Fire Fighters, Combustion Products, and Urothelial Cancer

REFERENCES

• Aronson , K. J. , Tomlinson , G. A. and Smith , L. 1994 . Mortality among fire fighters in Metropolitan Toronto . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 26 : 89 – 101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin , C. C. , Ecobichon , D. J. , Dussault , G. and Tirado , C. 1997 . Carbon monoxide and water vapor contamination of compressed breathing air for firefighters and divers . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 52 : 403 – 423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin , C. C. , Dussault , G. and Ecobichon , D. J. 2001a . Municipal firefighter exposure groups, time spent at fires and use of self-contained-breathing apparatus . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 40 : 683 – 692 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin , C. C. , Wang , D. , Ecobichon , D. J. and Dussault , G. 2001b . Characterization of volatile organic compounds in smoke at municipal structural fires . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 63 : 437 – 458 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baris , D. , Garrity , T. J. , Telles , J. L. , Heineman , E. F. , Olshan , A. and Zahm , S. H. 2001 . Cohort mortality study of Philadelphia firefighters . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 39 : 463 – 476 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaumont , J. J. , Chu , G. S. T. , Jones , J. R. , Schenker , M. B. , Singleton , J. A. , Piantanida , L. G. and Reiterman , M. 1991 . An epidemiologic study of cancer and other causes of mortality in San Francisco firefighters . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 19 : 357 – 372 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blomqvist , P. , Hertzberg , T. , Dalene , M. and Skarping , G. 2003 . Isocyanates, aminoisocyanates and amines from fires—A screening of common materials found in buildings . Fire Mater. , 27 : 275 – 294 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolstad-Johnson , D. M. , Burgess , J. L. , Crutchfield , C. D. , Storement , S. , Gerkin , R. and Wilson , J. R. 2000 . Characterization of fire fighter exposures during fire overhaul . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 61 : 636 – 641 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolt , H. M. 1995 . “ Special points in the toxicity assessment of colorants (dyes and pigments). ” . In Toxicology of Industrial Compounds , Edited by: Thomas , H. , Hess , R. and Waechter , F. 303 – 310 . London : Taylor & Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Bolt , H. M. and Golka , K. 1993 . Zur früheren Exposition von Malern gegenüber Azofarbmitteln . Arbeitsmed. Sozialmed. Umweltmed. , 28 : 417 – 421 .
   Google Scholar
• Booze , T. F. , Reinhardt , T. E. , Quiring , S. J. and Ottmar , R. D. 2004 . A screening-level assessment of the health risks of chronic smoke exposure for wildland fire fighters . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 1 : 296 – 305 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt-Rauf , P. W. , Fallon , L. F. Jr. , Tarantini , T. , Idema , C. and Andrews , L. 1988 . Health hazards of fire fighters: Exposure assessment . Br. J. Ind. Med. , 45 : 606 – 612 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burnett , C. A. , Halperin , W. E. , Lalich , N. R. and Sestio , J. P. 1994 . Mortality among fire fighters: A 27 state survey . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 26 : 831 – 833 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caux , C. , O'Brien , C. and Viau , C. 2002 . Determination of fire fighter exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzene during fire fighting using measurement of biological indicators . Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 17 : 379 – 386 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen , M. A. and Guzzardi , L. J. 1983 . Inhalation of products of combustion . Ann. Emerg. Med. , 12 : 628 – 632 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colditz , G. , DeJong , W. , Hunter , D. , Trichopoulos , D. and Willet , W. , eds. 1996 . “ Harvard report on cancer prevention. Vol. 1: Causes of human cancer ” . In Cancer Causes Control Vol. 7(Suppl.) , 3 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Decoufle , P. , Lloyd , J. W. and Salvin , L. G. 1977 . Mortality by cause among stationary engineers and stationary firemen . J. Occup. Med. , 19 : 679 – 682 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Demers , P. A. , Heyer , N. J. and Rosenstock , L. 1992a . Mortality among firefighters from three northwestern United States cities . Br. J. Ind. Med. , 49 : 664 – 670 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Demers , P. A. , Vaughan , T. L. , Checkoway , H. , Weiss , N. S. , Heyer , N. J. and Rosenstock , L. 1992b . Cancer identification using a tumor registry versus death certificates in occupational cohort studies in the United States . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 136 : 1232 – 1240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deschamps , S. , Momas , I. and Festy , B. 1995 . Mortality amongst Paris fire-fighters . Eur. J. Epidemiol. , 11 : 643 – 646 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doll , R. and Peto , R. 1981 . The causes of cancer: Quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 66 : 1191 – 1308 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dost , F. N. 1991 . Acute toxicology of components of vegetation smoke . Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 119 : 1 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliopulos , E. , Armstrong , B. K. , Spickett , J. T. and Heyworth , F. 1984 . Mortality of fire fighters in Western Australia . Br. J. Ind. Med. , 41 : 183 – 187 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evanoff , B. A. , Gustavsson , P. and Hogstedt , C. 1993 . Mortality and incidence of cancer in a cohort of Swedish chimney sweeps: An extended follow up study . Br. J. Ind. Med. , 50 : 450 – 459 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feuer , E. and Rosenman , K. 1986 . Mortality in police and firefighters in New Jersey . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 9 : 517 – 527 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feunekes , F. D. , Jongeneelen , F. J. , vd Laan , H. and Schoonhof , F. H. 1997 . Uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons among trainers in a fire-fighting training facility . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 58 : 23 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaertner , R. R. , Trpeski , L. , Johnson , K. C. and and the Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology Research Group . 2004 . A case-control study of occupational risk factors for bladder cancer in Canada . Cancer Causes Control , 15 : 1007 – 1019 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles , G. , Staples , M. and Berry , J. 1993 . Cancer incidence in Melbourne Metropolitan fire brigade members, 1980–1989 . Health Rep. , 5 : 33 – 38 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gold , A. , Burgess , W. M. A. and Clougherty , E. V. 1978 . Exposure of fire fighters to toxic air contaminants . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 39 : 534 – 539 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golka , K. 2006 . Occupational and nonoccupational causes of bladder cancer (Editorial) . South. Med. J. , 99 : 1203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golka , K. , Kiesswetter , E. , Kieper , J. , Blaszkewicz , M. , Hallier , E. , Thier , R. , Sietmann , B. , Bolt , H. M. and Seeber , A. 2000 . Psychological effects upon exposure to polyhalogenated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans . Chemosphere , 40 : 1271 – 1275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golka , K. , Kopps , S. and Myslak , Z. W. 2004a . Carcinogenicity of azo colorants: Influence of solubility and bioavailability . Toxicol. Lett. , 151 : 203 – 210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golka , K. , Schöps , W. , Kierfeld , G. and Bolt , H. M. 1994 . Urothelerkrankungen als Berufskrankheit . Versicherungsmedizin , 46 : 158 – 161 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Golka , K. , Weistenhöfer , W. , Jedrusik , P. , Geller , F. , Blaszkewicz , M. and Bolt , H. M. 2001 . N-Acetyltransferase 2 phenotype in painters with bladder cancer and controls . Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore , 30 : 464 – 467 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golka , K. , Wiese , A. , Assennato , G. and Bolt , H. M. 2004b . Occupational exposure and urological cancer . World J. Urol. , 21 : 382 – 391 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimes , G. , Hirsch , D. and Borgeson , D. 1991 . Risk of death among Honolulu fire fighters . Hawaii Med. J. , 50 : 82 – 85 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guidotti , T. L. 1993 . Mortality of urban firefighters in Alberta, 1927–1987 . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 23 : 921 – 940 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustavsson , P. , Gustavsson , A. and Hogstedt , C. 1988 . Excess of cancer in Swedish chimney sweeps . Br. J. Ind. Med. , 45 : 777 – 781 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hansen , E. S. 1990 . A cohort study on the mortality of firefighters . Br. J. Ind. Med. , 47 : 805 – 809 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hartzell , G. E. 1996 . Overview of combustion toxicology . Toxicology , 115 : 7 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hengstler , J. G. , Fuchs , J. , Bolm-Audorff , U. , Meyer , S. and Oesch , F. 1995 . Single-strand breaks in deoxyribonucleic acid in fire fighters accidentally exposed to o-nitroanisole and other chemicals . Scand. J. Work Environ. Health , 21 : 36 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriks-Eckerman , M. L. , Engström , B. and Anäs , E. 1990 . Thermal degradation products of steel protective paints . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 51 : 241 – 244 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heyer , N. , Weiss , N. S. , Demers , P. and Rosenstock , L. 1990 . Cohort mortality study of Seattle fire fighters: 1945–1983 . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 17 : 493 – 504 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ide , C. W. 1998 . Failing firefighters: A survey of causes of death and ill-health retirement in serving firefighters in Strathclyde, Scotland from 1985–94 . Occup. Med. , 48 : 381 – 388 .
   Google Scholar
• Jankovic , J. , Jones , W. , Burkhart , J. and Noonan , G. 1991 . Environmental study of fire fighters . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 35 : 581 – 602 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine , M. S. and Radford , E. 1978 . Occupational exposures to cyanide in Baltimore fire fighters . J. Occup. Med. , 20 : 53 – 56 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ma , F. , Fleming , L. E. , Lee , D. J. , Trapido , E. , Gerace , T. A. , Lai , H. and Lai , S. 2005 . Mortality in Florida professional firefighters, 1972 to 1999 . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 47 : 509 – 517 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma , F. , Fleming , L. E. , Lee , D. J. , Trapido , E. and Gerace , T. A. 2006 . Cancer incidence in Florida professional firefighters, 1981 to 1999 . J. Occup. Environ. Med. , 48 : 883 – 888 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma , F. , Lee , D. J. , Fleming , L. E. and Dosemeci , M. 1998 . Race-specific cancer mortality in US firefighters: 1984–1993 . J. Occup. Environ. Med. , 40 : 1134 – 1138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malmstrom , P. U. , Thorn , M. , Lindblad , P. , Bergstrom , R. and Adami , H. O. 1993 . Increasing survival of patients with urinary bladder cancer. A nationwide study in Sweden 1960–1986 . Eur. J. Cancer , 29A : 1868 – 1872 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Materna , B. L. , Jones , J. R. , Sutton , P. M. , Rothman , N. and Harrison , R. J. 1992 . Occupational exposures in California wildland fire fighting . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 53 : 69 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon , C. K. and Bush , P. B. 1992 . Forest worker exposure to airborne herbicide residues in smoke from prescribed fires in the Southern United States . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 53 : 265 – 272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moen , B. E. and Övrebö , S. 1997 . Assessment of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during fire fighting by measurement of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene . J. Occup. Environ. Med. , 39 : 515 – 519 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musk , A. W. , Monson , R. R. , Peters , J. M. and Peters , R. K. 1978 . Mortality among Boston firefighters . Br. J. Ind. Med. , 35 : 104 – 108 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orzel , R. A. 1993 . Toxicological aspects of firesmoke: Polymer pyrolysis and combustion . Occup. Med. State Art Rev. , 8 : 415 – 429 .
   Google Scholar
• Rehn , L. 1895 . Blasengeschwülste bei Fuchsinarbeitern . Klin. Chir. , 50 : 588 – 600 .
   Google Scholar
• Sama , S. R. , Martin , T. R. , Davis , L. K. and Kriebel , D. 1990 . Cancer incidence among Massachusetts firefighters, 1982–1986 . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 18 : 47 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selala , M. I. , Coucke , V. , Daelemans , F. , Musuku , A. , Jorens , P. , Beaucourt , L. and Schepens , P. J. C. 1993 . Fire fighting: How safe are fire fighters . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 51 : 325 – 332 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selenka , F. , Hölzer , J. , Boschek , H. J. , Exner , M. , Reinauer , H. , Trampisch , H. J. and Wittsiepe , J. 1993 . Levels of PCDD/F and other chlorinated hydrocarbons in the blood of fire fighters—Results of an epidemiological study . Organohalogen Compounds , 13 : 395 – 401 .
   Google Scholar
• Stefanidou , M. and Athanaselis , S. 2004 . Toxicological aspects of fire . Vet. Hum. Toxicol. , 46 : 196 – 199 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tornling , G. , Gustavsson , P. and Hogstedt , C. 1994 . Mortality and cancer incidence in Stockholm fire fighters . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 25 : 219 – 228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treitmann , R. D. , Burgess , W. A. and Gold , A. 1980 . Air contaminants encountered by fire fighters . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 41 : 796 – 802 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vena , J. E. and Fiedler , R. C. 1987 . Mortality of a municipal-worker cohort: IV. Fire fighters . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 11 : 671 – 684 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wooley , W. D. and Wodley , A. I. 1973 . The production of oxides of carbon from the thermal and thermaloxidative decomposition of flexible polyurethane foams , 966 Boreham Wood, , UK : Fire Research Note No .
   Google Scholar
• Wrbitzky , R. , Beyer , B. , Thoma , H. , Flatau , B. , Hennig , M. , Weber , A. , Angerer , J. and Lehnert , G. 2001 . Internal exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs) of Bavarian chimney sweeps . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 40 : 136 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar