effect of dieldrin on catalytic potential of field mouse Mus booduga brain acetylcholinesterase . Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochim. , 95 : 101 – 104 .
  • Belles-Isles , M. , Ayotte , P. , Dewailly , E. , Weber , J. P. and Roy , R. 2002 . Cord blood lymphocyte functions in newborns from a remote maritime population exposed to organochlorines and methylmercury . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 65 : 165 – 182 .
  • Belpaeme , K. , Delbeke , K. , Zhu , L. and Kirsch-Volders , M. 1996 . PCBs do not induce DNA breakage in vitro in human lymphocytes . Mutagenesis , 11 : 383 – 389 .
  • Berces , J. , Otos , M. , Szirmai , S. , Crane-Uruena , C. and Koteles , G. J. 1993 . Using the micronucleus assay to detect genotoxic effects of metal ions . Environ. Health Perspect , 101 ( suppl. 3 ) : 11 – 13 .
  • Berger , G. 1994 . Epidemiology of endometriosis. Modern surgical management of endometriosis , New York : Springer-Verlag .
  • Bhunya , S. P. and Jena , G. B. 1992 . Genotoxic potential of the organochlorine insecticide lindane (gamma-BHC): An in vivo study in chicks . Mutat. Res , 272 : 175 – 181 .
  • Birge , W. J. , Black , J. A. , Westerman , A. G. and Ramey , B. A. 1983 . Fish and amphibian embryos—A model system for evaluating teratogenicity . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol , 3 : 237 – 242 .
  • Birnbaum , L. S. 1994 . Endocrine effects of prenatal exposure to PCBs, dioxins, and other xenobiotics: Implications for policy and future research . Environ. Health Perspect , 102 : 676 – 679 .
  • Birnbaum , L. S. 1995 . Developmental effects of dioxins and related endocrine disrupting chemicals . Toxicol. Lett , 82–83 : 743 – 750. .
  • Bjorge , C. , Brunborg , G. , Wiger , R. , Holme , J. A. , Scholz , T. , Dybing , E. and Soderlund , E. J. 1996 . A comparative study of chemically induced DNA damage in isolated human and rat testicular cells . Reprod. Toxicol , 10 : 509 – 519 .
  • Blazak , W. F. and Marcum , J. B. 1975 . Attempts to induce chromosomal breakage in chicken embryos with Aroclor 1242 . Poult. Sci , 54 : 310 – 312 .
  • Blecvins , R. D. , Lee , M. and Regan , J. D. 1977 . Mutagenicity screening of five methyl carbamate insecticides and their nitroso derivatives using mutants of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 . Mutat. Res , 56 : 1 – 6 .
  • Boffetta , P. , Merler , E. and Vainio , H. 1993 . Carcinogenicity of mercury and mercury compounds . Scand. J. Work Environ. Health , 19 : 1 – 7 .
  • Bolognesi , C. , Peluso , M. , Degan , P. , Rabboni , R. , Munnia , A. and Abbondandolo , A. 1994 . Genotoxic effects of the carbamate insecticide, methyomyl. II. In vivo studies with pure compound and the technical formulation, “Lannate 25.” . Environ. Mol. Mutagen , 24 : 235 – 242 .
  • Bonatti , S. , Bolognesi , C. , Degan , P. and Abbondandolo , A. 1994 . Genotoxic effects of the carbamate insecticide methomyl. I. In vitro studies with pure compound and the technical formulation “Lannate 25.” . Environ. Mol. Mutagen , 23 : 306 – 311 .
  • Bonefeld Jorgensen , E. C. , Autrup , H. and Hansen , J. C. 1997 . Effect of toxaphene on estrogen receptor functions in human breast cancer cells . Carcinogenesis , 18 : 1651 – 1654 .
  • Brennan , R. J. and Schiestl , R. H. 1996 . Cadmium is an inducer of oxidative stress in yeast . Mutat. Res , 356 : 171 – 178 .
  • Brown , M. A. , Kimmel , E. C. and Casida , J. E. 1988 . DNA adduct formation by alachlor metabolites . Life Sci , 43 : 2087 – 2094 .
  • Brusick , D. J. 1986 . Genotoxicity of hexachlorobenzene and other chlorinated benzenes . IARC Sci. Publ , 77 : 393 – 397 .
  • Byrd , R. A. , Markham , J. K. and Emmerson , J. 1995 . Developmental toxicity of dinitroaniline herbicides in rats and rabbits. I. Trifluralin . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol , 26 : 181 – 190 .
  • Cabral , J. R. and Galendo , D. 1990 . Carcinogenicity study of the pesticide fenvalerate in mice . Cancer Lett , 49 : 13 – 18 .
  • Cabral , J. R. , Hall , R. K. , Bronczyk , S. A. and Shubik , P. 1979 . A carcinogenicity study of pesticide dieldrin in hamsters . Cancer Lett , 6 : 241 – 246 .
  • Cabral , J. R. , Galendo , D. , Laval , M. and Lyandrat , N. 1990 . Carcinogenicity studies with deltamethrin in mice and rats . Cancer Lett , 49 : 147 – 152 .
  • Canonero , R. , Campart , G. B. , Mattioli , F. , Robbiano , L. and Martelli , A. 1997 . Testing of p-dichlorobenzene and hexachlorobenzene for their ability to induce DNA damage and micronucleus formation in primary cultures of rat and human hepatocytes . Mutagenesis , 12 : 35 – 39 .
  • Capen , C. C. 1994 . Mechanisms of chemical injury of thyroid gland . Prog. Clin. Biol. Res , 387 : 173 – 191 .
  • Carter , S. D. and Laskey , J. W. 1982 . Effect of benomyl on reproduction in the male rat . Toxicol. Lett , 11 : 87 – 94 .
  • Casale , G. P. , Cohen , S. D. and DiCapua , R. A. 1983 . The effects of organophosphate-induced cholinergic stimulation on the antibody response to sheep erythrocytes in inbred mice . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol , 68 : 198 – 205 .
  • Chadwick , R. W. , Cooper , R. L. , Chang , J. , Rehnberg , G. L. and McElroy , W. K. 1988 . Possible antiestrogenic activity of lindane in female rats . J. Biochem. Toxicol , 3 : 147 – 158 .
  • Chakrabarti , S. , Duhr , M. A. , Senecal-Quevillon , M. and Richer , C. L. 1993 . Dose-dependent genotoxic effects of styrene on human blood lymphocytes and the relationship to its oxidative and metabolic effects . Environ. Mol. Mutagen , 22 : 85 – 92 .
  • Chapin , R. E. , Stevens , J. T. , Hughes , C. L. , Kelce , W. R. , Hess , R. A. and Daston , G. P. 1996 . Endocrine modulation of reproduction . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol , 29 : 1 – 17 .
  • Chapin , R. E. , Harris , M. W. , Davis , B. J. , Ward , S. M. , Wilson , R. E. , Mauney , M. A. , Lockhart , A. C. , Smialowicz , R. J. , Moser , V. C. , Burka , L. T. and Collins , B. J. 1997 . The effects of perinatal/juvenile methoxychlor exposure on adult rat nervous, immune, and reproductive system function . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol , 40 : 138 – 157 .
  • Chauhan , L. K. , Agarwal , D. K. and Sundararaman , V. 1997 . In vivo induction of sister chromatid exchange in mouse bone marrow following oral exposure to commercial formulations of alpha-cyano pyrethroids . Toxicol. Lett , 93 : 153 – 157 .
  • Chaurasia , S. S. , Gupta , P. , Kar , A. and Maiti , P. K. 1996 . Free radical mediated membrane perturbation and inhibition of type-I iodothyronine 5′-monodeiodinase activity by lead and cadmium in rat liver homogenate . Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int , 39 : 765 – 770 .
  • Cheek , A. O. , Vonier , P. M. , Oberdorster , E. , Burow , B. C. and McLachlan , J. A. 1998 . Environmental signaling: A biological context for endocrine disruption . Environ. Health Perspect , 106 ( suppl. 1 ) : 5 – 10 .
  • Chen , C. W. 2001 . Assessment of endocrine disruptors: Approaches, issues, and uncertainties . Folia Histochem. Cytobiol , 39 ( suppl. 2 ) : 20 – 23 .
  • Chen , J. J. and Gaylor , D. W. 1992 . Correlations of developmental end points observed after 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid exposure in mice . Teratology , 45 : 241 – 246 .
  • Chernoff , N. , Setzer , R. W. , Miller , D. B. , Rosen , M. B. and Rogers , J. M. 1990 . Effects of chemically induced maternal toxicity on prenatal development in the rat . Teratology , 42 : 651 – 658 .
  • Chuang , L. F. , Liu , Y. , Killam , K. Jr. and Chuang , R. Y. 1992 . Modulation by the insecticides heptachlor and chlordane of the cell-mediated immune proliferative responses of rhesus monkeys . In Vivo , 6 : 29 – 32 .
  • Cicchetti , R. , Bari , M. and Argentin , G. 1999 . Induction of micronuclei in bone marrow by two pesticides and their differentiation with CREST staining: an in vivo study in mice . Mutat. Res , 439 : 239 – 248 .
  • Cid , M. G. and Matos , E. 1984 . Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in cultured human lymphocytes by Aldicarb, a carbamate pesticide . Mutat. Res , 138 : 175 – 179 .
  • Cilievici , O. , Craciun , C. and Ghidus , E. 1983 . Decreased fertility, increased dominant lethals, skeletal malformations induced in the mouse by Ziram fungicide . Morphol. Embryol. (Bucur) , 29 : 159 – 165. .
  • Clausen , M. , Leier , G. and Witte , I. 1990 . Comparison of the cytotoxicity and DNA-damaging properties of 2,4-D and U 46 D fluid (dimethylammonium salt of 2,4-D) . Arch. Toxicol , 64 : 497 – 501 .
  • Codina , J. C. , Perez-Torrente , C. , Perez-Garcia , A. , Cazorla , F. M. and de Vicente , A. 1995 . Comparison of microbial tests for the detection of heavy metal genotoxicity . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol , 29 : 260 – 265 .
  • Colborn , T. , Vom Saal , F. S. and Soto , A. M. 1993 . Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans . Environ. Health Perspect , 101 : 378 – 384 .
  • Colosio , C. , Barcellini , W. , Maroni , M. , Alcini , D. , Bersani , M. , Cavallo , D. , Galli , A. , Meroni , P. , Pastorelli , R. , Rizzardi , G. P. , Soleo , L. and Foa , V. 1996 . Immunomodulatory effects of occupational exposure to mancozeb . Arch. Environ. Health , 51 : 445 – 451 .
  • Colton , T. , Greenberg , E. R. , Noller , K. , Resseguie , L. , Van Bennekom , C. , Heeren , T. and Zhang , Y. 1993 . Breast cancer in mothers prescribed diethylstilbestrol in pregnancy. Further follow-up . J. Am. Med. Assoc , 269 : 2096 – 2100 .
  • Crebelli , R. , Zijno , A. , Conti , L. , Crochi , B. , Leopardi , P. , Marcon , F. , Renzi , L. and Carere , A. 1992 . Further in vitro and in vivo mutagenicity assays with thiram and ziram fungicides: Bacterial reversion assays and mouse micronucleus test . Teratogen. Carcinogen. Mutagen , 12 : 97 – 112 .
  • Crisp , T. M. , Clegg , E. D. , Cooper , R. L. , Wood , W. P. , Anderson , D. G. , Baetcke , K. P. , Hoffmann , J. L. , Morrow , M. S. , Rodier , D. J. , Schaeffer , J. E. , Touart , L. W. , Zeeman , M. G. and Patel , Y. M. 1998 . Environmental endocrine disruption: An effects assessment and analysis . Environ. Health Perspect , 106 ( suppl. 1 ) : 11 – 56 .
  • Croker , P. , Bonin , A. M. and Stacey , N. H. 1992 . Evaluation of amitrole mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium using prostaglandin synthase activation . Mutat. Res , 283 : 7 – 11 .
  • Crum , J. A. , Bursian , S. J. , Aulerich , R. J. , Polin , D. and Braselton , W. E. 1993 . The reproductive effects of dietary heptachlor in mink (Mustela vison) . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol , 24 : 156 – 164 .
  • Cummings , A. M. 1993 . Replacement of estrogen by methoxychlor in the artificially-induced decidual cell response in the rat . Life Sci , 52 : 347 – 352 .
  • Dally , H. and Hartwig , A. 1997 . Induction and repair inhibition of oxidative DNA damage by nickel(II) and cadmium(II) in mammalian cells . Carcinogenesis , 18 : 1021 – 1026 .
  • Davis , D. L. , Bradlow , H. L. , Wolff , M. , Woodruff , T. , Hoel , D. G. and Anton-Culver , H. 1993 . Medical hypothesis: Xenoestrogens as preventable causes of breast cancer . Environ. Health Perspect , 101 : 372 – 377 .
  • Dean , B. J. and Doak , S. M. 1975 . The potential mutagenicity of dieldrin (HEOD) in mammals . Food Cosmet. Toxicol , 13 : 317 – 323 .
  • Dean , T. N. , Kakkanaiah , V. N. , Nagarkatti , M. and Nagarkatti , P. S. 1990 . Immunosuppression by aldicarb of T cell responses to antigen-specific and polyclonal stimuli results from defective IL-1 production by the macrophages . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol , 106 : 408 – 417 .
  • Degraeve , N. and Moutschen , J. 1984 . Absence of genetic and cytogenetic effects in mice treated by the organophosphorus insecticide parathion, its methyl analogue, and paraoxon . Toxicology , 32 : 177 – 183 .
  • de Jager , C. , Bornman , M. S. and Oosthuizen , J. M. 1999a . The effect of p-nonylphenol on the fertility potential of male rats after gestational, lactational and direct exposure . Andrologia , 31 : 107 – 113 .
  • de Jager , C. , Bornman , M. S. and van der Horst , G. 1999b . The effect of p-nonylphenol, an environmental toxicant with oestrogenic properties, on fertility potential in adult male rats . Andrologia , 31 : 99 – 106 .
  • DeRosa , C. , Richter , P. , Pohl , H. and Jones , D. E. 1998 . Environmental exposures that affect the endocrine system: Public health implications . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B , 1 : 3 – 26 .
  • Descotes , J. 1992 . Immunotoxicology of cadmium . IARC Sci. Publ , 118 : 385 – 390 .
  • DeVito , M. , Biegel , L. , Brouwer , A. , Brown , S. , Brucker-Davis , F. , Cheek , A. O. , Christensen , R. , Colborn , T. , Cooke , P. , Crissman , J. , Crofton , K. , Doerge , D. , Gray , E. , Hauser , P. , Hurley , P. , Kohn , M. , Lazar , J. , McMaster , S. , McClain , M. , McConnell , E. , Meier , C. , Miller , R. , Tietge , J. and Tyl , R. 1999 . Screening methods for thyroid hormone disruptors . Environ. Health Perspect , 107 : 407 – 415 .
  • Dianovsky , J. and Sivikova , K. 1995 . In vivo and in vitro cytogenetic effect of supermethrin . Biomed. Environ. Sci , 8 : 359 – 366 .
  • Dikshith , T. S. and Datta , K. K. 1978 . Endosulfan: Lack of cytogenetic effects in male rats . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol , 20 : 826 – 833 .
  • Dogra , R. K. , Khanna , S. , Srivastava , S. N. , Shukla , L. J. and Shanker , R. 1989 . Styrene-induced immunomodulation in mice . Int. J. Immunopharmacol , 11 : 577 – 586 .
  • Donmez , H. , Dursun , N. , Ozkul , Y. and Demirtas , H. 1998 . Increased sister chromatid exchanges in workers exposed to occupational lead and zinc . Biol. Trace Elem. Res , 61 : 105 – 109 .
  • Dunkel , V. C. , Zeiger , E. , Brusick , D. , McCoy , E. , McGregor , D. , Mortelmans , K. , Rosenkranz , H. S. and Simmon , V. F. 1985 . Reproducibility of microbial mutagenicity assays: II. Testing of carcinogens and noncarcinogens in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli . Environ. Mutagen , 7 ( suppl. 5 ) : 1 – 248 .
  • Dzwonkowska , A. and Hubner , H. 1986 . Induction of chromosomal aberrations in the Syrian hamster by insecticides tested in vivo . Arch. Toxicol , 58 : 152 – 156 .
  • Edwards , I. R. , Ferry , D. G. and Temple , W. A. 1991 . “ Fungicides and related compounds ” . In Handbook of pesticide toxicology , Edited by: Hayes , W. J. and Laws , E. R. pp. 1409 – 1430 . New York : Academic Press .
  • E. I. DuPont de Nemours Corp . 1991 . Material safety data sheet for metribuzin technical pp. 8 – 33 . Wilmington, DE
  • Ema , M. , Itami , T. and Kawasaki , H. 1992a . Embryolethality and teratogenicity of butyl benzyl phthalate in rats . J. Appl. Toxicol , 12 : 179 – 183 .
  • Ema , M. , Itami , T. and Kawasaki , H. 1992b . Teratogenic evaluation of butyl benzyl phthalate in rats by gastric intubation . Toxicol. Lett , 61 : 1 – 7 .
  • Ema , M. , Harazono , A. , Miyawaki , E. and Ogawa , Y. 1997 . Effect of the day of administration on the developmental toxicity of tributyltin chloride in rats . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol , 33 : 90 – 96 .
  • Ercegovich , C. D. and Rashid , K. A. 1977 . Mutatenesis induced in mutant strains of Salmonella typhimurium by pesticides . Soc. Abstr. Pap , 174 : 43
  • Erturk , E. , Lambrecht , R. W. , Peters , H. A. , Cripps , D. J. , Gocmen , A. , Morris , C. R. and Bryan , G. T. 1986 . Oncogenicity of hexachlorobenzene . IARC Sci. Publ , 77 : 417 – 423 .
  • Evangelista de Duffard , A. M. and Duffard , R. 1996 . Behavioral toxicology, risk assessment, and chlorinated hydrocarbons . Environ. Health Perspect , 104 ( suppl. 2 ) : 353 – 360 .
  • Exon , J. H. and Koller , L. D. 1982 . Effects of transplacental exposure to chlorinated phenols . Environ. Health Perspect , 46 : 137 – 140 .
  • Faber , R. and Hickey , J. 1973 . Eggshell thinning, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and mercury in inland aquatic bird eggs, 1969 and 1970 . Pestic. Monit. J , 7 : 27 – 36 .
  • Farage-Elawar , M. 1989 . Enzyme and behavioral changes in young chicks as a result of carbaryl treatment . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 26 : 119 – 131 .
  • Farage-Elawar , M. 1990 . effects of in ovo injection of carbamates on chick embryo hatchability, esterase enzyme activity and locomotion of chicks . J. Appl. Toxicol , 10 : 197 – 201 .
  • Fein , G. G. , Jacobson , J. L. , Jacobson , S. W. , Schwartz , P. M. and Fowler , J. K. 1984 . Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls: Effects on birth size and gestational age . J. Pediatr , 105 : 315 – 320 .
  • Feuer , E. J. and Wun , L. M. 1992 . How much of the recent rise in breast cancer incidence can be explained by increases in mammography utilization? A dynamic population model approach . Am. J. Epidemiol , 136 : 1423 – 1436 .
  • Fielden , M. R. , Chen , I. , Chittim , B. , Safe , S. H. and Zacharewski , T. R. 1997 . Examination of the estrogenicity of 2,4,6,2′,6′-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB104), its hydroxylated metabolite 2,4,6,2′,6′-pentachloro-4-biphenylol (HO-PCB 104), and a further chlorinated derivative, 2,4,6,2′,4′,6′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 155) . Environ. Health Perspect , 105 : 1238 – 1248 .
  • Fleshner , N. E. and Klotz , L. H. 1999 . Diet, androgens, oxidative stress and prostate cancer susceptibility . Cancer Metastasis Rev , 17 : 325 – 330 .
  • Foote , R. H. , Schermerhorn , E. C. and Simkin , M. E. 1986 . Measurement of semen quality, fertility, and reproductive hormones to assess dibromochloropropane (DBCP) effects in live rabbits . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol , 6 : 628 – 637 .
  • Fournier , M. , Friborg , J. , Girard , D. , Mansour , S. and Krzystyniak , K. 1992 . Limited immunotoxic potential of technical formulation of the herbicide atrazine (AAtrex) in mice . Toxicol. Lett , 60 : 263 – 274 .
  • Franekic , J. , Bratulic , N. , Pavlica , M. and Papes , D. 1994 . Genotoxicity of dithiocarbamates and their metabolites . Mutat. Res , 325 : 65 – 74 .
  • Gaines , T. B. and Kimbrough , R. D. 1970 . Oral toxicity of mirex in adult and suckling rats. With notes on the ultrastructure of liver changes . Arch. Environ. Health , 21 : 7 – 14 .
  • Galloway , S. M. , Armstrong , M. J. , Reuben , C. , Colman , S. , Brown , B. , Cannon , C. , Bloom , A. D. , Nakamura , F. , Ahmed , M. , Duk , S. , Rimpo , J. , Margolin , B. H. , Resnick , M. A. , Anderson , B. and Zeiger , E. 1987 . Chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells: Evaluations of 108 chemicals . Environ. Mol. Mutagen , 10 ( suppl. 10 ) : 1 – 175 .
  • Garcia-Morales , P. , Saceda , M. , Kenney , N. , Kim , N. , Salomon , D. S. , Gottardis , M. M. , Solomon , H. B. , Sholler , P. F. , Jordan , V. C. and Martin , M. B. 1994 . Effect of cadmium on estrogen receptor levels and estrogen-induced responses in human breast cancer cells . J. Biol. Chem , 269 : 16896 – 16901 .
  • Garey , J. and Wolff , M. S. 1998 . Estrogenic and antiprogestagenic activities of pyrethroid insecticides . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun , 251 : 855 – 859 .
  • Garriott , M. L. , Adams , E. R. , Probst , G. S. , Emmerson , J. L. , Oberly , T. J. , Kindig , D. E. , Neal , S. B. , Bewsey , B. J. and Rexroat , M. A. 1991 . Genotoxicity studies on the preemergence herbicide trifluralin . Mutat. Res , 260 : 187 – 193 .
  • Gautam , D. C. and Kapoor , L. 1991 . Genotoxic effects of dithane M-45 on the bone marrow cells of mice in vivo . Experientia , 47 : 280 – 282 .
  • Gauthier , J. M. , Dubeau , H. and Rassart , E. 1999 . Induction of micronuclei in vitro by organochlorine compounds in beluga whale skin fibroblasts . Mutat. Res , 439 : 87 – 95 .
  • Gebel , T. , Kevekordes , S. , Pav , K. , Edenharder , R. and Dunkelberg , H. 1997 . In vivo genotoxicity of selected herbicides in the mouse bone-marrow micronucleus test . Arch. Toxicol , 71 : 193 – 197 .
  • Gentile , J. M. , Gentile , G. J. , Bultman , J. , Sechriest , R. , Wagner , E. D. and Plewa , M. J. 1982 . An evaluation of the genotoxic properties of insecticides following plant and animal activation . Mutat. Res , 101 : 19 – 29 .
  • Georgieva , V. , Vachkova , R. , Tzoneva , M. and Kappas , A. 1990 . Genotoxic activity of benomyl in different test systems . Environ. Mol. Mutagen , 16 : 32 – 36 .
  • Gerhart , J. M. , Hong , J. S. and Tilson , H. A. 1985 . Studies on the mechanism of chlordecone-induced tremor in rats . Neurotoxicology , 6 : 211 – 229 .
  • Gerin , M. , Siemiatycki , J. , Desy , M. and Krewski , D. 1998 . Associations between several sites of cancer and occupational exposure to benzene, toluene, xylene, and styrene: Results of a case-control study in Montreal . Am. J. Ind. Med , 34 : 144 – 156 .
  • Ghinea , E. , Simionescu , L. and Oprescu , M. 1979 . Studies on the action of pesticides upon the endocrines using in vitro human thyroid cells culture and in vivo animal models. I. Herbicides—Aminotriasole (amitrol) and atrazine . Endocrinologie , 17 : 185 – 190 .
  • Ghoneum , M. , Hussein , A. E. , Gill , G. and Alfred , L. J. 1990 . Suppression of murine natural killer cell activity by tributyltin: In vivo and in vitro assessment . Environ. Res , 52 : 178 – 186 .
  • Giusti , R. M. , Iwamoto , K. and Hatch , E. E. 1995 . Diethylstilbestrol revisited: a Review of the long-term health effects . Ann. Intern. Med , 122 : 778 – 788 .
  • Glatt , H. , Jung , R. and Oesch , F. 1983 . Bacterial mutagenicity investigation of epoxides: Drugs, drug metabolites, steroids and pesticides . Mutat. Res , 111 : 99 – 118 .
  • Glick , B. 1974 . Antibody-mediated immunity in the presence of Mirex and DDT . Poult. Sci , 53 : 1476 – 1485 .
  • Gold , L. S. , Manley , N. B. , Slone , T. H. , Garfinkel , G. B. , Ames , B. N. , Rohrbach , L. , Stern , B. R. and Chow , K. 1995 . Sixth plot of the carcinogenic potency database: Results of animal bioassays published in the General Literature 1989 to 1990 and by the National Toxicology Program 1990 to 1993 . Environ. Health Perspect , 103 ( suppl. 8 ) : 3 – 122 .
  • Goldey , E. S. and Taylor , D. H. 1992 . Developmental neurotoxicity following premating maternal exposure to hexachlorobenzene in rats . Neurotoxicol. Teratol , 14 : 15 – 21 .
  • Goldey , E. S. , Kehn , L. S. , Lau , C. , Rehnberg , G. L. and Crofton , K. M. 1995 . Developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) reduces circulating thyroid hormone concentrations and causes hearing deficits in rats . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol , 135 : 77 – 88 .
  • Goldman , J. M. , Laws , S. C. , Balchak , S. K. , Cooper , R. L. and Kavlock , R. J. 2000 . Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Prepubertal exposures and effects on sexual maturation and thyroid activity in the female rat. A focus on the EDSTAC recommendations . Crit. Rev. Toxicol , 30 : 135 – 196 .
  • Gonzalez Cid , M. and Matos , E. 1987 . Chromosomal aberrations in cultured human lymphocytes treated with aldicarb, a carbamate pesticide . Mutat. Res , 191 : 99 – 103 .
  • Grant , E. L. , Mitchell , R. H. , West , P. R. , Mazuch , L. and Ashwood-Smith , M. J. 1976 . Mutagenicity and putative carcinogenicity tests of several polycyclic aromatic compounds associated with impurities of the insecticide methoxychlor . Mutat. Res , 40 : 225 – 228 .
  • Gray , L. E. Jr. and Kavlock , R. J. 1983a . The effects of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether (NIT) on serum thyroid hormones in adult female mice . Toxicol. Lett , 15 : 231 – 235 .
  • Gray , L. E. Jr. , Kavlock , R. J. , Chernoff , N. , Ostby , J. and Ferrell , J. 1983b . Postnatal developmental alterations following prenatal exposure to the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether: A dose response evaluation in the mouse . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol , 67 : 1 – 14 .
  • Gray , L. E. Jr. , Ostby , J. , Cooper , R. L. and Kelce , W. R. 1999 . The estrogenic and antiandrogenic pesticide methoxychlor alters the reproductive tract and behavior without affecting pituitary size or LH and prolactin secretion in male rats . Toxicol. Ind. Health , 15 : 37 – 47 .
  • Guillette , L. J. Jr. , Gross , T. S. , Masson , G. R. , Matter , J. M. , Percival , H. F. and Woodward , A. R. 1994 . Developmental abnormalities of the gonad and abnormal sex hormone concentrations in juvenile alligators from contaminated and control lakes in Florida . Environ. Health Perspect , 102 : 680 – 688 .
  • Gupta , P. K. , Chandra , S. V. and Saxena , D. K. 1978 . Teratogenic and embryotoxic effects of endosulfan in rats . Acta. Pharmacol. Toxicol. (Copenh.) , 42 : 150 – 152 .
  • Hamasaki , T. , Sato , T. , Nagase , H. and Kito , H. 1993 . The mutagenicity of organotin compounds as environmental pollutants . Mutat. Res , 300 : 265 – 271 .
  • Harazono , A. , Ema , M. and Ogawa , Y. 1998 . Evaluation of early embryonic loss induced by tributyltin chloride in rats: Phase- and dose-dependent antifertility effects . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol , 34 : 94 – 99 .
  • Hassoun , E. , Bagchi , M. , Bagchi , D. and Stohs , S. J. 1993 . Comparative studies on lipid peroxidation and DNA-single strand breaks induced by lindane, DDT, chlordane and endrin in rats . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C , 104 : 427 – 431 .
  • Haworth , S. , Lawlor , T. , Mortelmans , K. , Speck , W. and Zeiger , E. 1983 . Salmonella mutagenicity test results for 250 chemicals . Environ. Mutagen , 5 ( suppl. 1 ) : 1 – 142 .
  • Hedli , C. C. , Snyder , R. , Kinoshita , F. K. and Steinberg , M. 1998 . Investigation of hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzyme induction and DNA adduct formation in male CD/1 mice following oral administration of toxaphene . J. Appl. Toxicol , 18 : 173 – 178 .
  • Heindel , J. J. , Chapin , R. E. , Gulati , D. K. , George , J. D. , Price , C. J. , Marr , M. C. , Myers , C. B. , Barnes , L. H. , Fail , P. A. , Grizzle , T. B. , Schwetz , B. A. and Yang , R. S. H. 1994 . Assessment of the reproductive and developmental toxicity of pesticide/fertilizer mixtures based on confirmed pesticide contamination in California and Iowa groundwater . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol , 22 : 605 – 621 .
  • Hemavathi , E. and Rahiman , M. A. 1996 . Effect of Ziram, Thiram, and Dithane M-45 on bone marrow cells of mice-assessed by micronucleus test . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol , 56 : 190 – 196 .
  • Heo , Y. , Parsons , P. J. and Lawrence , D. A. 1996 . Lead differentially modifies cytokine production in vitro and in vivo . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol , 138 : 149 – 157 .
  • Herbst , A. L. , Ulfelder , H. and Poskanzer , D. C. 1971 . Adenocarcinoma of the vagina. Association of maternal stilbestrol therapy with tumor appearance in young women . N. Engl. J. Med , 284 : 878 – 881 .
  • Herrera , A. and Laborda , E. 1988 . Mutagenic activity in synthetic pyrethroids in . Salmonella typhimurium. Mutagenesis , 3 : 509 – 514 .
  • Hilliard , C. A. , Armstrong , M. J. , Bradt , C. I. , Hill , R. B. , Greenwood , S. K. and Galloway , S. M. 1998 . Chromosome aberrations in vitro related to cytotoxicity of nonmutagenic chemicals and metabolic poisons . Environ. Mol. Mutagen , 31 : 316 – 326 .
  • Hodges , L. C. , Bergerson , J. S. , Hunter , D. S. and Walker , C. L. 2000 . Estrogenic effects of organochlorine pesticides on uterine leiomyoma cells in vitro . Toxicol. Sci , 54 : 355 – 364 .
  • Hoffman , D. J. and Eastin , W. C. Jr. 1982 . Effects of lindane, paraquat, toxaphene, and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid on mallard embryo development . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol , 11 : 79 – 86 .
  • Howard , W. , Leonard , B. , Moody , W. and Kochhar , T. S. 1991 . Induction of chromosome changes by metal compounds in cultured CHO cells . Toxicol. Lett , 56 : 179 – 186 .
  • Huang , X. P. , Feng , Z. Y. , Zhai , W. L. and Xu , J. H. 1988 . Chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in workers exposed to lead . Biomed. Environ. Sci , 1 : 382 – 387 .
  • Huff , J. E. , Salmon , A. G. , Hooper , N. K. and Zeise , L. 1991 . Long-term carcinogenesis studies on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins . Cell Biol. Toxicol , 7 : 67 – 94 .
  • Humphreys , W. G. , Kim , D. H. and Guengerich , F. P. 1991 . Isolation and characterization of N7-guanyl adducts derived from 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane . Chem. Res. Toxicol , 4 : 445 – 453 .
  • Hurley , P. M. 1998 . Mode of carcinogenic action of pesticides inducing thyroid follicular cell tumors in rodents . Environ. Health Perspect , 106 : 437 – 445 .
  • Hurt , S. S. , Smith , J. M. and Hayes , A. W. 1983 . Nitrofen: A review and perspective . Toxicology , 29 : 1 – 37 .
  • Inne , J. R. , Ulland , B. M. , Valerio , M. G. , Petrucelli , L. , Fishbein , L. , Hart , E. R. , Pallotta , A. J. , Bates , R. R. , Falk , H. L. , Gart , J. J. , Klein , M. , Mitchell , I. and Peters , J. 1969 . Bioassay of pesticides and industrial chemicals for tumorigenicity in mice: A preliminary note . J. Natl. Cancer Inst , 42 : 1101 – 1114 .
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer . 1979 . Some halogenated hydrocarbons . IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinogen. Risks Chem. Hum , 20 : 195 – 239 .
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer . 1983 . Miscellaneous pesticides . IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinogen. Risks Chem. Hum , 30 : 87
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer . 1987 . Genetic and related effects: An updating of selected IARC Monographs from Volumes 1–42 . IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinogen. Risks Chem. Hum. , Suppl 6 : 333 – 335. .
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer . 1991 . Occupational exposures in insecticide application and some pesticides . IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinogen. Risks Chem. Hum , 53 : 179
  • International Programme on Chemical Safety . 1993 . Environmental health criteria. Benomyl , Vol. 148 , Geneva : WHO .
  • International Programme on Chemical Safety . 1996 . Environmental health criteria . Methomyl. 178 ,
  • Ishmael , J. and Lithfield , M. H. 1988 . Chronic toxicity and carcinogenic evaluation of permethrin in rats and mice . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol , 11 : 308 – 322 .
  • Ivett , J. L. , Brown , B. M. , Rodgers , C. , Anderson , B. E. , Resnick , M. A. and Zeiger , E. 1989 . Chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchange tests in Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro. IV. Results with 15 chemicals . Environ. Mol. Mutagen , 14 : 165 – 187 .
  • Jacquet , P. , Gerber , G. B. , Leonard , A. and Maes , J. 1977 . Plasma hormone levels in normal and lead-treated pregnant mice . Experientia , 33 : 1375 – 1377 .
  • Jagetia , G. C. and Aruna , R. 1998 . Effect of various concentrations of lead nitrate on the induction of micronuclei in mouse bone marrow . Mutat. Res , 415 : 131 – 137 .
  • Jansson , K. and Jansson , V. 1992 . Induction of micronuclei in V79 Chinese hamster cells by tetrachlorohydroquinone, a metabolite of pentachlorophenol . Mutat. Res , 279 : 205 – 208 .
  • Jantunen , K. , Maki-Paakkanen , J. and Norppa , H. 1986 . Induction of chromosome aberrations by styrene and vinylacetate in cultured human lymphocytes: Dependence on erythrocytes . Mutat. Res , 159 : 109 – 116 .
  • Jekat , F. W. , Meisel , M. L. , Eckard , R. and Winterhoff , H. 1994 . Effects of pentachlorophenol (PCP) on the pituitary and thyroidal hormone regulation in the rat . Toxicol. Lett , 71 : 9 – 25 .
  • Jenssen , D. and Ramel , C. 1980 . The micronucleus test as part of a short-term mutagenicity test program for the prediction of carcinogenicity evaluated by 143 agents tested . Mutat. Res , 75 : 191 – 202 .
  • Johansson , L. and Wide , M. 1986 . Long-term exposure of the male mouse to lead: Effects on fertility . Environ. Res , 41 : 481 – 487 .
  • Johnson , K. W. , Kaminski , N. E. and Munson , A. E. 1987 . Direct suppression of cultured spleen cell responses by chlordane and the basis for differential effects on in vivo and in vitro immunocompetence . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 22 : 497 – 515 .
  • Jones , L. A. and Hajek , R. A. 1995 . Effects of estrogenic chemicals on development . Environ. Health Perspect , 103 ( suppl. 7 ) : 63 – 67 .
  • Juberg , D. R. 2000 . An evaluation of endocrine modulators: Implications for human health . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety , 45 : 93 – 105 .
  • Kackar , R. , Srivastava , M. K. and Raizada , R. B. 1997 . Studies on rat thyroid after oral administration of mancozeb: Morphological and biochemical evaluations . J. Appl. Toxicol , 17 : 369 – 375 .
  • Kalina , I. , Sram , R. J. , Konecna , H. and Ondrussekova , A. 1991 . Cytogenetic analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes in workers occupationally exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls . Teratogen. Carcinogen. Mutagen , 11 : 77 – 82 .
  • Kalland , T. 1984 . Exposure of neonatal female mice to diethylstilbestrol persistently impairs NK activity through reduction of effector cells at the bone marrow level . Immunopharmacology , 7 : 127 – 134 .
  • Kato , K. , Chen , Y. , Nakane , A. , Tomonori , M. , Fujieda , K. , Kimura , T. and Yamamoto , K. 1988 . Suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice pretreated with diethylstilbestrol . J. Leuk. Biol , 43 : 530 – 538 .
  • Kavlock , R. J. , Chernoff , N. , Gray , L. E. Jr. , Gray , J. A. and Whitehouse , D. 1982 . Teratogenic effects of benomyl in the Wistar rat and CD-1 mouse, with emphasis on the route of administration . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol , 62 : 44 – 54 .
  • Kavlock , R. J. , Chernoff , N. and Rogers , E. H. 1985 . The effect of acute maternal toxicity on fetal development in the mouse . Teratogen. Carcinogen. Mutagen , 5 : 3 – 13 .
  • Kavlock , R. J. , Daston , G. P. , DeRosa , C. , Fenner-Crisp , P. , Gray , L. E. , Kaattari , S. , Lucier , G. , Luster , M. , Mac , M. J. , Maczka , C. , Miller , R. , Moore , J. , Rolland , R. , Scott , G. , Sheehan , D. M. , Sinks , T. and Tilson , H. A. 1996 . Research needs for the risk assessment of health and environmental effects of endocrine disruptors: A report of the U. S. EPA-sponsored workshop . Environ. Health Perspect , 104 ( suppl. 4 ) : 715 – 740 .
  • Keith , L. H. 1997 . Environmental endocrine disruptors: An overview of the analytical challenge Arlington, VA Presented at the 13th Annual Symposium on Waste Testing & Quality Assurance,
  • Kelce , W. R. , Stone , C. R. , Laws , S. C. , Gray , L. E. , Kemppainen , J. A. and Wilson , E. M. 1995 . Persistent DDT metabolite p,p′-DDE is a potent androgen receptor antagonist . Nature , 735 : 581 – 585 .
  • Kerkvliet , N. I. , Baecher-Steppan , L. , Claycomb , A. T. , Craig , A. M. and Sheggeby , G. G. 1982 . Immunotoxicity of technical pentachlorophenol (PCP-T): Depressed humoral immune responses to T-dependent and T-independent antigen stimulation in PCP-T exposed mice . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol , 2 : 90 – 99 .
  • Kevekordes , S. , Gebel , T. , Pav , K. , Edenharder , R. and Dunkelberg , H. 1996 . Genotoxicity of selected pesticides in the mouse bone-marrow micronucleus test and in the sister-chromatid exchange test with human lymphocytes in vitro . Toxicol. Lett , 89 : 35 – 42 .
  • Khan , P. K. and Sinha , S. P. 1994 . Impact of higher doses of vitamin C in modulating pesticide genotoxicity . Teratogen. Carcinogen. Mutagen , 14 : 175 – 181 .
  • Khera , K. S. , Villeneuve , D. C. , Terry , G. , Panopio , L. , Nash , L. and Trivett , G. 1976 . Mirex: A teratogenicity, dominant lethal and tissue distribution study in rats . Food Cosmet. Toxicol , 14 : 25 – 29 .
  • Kidd , H. and James , D. R. , eds. 1991 . The agrochemicals handbook , 3rd ed. , pp. 10 – 12 . Cambridge, UK : Royal Society of Chemistry Information Services. As updated .
  • Kligerman , A. D. and Erexson , G. L. 1999 . An evaluation of the feasibility of using cytogenetic damage as a biomarker for alachlor exposure . Mutat. Res , 441 : 95 – 101 .
  • Klotz , D. M. , Beckman , B. S. , Hill , S. M. , McLachlan , J. A. , Walters , M. R. and Arnold , S. F. 1996 . Identification of environmental chemicals with estrogenic activity using a combination of in vitro assays . Environ. Health Perspect , 104 : 1084 – 1089 .
  • Klotz , D. M. , Arnold , S. F. and McLachlan , J. A. 1997 . Inhibition of 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone activity in human breast and endometrial cancer cells by carbamate insecticides . Life Sci , 60 : 1467 – 1475 .
  • Kluwe , W. M. , McConnell , E. E. , Huff , J. E. , Haseman , J. K. , Douglas , J. F. and Hartwell , W. V. 1982 . Carcinogenicity testing of phthalate esters and related compounds by the National Toxicology Program and the National Cancer Institute . Environ. Health Perspect , 45 : 129 – 133 .
  • Kniewald , J. , Osredecki , V. , Gojmerac , T. , Zechner , V. and Kniewald , Z. 1995 . Effect of s-triazine compounds on testosterone metabolism in the rat prostate . J. Appl. Toxicol , 15 : 215 – 218 .
  • Kohn , J. , Minotti , S. and Durham , H. 1995 . Assessment of the neurotoxicity of styrene, styrene oxide, and styrene glycol in primary cultures of motor and sensory neurons . Toxicol. Lett , 75 : 29 – 37 .
  • Koner , B. C. , Banerjee , B. D. and Ray , A. 1998 . Organochlorine pesticide-induced oxidative stress and immune suppression in rats . Indian J. Exp. Biol , 36 : 395 – 398 .
  • Kozumbo , W. J. , Kroll , R. and Rubin , R. J. 1982 . Assessment of the mutagenicity of phthalate esters . Environ. Health Perspect , 45 : 103 – 109 .
  • Kulig , B. M. 1996 . Comprehensive neurotoxicity assessment . Environ. Health Perspect , 104 ( suppl. 2 ) : 317 – 322 .
  • Kumar , R. , Agarwal , A. K. and Seth , P. K. 1996 . Oxidative stress-mediated neurotoxicity of cadmium . Toxicol. Lett , 89 : 65 – 69 .
  • Laden , F. , Neas , L. M. , Spiegelman , D. , Hankinson , S. E. , Willett , W. C. , Ireland , K. , Wolff , M. S. and Hunter , D. J. 1999 . Predictors of plasma concentrations of DDE and PCBs in a group of U.S. women . Environ. Health Perspect , 107 : 75 – 81 .
  • Lahvis , G. P. , Wells , R. S. , Kuehl , D. W. , Stewart , J. L. , Rhinehart , H. L. and Via , C. S. 1995 . Decreased lymphocyte responses in free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are associated with increased concentrations of PCBs and DDT in peripheral blood . Environ. Health Perspect , 103 ( suppl. 4 ) : 67 – 72 .
  • Lai , T. J. , Guo , Y. L. , Yu , M. L. , Ko , H. C. and Hsu , C. C. 1994 . Cognitive development in Yucheng children . Chemosphere , 29 : 2405 – 2411 .
  • Landel , C. C. , Kushner , P. J. and Greene , G. L. 1995 . Estrogen receptor accessory proteins: Effects on receptor-DNA interactions . Environ. Health Perspect , 103 ( suppl. 7 ) : 23 – 28 .
  • Larsson , K. S. , Arnander , C. , Cekanova , E. and Kjellberg , M. 1976 . Studies of teratogenic effects of the dithiocarbamates maneb, mancozeb, and propineb . Teratology , 14 : 171 – 183 .
  • Legler , J. , van den Brink , C. E. , Brouwer , A. , Murk , A. J. , van der Saag , P. T. , Vethaak , A. D. and van der , B. 1999 . Development of a stably transfected estrogen receptor-mediated luciferase reporter gene assay in the human T47D breast cancer cell line . Toxicol. Sci , 48 : 55 – 66 .
  • Lessenger , J. E. and Riley , N. 1991 . Neurotoxicities and behavioral changes in a 12-year-old male exposed to dicofol, an organochloride pesticide . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 33 : 255 – 261 .
  • Lim , M. , Jacobson-Kram , D. , Bowman , R. E. and Williams , J. R. 1987 . Effect of chronic exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on sister chromatid exchange levels in peripheral lymphocytes of the rhesus monkey . Cell Biol. Toxicol , 3 : 279 – 284 .
  • Lin , M. F. , Wu , C. L. and Wang , T. C. 1987 . Pesticide clastogenicity in Chinese hamster ovary cells . Mutat. Res , 188 : 241 – 250 .
  • Linder , R. E. , Gaines , T. B. and Kimbrough , R. D. 1974 . The effect of polychlorinated biphenyls on rat reproduction . Food Cosmet. Toxicol , 12 : 63 – 77 .
  • Linnainmaa , K. 1984 . Induction of sister chromatid exchanges by the peroxisome proliferators 2,4-D, MCPA, and clofibrate in vivo and in vitro . Carcinogenesis , 5 : 703 – 707 .
  • Loose , L. D. 1982 . Macrophage induction of T-suppressor cells in pesticide–exposed and protozoan-infected mice . Environ. Health Perspect , 43 : 89 – 97 .
  • Loose , L. D. , Silkworth , J. B. , Charbonneau , T. and Blumenstock , F. 1981 . Environmental chemical-induced macrophage dysfunction . Environ. Health Perspect , 39 : 79 – 91 .
  • Loveday , K. S. , Lugo , M. H. , Resnick , M. A. , Anderson , B. E. and Zeiger , E. 1989 . Chromosome aberration and sister chromatid exchange tests in Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro: II. Results with 20 chemicals . Environ. Mol. Mutagen , 13 : 60 – 94 .
  • Lu , M. H. and Kennedy , G. L. Jr. 1986 . Teratogenic evaluation of mancozeb in the rat following inhalation exposure . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol , 84 : 355 – 368 .
  • Luster , M. I. , Fate , R. E. , McLachlan , J. A. and Clark , G. C. 1979 . Effect of in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol on the immune response in mice . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol , 47 : 279 – 285 .
  • MacLellan , K. N. , Bird , D. M. , Fry , D. M. and Cowles , J. L. 1996 . Reproductive and morphological effects of o,p′-dicofol on two generations of captive American kestrels . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol , 30 : 364 – 372 .
  • Madsen , C. , Claesson , M. H. and Ropke , C. 1996 . Immunotoxicity of the pyrethroid insecticides deltametrin and alpha-cypermetrin . Toxicology , 107 : 219 – 227 .
  • Majumdar , S. K. , Maharam , L. G. and Viglianti , G. A. 1977 . Mutagenicity of dieldrin in the Salmonella-microsome test . J. Hered , 68 : 184 – 185 .
  • Malarkey , D. E. , Devereux , T. R. , Dinse , G. E. , Mann , P. C. and Maronpot , R. R. 1995 . Hepatocarcinogenicity of chlordane in B6C3F1 and B6D2F1 male mice: Evidence for regression in B6C3F1 mice and carcinogenesis independent of rats proto-oncogene activation . Carcinogenesis , 16 : 2617 – 2625 .
  • Maness , S. C. , McDonnell , D. P. and Gaido , K. W. 1998 . Inhibition of androgen receptor-dependent transcriptional activity by DDT isomers and methoxychlor in HepG2 human hepatoma cells . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol , 151 : 135 – 142 .
  • Manson , J. M. 1986 . Mechanism of nitrofen teratogenesis . Environ. Health Perspect , 70 : 137 – 147 .
  • Markaryan , D. S. 1966 . Cytogenetic effect of some chlorinated insecticides on mouse bone-marrow cell nuclei . Sov. Genet , 2 : 80 – 82 .
  • Mattioli , F. , Robbiano , L. , Fazzuoli , L. and Baracchini , P. 1994 . Studies on the mechanism of the carcinogenic activity of amitrole . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol , 23 : 101 – 106 .
  • Mattsson , J. L. , Charles , J. M. , Yano , B. L. , Cunny , H. C. , Wilson , R. D. and Bus , J. S. 1997 . Single-dose and chronic dietary neurotoxicity screening studies on 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in rats . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol , 40 : 111 – 119 .
  • McConnell , E. E. , Huff , J. E. , Hejtmancik , M. , Peters , A. C. and Persing , R. 1991 . Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of two grades of pentachlorophenol in B6C3F1 mice . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol , 17 : 519 – 532 .
  • McGregor , A. J. and Mason , H. J. 1991 . Occupational mercury vapour exposure and testicular, pituitary and thyroid endocrine function . Hum. Exp. Toxicol , 10 : 199 – 203 .
  • McLachlan , J. A. and Arnold , S. F. 1996 . Environmental estrogens . Am. Sci , 84 : 452 – 461 .
  • McLean , W. G. , Holme , A. D. , Janneh , O. , Southgate , A. , Howard , C. V. and Reed , M. G. 1998 . The effect of benomyl on neurite outgrowth in mouse NB2A and human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells in vitro . Neurotoxicology , 19 : 629 – 632 .
  • Mehrotra , N. K. , Kumar , S. and Shukla , Y. 1987 . Tumour initiating activity of mancozeb-a carbamate fungicide in mouse skin . Cancer Lett , 36 : 283 – 287 .
  • Menditto , A. and Turrio-Baldassarri , L. 1999 . Environmental and biological monitoring of endocrine disrupting chemicals . Chemosphere , 39 : 1301 – 1307 .
  • Meyne , J. , Allison , D. C. , Bose , K. , Jordan , S. W. , Ridolpho , P. F. and Smith , J. 1985 . Hepatotoxic doses of dioxin do not damage mouse bone marrow chromosomes . Mutat. Res , 157 : 63 – 69 .
  • Milvy , P. and Garro , A. J. 1976 . Mutagenic activity of styrene oxide (1,2-epoxyethylbenzene), a presumed styrene metabolite . Mutat. Res , 40 : 15 – 18 .
  • Miyamoto , J. , Kaneko , H. , Tsuji , R. and Okuno , Y. 1995 . Pyrethroids, nerve poisons: How their risks to human health should be assessed . Toxicol. Lett , 82–83 : 933 – 940 .
  • Mondal , S. , Mukhopadhyay , B. and Bhattacharya , S. 1997 . Inorganic mercury binding to fish oocyte plasma membrane induces steroidogenesis and translatable messenger RNA synthesis . Biometals , 10 : 285 – 290 .
  • Morato , G. S. , Lemos , T. and Takahashi , R. N. 1989 . Acute exposure to maneb alters some behavioral functions in the mouse . Neurotoxicol. Teratol , 11 : 421 – 425 .
  • Morimoto , K. , Iijima , S. and Koizumi , A. 1982 . Selenite prevents the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges by methyl mercury and mercuric chloride in human whole-blood cultures . Mutat. Res , 102 : 183 – 192 .
  • Moriya , M. , Ohta , T. , Watanabe , K. , Miyazawa , T. , Kato , K. and Shirasu , Y. 1983 . Further mutagenicity studies on pesticides in bacterial reversion assay systems . Mutat. Res , 116 : 185 – 216 .
  • Morrissey , R. E. , George , J. D. , Price , C. J. , Tyl , R. W. , Marr , M. C. and Kimmel , C. A. 1987 . The developmental toxicity of bisphenol A in rats and mice . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol , 8 : 571 – 582 .
  • Mortelmans , K. , Haworth , S. , Speck , W. and Zeiger , E. 1984 . Mutagenicity testing of Agent Orange components and related chemicals . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol , 75 : 137 – 146 .
  • Mortelmans , K. , Haworth , S. , Lawlor , T. , Speck , W. , Tainer , B. and Zeiger , E. 1986 . Salmonella mutagenicity tests: II. Results from the testing of 270 chemicals . Environ. Mutagen , 8 ( suppl. 7 ) : 1 – 119 .
  • Moser , V. C. 1995 . Comparisons of the acute effects of cholinesterase inhibitors using a neurobehavioral screening battery in rats . Neurotoxicol. Teratol , 17 : 617 – 625 .
  • Moser , V. C. , Cheek , B. M. and MacPhail , R. C. 1995 . A multidisciplinary approach to toxicological screening: III. Neurobehavioral toxicity . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 45 : 173 – 210 .
  • Mosesso , P. , Turchi , G. , Cinelli , S. , Di Chiara , D. , Fiore , M. and Palitti , F. 1994 . Clastogenic effects of the dithiocarbamate fungicides thiram and ziram in Chinese hamster cell lines cultured in vitro . Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen , 14 : 145 – 155 .
  • Muranyi-Kovacs , I. , Rudali , G. and Imbert , J. 1976 . Bioassay of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid for carcinogenicity in mice . Br. J. Cancer , 33 : 626 – 633 .
  • Murray , F. J. , Staples , R. E. and Schwetz , B. A. 1979 . Teratogenic potential of carbaryl given to rabbits and mice by gavage or by dietary inclusion . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol , 51 : 81 – 89 .
  • Mustonen , R. , Kangas , J. , Vuojolahti , P. and Linnainmaa , K. 1986 . Effects of phenoxyacetic acids on the induction of chromosome aberrations in vitro and in vivo . Mutagenesis , 1 : 241 – 245 .
  • Naqvi , S. M. and Vaishnavi , C. 1993 . Bioaccumulative potential and toxicity of endosulfan insecticide to non-target animals . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C , 105 : 347 – 361 .
  • Narotsky , M. G. and Kavlock , R. J. 1995 . A multidisciplinary approach to toxicological screening: II. Developmental toxicity . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 45 : 145 – 171 .
  • National Toxicology Program . 1979 . Bioassay of parathion for possible carcinogenicity (CAS No. 56-38-2). . Tech. Rep. Ser. , 70
  • National Toxicology Program . 1983 . Carcinogenesis bioassay of Ziram (CAS No. 137-30-4) in F344/N rats and B6CF1 mice (feed study) . Tech. Rep. Ser. , 238
  • National Toxicology Program . 1990 . Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of mirex (1,1a,2,2,3,3a, 4,5,5,5a,5b,6-dodecachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-1H-cyclouta[cd]pentalene)(CAS No. 2385-85-5) in F344/N rats (feed studies) . Tech. Rep. Ser. , 313
  • Nesnow , S. , Argus , M. , Bergman , H. , Chu , K. , Frith , C. , Helmes , T. , McGaughy , R. , Ray , V. , Slaga , T. J. , Tennant , R. and Weisburger , E. 1987 . Chemical carcinogens. A review and analysis of the literature of selected chemicals and the establishment of the Gene-Tox Carcinogen Data Base. A report of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Gene-Tox Program . Mutat. Res , 185 : 1 – 195 .
  • Noller , K. L. , Blair , P. B. , O’Brien , P. C. and Melton , L. J. 1988 . Increased occurrence of autoimmune disease among women exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol . Fertil. Steril , 49 : 1080 – 1082 .
  • Norppa , H. 1981 . Styrene and vinyltoluene induce micronuclei in mouse bone marrow . Toxicol. Lett , 8 : 247 – 251 .
  • Oakley , G. G. , Robertson , L. W. and Gupta , R. C. 1996 . Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyl-DNA adducts by 32P-postlabeling . Carcinogenesis , 17 : 109 – 114 .
  • Oberdorster , G. , Cherian , M. G. and Baggs , R. B. 1994 . Importance of species differences in experimental pulmonary carcinogenicity of inhaled cadmium for extrapolation to humans . Toxicol. Lett , 72 : 339 – 343 .
  • Oberly , T. J. , Michaelis , K. C. , Rexroat , M. A. , Bewsey , B. J. and Garriott , M. L. 1993 . A comparison of the CHO/HGPRT+ and the L5178Y/TK+/− mutation assays using suspension treatment and soft agar cloning: Results for 10 chemicals . Cell Biol. Toxicol , 9 : 243 – 257 .
  • Ogura , H. , Takeuchi , T. and Morimoto , K. 1996 . A comparison of the 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, chromosome aberrations and micronucleus techniques for the assessment of the genotoxicity of mercury compounds in human blood lymphocytes . Mutat. Res , 340 : 175 – 182 .
  • Ohlson , C. G. and Hardell , L. 2000 . Testicular cancer and occupational exposures with a focus on xenoestrogens in polyvinyl chloride plastics . Chemosphere , 40 : 1277 – 1282 .
  • Olson , L. J. , Erickson , B. J. , Hinsdill , R. D. , Wyman , J. A. , Porter , W. P. , Binning , L. K. , Bidgood , R. C. and Nordheim , E. V. 1987 . Aldicarb immunomodulation in mice: An inverse dose-response to parts per billion levels in drinking water . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol , 16 : 433 – 439 .
  • Onfelt , A. and Klasterska , I. 1984 . Sister-chromatid exchanges and thioguanine resistance in V79 Chinese hamster cells after treatment with the aneuploidy-inducing agent carbaryl +/− S9 mix . Mutat. Res , 125 : 269 – 274 .
  • Ortiz Martinez , A. and Martinez-Conde , E. 1995 . The neurotoxic effects of lindane at acute and subchronic dosages . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf , 30 : 101 – 105 .
  • Otteneder , M. , Eder , E. and Lutz , W. K. 1999 . 32P-Postlabeling analysis of DNA adducts of styrene 7, 8oxide at the O6-position of guanine . Chem. Res. Toxicol , 12 : 93 – 99 .
  • Ottinger , M. A. , Abdelnabi , M. A. , Henry , P. , McGary , S. , Thompson , N. and Wu , J. M. 2001 . Neuroendocrine and behavioral implications of endocrine disrupting chemicals in quail . Horm. Behav , 40 : 234 – 247 .
  • Ottinger , M. A. , Abdelnabi , M. , Quinn , M. , Golden , N. , Wu , J. and Thompson , N. 2002 . Reproductive consequences of EDCs in birds: What do laboratory effects mean in field species? . Neurotoxicol. Teratol , 24 : 17 – 28 .
  • Pandey , N. , Gundevia , F. , Prem , A. S. and Ray , P. K. 1990 . Studies on the genotoxicity of endosulfan, an organochlorine insecticide, in mammalian germ cells . Mutat. Res , 242 : 1 – 7 .
  • Park , J. Y. , Shigenaga , M. K. and Ames , B. N. 1996 . Induction of cytochrome P4501A1 by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin or indolo(3,2-b)carbazole is associated with oxidative DNA damage . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 93 : 2322 – 2327 .
  • Parker , C. M. , McCullough , C. B. , Gellatly , J. B. and Johnston , C. D. 1983 . Toxicologic and carcinogenic evaluation of Fenvalerate in the B6C3F1 mouse . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol , 3 : 114 – 120 .
  • Penttila , M. , Sorsa , M. and Vainio , H. 1980 . Inability of styrene to induce nondisjunction in Drosophila or a positive micronucleus test in the Chinese hamster . Toxicol. Lett , 6 : 119 – 123 .
  • Perocco , P. , Santucci , M. A. , Campani , A. G. and Forti , G. C. 1989 . Toxic and DNA-damaging activities of the fungicides mancozeb and thiram (TMTD) on human lymphocytes in vitro . Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen , 9 : 75 – 81 .
  • Peters , J. W. and Cook , R. M. 1973 . Effects of atrazine on reproduction in rats . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol , 9 : 301 – 304 .
  • Petit , F. , Le Goff , P. , Cravedi , J. P. , Valotaire , Y. and Pakdel , F. 1997 . Two complementary bioassays for screening the estrogenic potency of xenobiotics: Recombinant yeast for trout estrogen receptor and trout hepatocyte cultures . J. Mol. Endocrinol , 19 : 321 – 335 .
  • Petrova-Vergieva , T. and Ivanova-Tchemishanska , L. 1973 . Assessment of the teratogenic activity of dithiocarbamate fungicides . Food Cosmet. Toxicol , 11 : 239 – 244 .
  • Pfeiffer , E. , Rosenberg , B. , Deuschel , S. and Metzler , M. 1997 . Interference with microtubules and induction of micronuclei in vitro by various bisphenols . Mutat. Res , 390 : 21 – 31 .
  • Piasek , M. and Laskey , J. W. 1999 . Effects of in vitro cadmium exposure on ovarian steroidogenesis in rats . J. Appl. Toxicol , 19 : 211 – 217 .
  • Pino , A. , Maura , A. and Grillo , P. 1988 . DNA damage in stomach, kidney, liver and lung of rats treated with atrazine . Mutat. Res , 209 : 145 – 147 .
  • Pinon-Lataillade , G. , Thoreux-Manlay , A. , Coffigny , H. , Masse , R. and Soufir , J. C. 1995 . Reproductive toxicity of chronic lead exposure in male and female mice . Hum. Exp. Toxicol , 14 : 872 – 878 .
  • Planche , G. , Croisy , A. , Malaveille , C. , Tomatis , L. and Bartsch , H. 1979 . Metabolic and mutagenicity studies on DDT and 15 derivatives. Detection of 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane and 1, 1bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethyl acetate (kelthane acetate) as mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium and of 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene oxide, a likely metabolite, as an alkylating agent . Chem. Biol. Interact , 25 : 157 – 175 .
  • Plewa , M. J. , Wagner , E. D. , Gentile , G. J. and Gentile , J. M. 1984 . An evaluation of the genotoxic properties of herbicides following plant and animal activation . Mutat. Res , 136 : 233 – 245 .
  • Pluijmen , M. , Drevon , C. , Montesano , R. , Malaveille , C. , Hautefeuille , A. and Bartsch , H. 1984 . Lack of mutagenicity of synthetic pyrethroids in Salmonella typhimurium strains and in V79 Chinese hamster cells . Mutat. Res , 137 : 7 – 15 .
  • Podda , M. V. , Deriu , F. , Solinas , A. , Demontis , M. P. , Varoni , M. V. , Spissu , A. , Anania , V. and Tolu , E. 1997 . Effect of atrazine administration on spontaneous and evoked cerebellar activity in the rat . Pharmacol. Res , 36 : 199 – 202 .
  • Porter , W. P. , Green , S. M. , Debbink , N. L. and Carlson , I. 1993 . Groundwater pesticides: Interactive effects of low concentrations of carbamates aldicarb and methomyl and the triazine metribuzin on thyroxine and somatotropin levels in white rats . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 40 : 15 – 34 .
  • Quarles , J. M. , Sega , M. W. , Schenley , C. K. and Ljinsky , W. 1979 . Transformation of hamster fetal cells by nitrosated pesticides in a transplacental assay . Cancer Res , 39 : 4525 – 4533 .
  • Queiroz , M. L. , Bincoletto , C. , Quadros , M. R. and De Capitani , E. M. 1999 . Presence of micronuclei in lymphocytes of mercury exposed workers . Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol , 21 : 141 – 150 .
  • Rabello , M. N. , Dealmeida , W. F. , Pigati , P. , Ungaro , M. T. , Murata , T. , Perira , C. A. and Becak , W. 1975 . Cytogenetic study on individuals occupationally exposed to DDT . Mutat. Res , 28 : 449 – 454 .
  • Rani , B. E. and Krishnakumari , M. K. 1995 . Prenatal toxicity of heptachlor in albino rats . Pharmacol. Toxicol , 76 : 112 – 114 .
  • Rawlings , N. C. , Cook , S. J. and Waldbillig , D. 1998 . Effects of the pesticides carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, lindane, triallate, trifluralin, 2,4-D, and pentachlorophenol on the metabolic endocrine and reproductive endocrine system in ewes . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 54 : 21 – 36 .
  • Reiter , L. 1977 . Behavioral toxicology: Effects of early postnatal exposure to neurotoxins on development of locomotor activity in the rat . J. Occup. Med , 19 : 200 – 204 .
  • Reuber , M. D. 1979 . Carcinogenicity of toxaphene: A review . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 5 : 729 – 748 .
  • Reuber , M. D. 1977 . Histopathology of carcinomas of the liver in mice ingesting heptachlor or heptachlor epoxide . Exp. Cell Biol , 45 : 147 – 157 .
  • Reuber , M. D. 1980 . Carcinogenicity of benzene hexachloride and its isomers . J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol , 4 : 355 – 372 .
  • Reuber , M. D. 1981 . The role of toxicity in the carcinogenicity of endosulfan . Sci. Total. Environ , 20 : 23 – 47 .
  • Reuber , M. D. 1987 . Carcinogenicity of heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide . J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol , 7 : 85 – 114 .
  • Reznik , G. , Reznik-Schuller , H. , Ward , J. M. and Stinson , S. F. 1980 . Morphology of nasal-cavity tumours in rats after chronic inhalation of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane . Br. J. Cancer , 42 : 772 – 781 .
  • Rhind , S. M. 2002 . Endocrine disrupting compounds and farm animals: Their properties, actions and routes of exposure . Domest. Animal Endocrinol , 23 : 179 – 187 .
  • Ribas , G. , Frenzilli , G. , Barale , R. and Marcos , R. 1995 . Herbicide-induced DNA damage in human lymphocytes evaluated by the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay . Mutat. Res , 344 : 41 – 54 .
  • Ribas , G. , Surralles , J. , Carbonell , E. , Xamena , N. , Creus , A. and Marcos , R. 1996 . Genotoxic evaluation of the herbicide trifluralin on human lymphocytes exposed in vitro . Mutat. Res , 371 : 15 – 21 .
  • Ribas , G. , Surralles , J. , Carbonell , E. , Creus , A. , Xamena , N. and Marcos , R. 1998 . Lack of genotoxicity of the herbicide atrazine in cultured human lymphocytes . Mutat. Res , 416 : 93 – 99 .
  • Robens , J. F. 1980 . Carcinogenicity studies of selected herbicides . Vet. Hum. Toxicol , 22 : 328 – 334 .
  • Robinson , E. C. 1991 . Lack of neuropathological changes in rats after exposure to butyl benzyl phthalate . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 32 : 345 – 347 .
  • Rodriguez-Ariza , A. , Alhama , J. , Diaz-Mendez , F. M. and Lopez-Barea , J. 1999 . Content of 8-oxodG in chromosomal DNA of Sparus aurata fish as biomarker of oxidative stress and environmental pollution . Mutat. Res , 438 : 97 – 107 .
  • Rogan , W. J. , Gladen , B. , Hung , K. , Koong , S. , Shih , L. , Taylor , J. S. , Wu , Y. , Yang , D. , Ragan , N. B. and Hsu , C. 1988 . Congenital poisoning by polychlorinated biphenyls and their contaminants in Taiwan . Science , 241 : 334 – 336 .
  • Rojas , M. , Bustos-Obregon , E. , Martinez-Garcia , F. , Contreras , H. and Regadera , J. 1998 . The effect of parathion on mouse testicular and epididymal development cultured in chicken allantochorion . Adv. Exp. Med. Biol , 444 : 201 – 206 .
  • Roman-Franco , A. A. , Turiello , M. , Albini , B. , Ossi , E. , Milgrom , F. and Andres , G. A. 1978 . Anti-basement membrane antibodies and antigen–antibody complexes in rabbits injected with mercuric chloride . Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol , 9 : 464 – 481 .
  • Routledge , E. J. and Sumpter , J. P. 1997 . Structural features of alkylphenolic chemicals associated with estrogenic activity . J. Biol. Chem , 272 : 3280 – 3288 .
  • Rudek , Z. and Rozek , M. 1992 . Induction of micronuclei in tadpoles of Rana temporaria and Xenopus laevis by the pyrethroid Fastac 10 EC . Mutat. Res , 298 : 25 – 29 .
  • Rupa , D. S. , Reddy , P. P. and Reddi , O. S. 1989 . Genotoxic effect of benzene hexachloride in cultured human lymphocytes . Hum. Genet , 83 : 271 – 223 .
  • Safe , S. H. and Zacharewski , T. 1997 . Organochlorine exposure and risk for breast cancer . Prog. Clin. Biol. Res , 396 : 133 – 145 .
  • Sai-Kato , K. , Umemura , T. , Takagi , A. , Hasegawa , R. , Tanimura , A. and Kurokawa , Y. 1995 . Pentachlorophenol-induced oxidative DNA damage in mouse liver and protective effect of antioxidants . Food Chem. Toxicol , 33 : 877 – 882 .
  • Sapin , C. , Druet , E. and Druet , P. 1977 . Induction of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies in the Brown-Norway rat by mercuric chloride . Clin. Exp. Immunol , 28 : 173 – 179 .
  • Sasaki , Y. F. , Saga , A. , Akasaka , M. , Ishibashi , S. , Yoshida , K. , Su , Y. Q. , Matsusaka , N. and Tsuda , S. 1998 . Detection of in vivo genotoxicity of haloalkanes and haloalkenes carcinogenic to rodents by the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay in multiple mouse organs . Mutat. Res , 419 : 13 – 20 .
  • Scarabelli , L. , Giannoni , P. , Malfatto , C. , Bolognesi , C. and Cesarone , C. F. 1993 . Relationship between poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity and DNA damage induced by zinc dithiocarbamates in mouse and rat liver . Mutat. Res , 302 : 1 – 6 .
  • Schoeny , R. S. , Smith , C. C. and Loper , J. C. 1979 . Non-mutagenicity for Salmonella of the chlorinated hydrocarbons aroclor 1254, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, mirex and kepone . Mutat. Res , 68 : 125 – 132 .
  • Schrader , T. J. and Cooke , G. M. 2000 . Examination of selected food additives and organochlorine food contaminants for androgenic activity in vitro . Toxicol. Sci , 53 : 278 – 288 .
  • Schrader , T. J. , Boyes , B. G. , Matula , T. I. , Heroux-Metcalf , C. , Langlois , I. and Downie , R. H. 1998 . In vitro investigation of toxaphene genotoxicity in S. typhimurium and Chinese hamster V79 lung fibroblasts . Mutat. Res , 413 : 159 – 168 .
  • Schroeder , H. A. and Mitchener , M. 1971 . Toxic effects of trace elements on the reproduction of mice and rats . Arch. Environ. Health , 23 : 102 – 106 .
  • Seiler , J. P. 1991 . Pentachlorophenol . Mutat. Res , 257 : 27 – 47 .
  • Selevan , S. G. , Landrigan , P. J. , Stern , F. B. and Jones , J. H. 1985 . Mortality of lead smelter workers . Am. J. Epidemiol , 122 : 673 – 683 .
  • Shah , R. G. , Lagueux , J. , Kapur , S. , Levallois , P. , Ayotte , P. , Tremblay , M. , Zee , J. and Poirier , G. G. 1997 . Determination of genotoxicity of the metabolites of the pesticides Guthion, Sencor, Lorox, Reglone, Daconil and Admire by 32P-postlabeling . Mol. Cell Biochem , 169 : 177 – 184 .
  • Sharara , F. I. , Seifer , D. B. and Flaws , J. A. 1998 . Environmental toxicants and female reproduction . Fertil. Steril , 70 : 613 – 622 .
  • Sharpe , R. M. , Fisher , J. S. , Millar , M. M. , Jobling , S. and Sumpter , J. P. 1995 . Gestational and lactational exposure of rats to xenoestrogens results in reduced testicular size and sperm production . Environ. Health Perspect , 103 : 1136 – 1143 .
  • Shekhar , P. V. , Werdell , J. and Basrur , V. S. 1997 . Environmental estrogen stimulation of growth and estrogen receptor function in preneoplastic and cancerous human breast cell lines . JNCI , 89 : 1774 – 1782 .
  • Shimkin , M. B. , Wieder , R. , McDonough , M. , Fishbein , L. and Swern , D. 1969 . Lung tumor response in strain A mice as a quantitative bioassay of carcinogenic activity of some carbamates and aziridines . Cancer Res , 29 : 2184 – 2190 .
  • Shukla , Y. , Antony , M. and Mehrotra , N. K. 1992 . Carcinogenic and cocarcinogenic studies with carbaryl following topical exposure in mice . Cancer Lett , 62 : 133 – 140 .
  • Siboulet , R. , Grinfeld , S. , Deparis , P. and Jaylet , A. 1984 . Micronuclei in red blood cells of the newt Pleurodeles waltl Michah: Induction with x-rays and chemicals . Mutat. Res , 125 : 275 – 281 .
  • Siekel , P. , Chalupa , I. , Beno , J. , Blasko , M. , Novotny , J. and Burian , J. 1991 . A genotoxicological study of hexachlorobenzene and pentachloroanisole . Teratogen. Carcinogen. Mutagen , 11 : 55 – 60 .
  • Silberhorn , E. M. , Glauert , H. P. and Robertson , L. W. 1990 . Carcinogenicity of polyhalogenated biphenyls: PCBs and PBBs . Crit. Rev. Toxicol , 20 : 440 – 496 .
  • Sinha , N. , Lal , B. and Singh , T. P. 1991a . Carbaryl-induced thyroid dysfunction in the freshwater catfish Clarias batrachus . Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf , 21 : 240 – 247 .
  • Sinha , N. , Lal , B. and Singh , T. P. 1991b . Effect of endosulfan on thyroid physiology in the freshwater catfish, Clarias batrachus . Toxicology , 67 : 187 – 197 .
  • Smith , F. A. , Schwetz , B. A. and Nitschke , K. D. 1976 . Teratogenicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in CF-1 mice . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol , 38 : 517 – 523 .
  • Sobti , R. C. , Krishan , A. and Davies , J. 1983 . Cytokinetic and cytogenetic effect of agricultural chemicals on human lymphoid cells in vitro. II. Organochlorine pesticides . Arch. Toxicol , 52 : 221 – 231 .
  • Sod-Moriah , U. A. , Sror , U. , Shemi , D. , Potashnik , G. , Chayoth , R. , Shaked , I. and Kaplanski , J. 1988 . Long term effects of dibromochloropropane (DBCP) on male rats’ reproductive system . Andrologia , 20 : 60 – 66 .
  • Sohoni , P. and Sumpter , J. P. 1998 . Several environmental oestrogens are also anti-androgens . J. Endocrinol , 158 : 327 – 339 .
  • Soto , A. M. , Sonnenschein , C. , Chung , K. L. , Fernandez , M. F. , Olea , N. and Serrano , F. O. 1995 . The ESCREEN assay as a tool to identify estrogens: An update on estrogenic environmental pollutants . Environ. Health Perspect , 103 ( suppl. 7 ) : 113 – 122 .
  • Spyker , J. M. 1975 . Assessing the impact of low level chemicals on development: Behavioral and latent effects . Fed. Proc , 34 : 1835 – 1844 .
  • Srinivasan , K. , Ramesh , H. P. and Radhakrishnamurty , R. 1988 . Changes induced by hexachlorocyclohexane isomers in rat liver and testis . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol , 41 : 531 – 539 .
  • Srivastava , S. , Seth , P. K. and Srivastava , S. P. 1989 . Effect of styrene administration on rat testis . Arch. Toxicol , 63 : 43 – 46 .
  • Steinhoff , D. , Weber , H. , Mohr , U. and Boehme , K. 1983 . Evaluation of amitrole (aminotriazole) for potential carcinogenicity in orally dosed rats, mice, and golden hamsters . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol , 69 : 161 – 169 .
  • Stevens , J. T. and Sumner , D. D. 1991 . “ Herbicides ” . In Handbook of pesticide toxicology, , Edited by: Hayes , W. J. Jr. and Laws , E. R. Jr. pp. 1317 – 1408 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Stevens , J. T. , Breckenridge , C. B. and Wetzel , L. 1999 . A risk characterization for atrazine: Oncogenicity profile . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 56 : 69 – 109 .
  • Stoker , T. E. , Parks , L. G. , Gray , L. E. and Cooper , R. L. 2000 . Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Prepubertal exposures and effects on sexual maturation and thyroid function in the male rat. A focus on the EDSTAC recommendations. Endocrine Disrupter Screening and Testing Advisory Committee . Crit. Rev. Toxicol , 30 : 197 – 252 .
  • Sumpter , J. P. 1998 . Xenoendorine disrupters—Environmental impacts . Toxicol. Lett , 102–103 : 337 – 342 .
  • Sunderman , F. W. Jr. , Plowman , M. C. and Hopfer , S. M. 1992 . Teratogenicity of cadmium chloride in the South African frog . Xenopus laevis. IARC Sci. Publ , 118 : 249 – 256 .
  • Svensson , B. G. , Hallberg , T. , Nilsson , A. , Schutz , A. and Hagmar , L. 1994 . Parameters of immunological competence in subjects with high consumption of fish contaminated with persistent organochlorine compounds . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 65 : 351 – 358 .
  • Swartz , W. J. and Corkern , M. 1992 . Effects of methoxychlor treatment of pregnant mice on female offspring of the treated and subsequent pregnancies . Reprod. Toxicol , 6 : 431 – 437 .
  • Taylor , M. R. and Harrison , P. T. 1999 . Ecological effects of endocrine disruption: Current evidence and research priorities . Chemosphere , 39 : 1237 – 1248 .
  • Tezuka , H. , Ando , N. , Suzuki , R. , Terahata , M. , Moriya , M. and Shirasu , Y. 1980 . Sister-chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in cultured Chinese hamster cells treated with pesticides positive in microbial reversion assays . Mutat. Res , 78 : 177 – 191 .
  • Thomas , J. A. 1981 . Target organ toxicity: Endocrine system. Introductory remarks: The testis . Environ. Health Perspect , 38 : 3 – 4 .
  • Thoreux-Manlay , A. , Velez , J. F. , Olivier , M. F. , Soufir , J. C. , Masse , R. and Pinon-Lataillade , G . 1995 . Impairment of testicular endocrine function after lead intoxication in the adult rat . Toxicology , 100 : 101 – 109 .
  • Tilson , H. A. 1998 . Developmental neurotoxicology of endocrine disruptors and pesticides: Identification of information gaps and research needs . Environ. Health Perspect , 106 ( suppl. 3 ) : 807 – 811 .
  • Tilson , H. A. and Kavlock , R. J. 1997 . The workshop on endocrine disrupter research needs: A report . Neurotoxicology , 18 : 389 – 392 .
  • Tjalve , H. 1974 . Fetal uptake and embryogenetic effects of aminotriazole in mice . Arch. Toxicol , 33 : 41 – 48 .
  • Tran , D. Q. , Klotz , D. M. , Ladlie , B. L. , Ide , C. F. , McLachlan , J. A. and Arnold , S. F. 1996 . Inhibition of progesterone receptor activity in yeast by synthetic chemicals . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun , 229 : 518 – 523 .
  • Triebig , G. and Buttner , J. 1983 . Neurotoxic occupational substances: I. Metals and their compounds. A literature review of the years 1970 to 1982 . Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. [B] , 177 : 11 – 36 .
  • Triebig , G. , Krekeler , H. , Gossler , K. and Valentin , H. 1981 . Investigations on neurotoxicity of chemical substances at the workplace. II. Determination of the motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity in persons occupationally exposed to pentachlorophenol . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 48 : 357 – 367 .
  • Tsutsui , T. , Tamura , Y. , Yagi , E. , Hasegawa , K. , Takahashi , M. , Maizumi , N. , Yamaguchi , F. and Barrett , J. C. 1998 . Bisphenol-A induces cellular transformation, aneuploidy and DNA adduct formation in cultured Syrian hamster embryo cells . Int. J. Cancer , 75 : 290 – 294 .
  • Tucker , A. N. , Vore , S. J. and Luster , M. I. 1986 . Suppression of B cell differentiation by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin . Mol. Pharmacol , 29 : 372 – 377 .
  • Ulland , B. M. , Page , N. P. , Squire , R. A. , Weisburger , E. K. and Cypher , R. L. 1977 . A carcinogenicity assay of Mirex in Charles River CD rats . J. Natl. Cancer Inst , 58 : 133 – 140 .
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1987 . Health advisory: Alachlor , pp. 10 – 61 . Washington, DC : Office of Drinking Water .
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1988 . Pesticide fact handbook , Park Ridge, NJ : Noyes .
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1997 . Special report on environmental endocrine disruption: An effects assessment and analysis Washington DC EPA/630/R-96/012
  • Usha Rani , M. V. , Reddi , O. S. and Reddy , P. P. 1980 . Mutagenicity studies involving aldrin, endosulfan, dimethoate, phosphamidon, carbaryl and ceresan . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol , 25 : 277 – 282 .
  • Van Loveren , H. , Krajnc , E. I. , Rombout , P. J. , Blommaert , F. A. and Vos , J. G. 1990 . Effects of ozone, hexachlorobenzene, and bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide on natural killer activity in the rat lung . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol , 102 : 21 – 33 .
  • van Raaij , J. A. , Kaptein , E. , Visser , T. J. and van den Berg , K. J. 1993 . Increased glucuronidation of thyroid hormone in hexachlorobenzene-treated rats . Biochem. Pharmacol , 45 : 627 – 631 .
  • Vasudev , V. and Krishnamurthy , N. B. 1994 . In vivo cytogenetic analyses of the carbamate pesticides Dithane M-45 and Baygon in mice . Mutat. Res , 323 : 133 – 135 .
  • Vigfusson , N. V. , Vyse , E. R. , Pernsteiner , C. A. and Dawson , R. J. 1983 . In vivo induction of sister-chromatid exchange in Umbra limi by the insecticides endrin, chlordane, diazinon and guthion . Mutat. Res , 118 : 61 – 68 .
  • Villarini , M. , Moretti , M. , Pasquini , R. , Scassellati-Sforzolini , G. , Fatigoni , C. , Marcarelli , M. , Monarca , S. and Rodriguez , A. V. 1998 . In vitro genotoxic effects of the insecticide deltamethrin in human peripheral blood leukocytes: DNA damage (“comet” assay) in relation to the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges and micronuclei . Toxicology , 130 : 129 – 139 .
  • Virgo , B. B. and Bellward , G. D. 1975 . Effects of dietary dieldrin on reproduction in the Swiss-Vancouver (SWV) mouse . Environ. Physiol. Biochem , 5 : 440 – 450 .
  • Virgo , B. B. and Bellward , G. D. 1977 . Effects of dietary dieldrin on offspring viability, maternal behaviour, and milk production in the mouse . Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol , 17 : 399 – 409 .
  • vom Saal , F. S. , Cooke , P. S. , Buchanan , D. L. , Palanza , P. , Thayer , K. A. , Nagel , S. C. , Parmigiani , S. and Welshons , W. V. 1998 . A physiologically based approach to the study of bisphenol A and other estrogenic chemicals on the size of reproductive organs, daily sperm production, and behavior . Toxicol. Ind. Health , 14 : 239 – 260 .
  • Vos , J. G. 1986 . Immunotoxicity of hexachlorobenzene . IARC Sci. Publ , 77 : 347 – 356 .
  • Wango , E. O. , Onyango , D. W. , Odongo , H. , Okindo , E. and Mugweru , J. 1997 . In vitro production of testosterone and plasma levels of luteinising hormone, testosterone and cortisol in male rats treated with heptachlor . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol , 118 : 381 – 386 .
  • Weed Science Society of America . 1994 . Herbicide handbook 8 – 16 . Champaign, IL
  • Wei , L. Y. , Chao , J. S. and Hong , C. C. 1997 . Assessment of the ability of propoxur, methomyl, and aldicarb, three carbamate insecticides, to induce micronuclei in vitro in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells and in vivo in BALB/c mice . Environ. Mol. Mutagen , 29 : 386 – 393 .
  • Wetmore , B. A. , Mitchell , A. D. , Meyer , S. A. and Genter , M. B. 1999 . Evidence for site-specific bioactivation of alachlor in the olfactory mucosa of the Long-Evans rat . Toxicol. Sci , 49 : 202 – 212 .
  • White , R. , Jobling , S. , Hoare , S. A. , Sumpter , J. P. and Parker , M. G. 1994 . Environmentally persistent alkylphenolic compounds are estrogenic . Endocrinology , 135 : 175 – 182 .
  • Whysner , J. , Montandon , F. , McClain , R. M. , Downing , J. , Verna , L. K. , Steward , R. E. 3rd and Williams , G. M. 1998 . Absence of DNA adduct formation by phenobarbital, polychlorinated biphenyls, and chlordane in mouse liver using the 32P-postlabeling assay . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol , 148 : 14 – 23 .
  • Wiebe , J. P. and Barr , K. J. 1988 . Effect of prenatal and neonatal exposure to lead on the affinity and number of estradiol receptors in the uterus . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 24 : 451 – 460 .
  • Wilson , A. G. , Thake , D. C. , Heydens , W. E. , Brewster , D. W. and Hotz , K. J. 1996 . Mode of action of thyroid tumor formation in the male Long-Evans rat administered high doses of alachlor . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol , 33 : 16 – 23 .
  • Wynford-Thomas , D. , Stringer , B. M. and Williams , E. D. 1982 . Goitrogen-induced thyroid growth in the rat: A quantitative morphometric study . J. Endocrinol , 94 : 131 – 140 .
  • Ye , X. B. , Fu , H. , Zhu , J. L. , Ni , W. M. , Lu , Y. W. , Kuang , X. Y. , Yang , S. L. and Shu , B. X. 1999 . A study on oxidative stress in lead-exposed workers . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 57 : 161 – 172 .
  • Yoo , B. S. , Jung , K. H. , Hana , S. B. and Kim , H. M. 1997 . Apoptosis-mediated immunotoxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in murine splenocytes . Toxicol. Lett , 91 : 83 – 89 .
  • You , L. , Casanova , M. , Archibeque-Engle , S. , Sar , M. , Fan , L. Q. and Heck , H. A. 1998 . Impaired male sexual development in perinatal Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans hooded rats exposed in utero and lactationally to p,p′-DDE . Toxicol. Sci , 45 : 162 – 173 .
  • Younes , M. 1999 . Specific issues in health risk assessment of endocrine disrupting chemicals and international activities . Chemosphere , 39 : 1253 – 1257 .
  • Zaidi , N. F. , Agrawal , A. K. , Anand , M. and Seth , P. K. 1985 . Neonatal endosulfan neurotoxicity: Behavioral and biochemical changes in rat pups . Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol , 7 : 439 – 442 .
  • Zavanella , T. , Arias , E. and Zaffaroni , N. P. 1979 . Preliminary study on the carcinogenic activity of the fungicide manganese ethylenebisdithiocarbamate in the adult newt . Triturus cristatus carnifex. Tumori , 65 : 163 – 167 .
  • Zavanella , T. , Zaffaroni , N. P. and Arias , E. 1980 . Testing of the fungicide maneb for carcinogenicity in two populations of the European crested newt . Cancer Lett , 10 : 109 – 116 .
  • Zeiger , E. , Anderson , B. , Haworth , S. , Lawlor , T. and Mortelmans , K. 1988 . Salmonella mutagenicity tests: IV. Results from the testing of 300 chemicals . Environ. Mol. Mutagen , 11 ( suppl. 12 ) : 1 – 157 .
  • Zelikoff , J. T. , Raymond , A. , Carlson , E. , Li , Y. , Beaman , J. R. and Anderson , M. 2000 . Biomarkers of immunotoxicity in fish: From the lab to the ocean . Toxicol. Lett , 112–113 : 325 – 331 .
  • Zheng , T. , Holford , T. R. , Mayne , S. T. , Owens , P. H. , Ward , B. , Carter , D. , Dubrow , R. , Zahm , S. H. , Boyle , P. and Tessari , J. 1999 . Beta-benzene hexachloride in breast adipose tissue and risk of breast carcinoma . Cancer , 85 : 2212 – 2218 .
  • Zhou , L. X. , Dehal , S. S. , Kupfer , D. , Morrell , S. , McKenzie , B. A. , Eccleston , E. D. Jr. and Holtzman , J. L. 1995 . Cytochrome P450 catalyzed covalent binding of methoxychlor to rat hepatic, microsomal iodothyronine 5′-monodeiodinase, type I: Does exposure to methoxychlor disrupt thyroid hormone metabolism? . Arch. Biochem. Biophys , 322 : 390 – 394 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.