Role of Hormonal and Other Factors in Human Prostate Cancer

REFERENCES

• Adami , H. O. , Kuper , H. , Andersson , S. O. , Bergstrom , R. and Dillner , J. 2003 . Prostate cancer risk and serologic evidence of human papilloma virus infection: A population-based case-control study . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 12 : 872 – 875 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agalliu , I. , Langeberg , W. J. , Lampe , J. W. , Salinas , C. A. and Stanford , J. L. 2006 . Glutathione S-transferase M1, T1, and P1 polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk in middle-aged men . Prostate , 66 : 146 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahonen , M. H. , Tenkanen , L. , Teppo , L. , Hakama , M. and Tuohimaa , P. 2000 . Prostate cancer risk and prediagnostic serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels . Cancer Causes Control , 11 : 847 – 852 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alavanja , M. C. , Samanic , C. , Dosemeci , M. , Lubin , J. , Tarone , R. , Lynch , C. F. , Knott , C. , Thomas , K. , Hoppin , J. A. , Barker , J. , Coble , J. , Sandler , D. P. and Blair , A. 2003 . Use of agricultural pesticides and prostate cancer risk in the Agricultural Health Study cohort . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 157 : 800 – 814 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alavanja , M. C. , Sandler , D. P. , Lynch , C. F. , Knott , C. , Lubin , J. H. , Tarone , R. , Thomas , K. , Dosemeci , M. , Barker , J. , Hoppin , J. A. and Blair , A. 2005 . Cancer incidence in the agricultural health study . Scand. J. Work Environ. Health , 31 ( Suppl. 1 ) : 39 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Cancer Society. 2006. Cancer Facts & Figures 2006 http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/CAFF2006PWSecured.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Antognelli , C. , Mearini , L. , Talesa , V. N. , Giannantoni , A. and Mearini , E. 2005 . Association of CYP17, GSTP1, and PON1 polymorphisms with the risk of prostate cancer . Prostate , 63 : 240 – 251 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronson , K. J. , Siemiatycki , J. , Dewar , R. and Gerin , M. 1996 . Occupational risk factors for prostate cancer: Results from a case-control study in Montreal, Quebec, Canada . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 143 : 363 – 373 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astorg , P. 2004 . Dietary N-6 and N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and prostate cancer risk: A review of epidemiological and experimental evidence . Cancer Causes Control , 15 : 367 – 386 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baglietto , L. , Severi , G. , English , D. R. , Hopper , J. L. and Giles , G. G. 2006 . Alcohol consumption and prostate cancer risk: Results from the Melbourne collaborative cohort study . Int. J. Cancer. , 119 : 1501 – 1504 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballard , T. , Lagorio , S. , De Angelis , G. and Verdecchia , A. 2000 . Cancer incidence and mortality among flight personnel: A meta-analysis . Aviat. Space Environ. Med. , 71 : 216 – 224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett-Connor , E. , Garland , C. , McPhillips , J. B. , Khaw , K. T. and Wingard , D. L. 1990 . A prospective, population-based study of androstenedione, estrogens, and prostatic cancer . Cancer Res. , 50 : 169 – 173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernal-Delgado , E. , Latour-Perez , J. , Pradas-Arnal , F. and Gomez-Lopez , L. I. 1998 . The association between vasectomy and prostate cancer: A systematic review of the literature . Fertil. Steril. , 70 : 191 – 200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berndt , S. I. , Carter , H. B. , Landis , P. K. , Hallfrisch , J. , Rohrmann , S. , Metter , E. J. and Platz , E. A. 2005 . Prediagnostic plasma vitamin C levels and the subsequent risk of prostate cancer . Nutrition , 21 : 686 – 690 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berndt , S. I. , Dodson , J. L. , Huang , W. Y. and Nicodemus , K. K. 2006 . A systematic review of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk . J. Urol. , 175 : 1613 – 1623 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binnie , M. C. , Alexander , F. E. , Heald , C. and Habib , F. K. 2005 . Polymorphic forms of prostate specific antigen and their interaction with androgen receptor trinucleotide repeats in prostate cancer . Prostate , 63 : 309 – 315 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonovas , S. , Filioussi , K. and Tsantes , A. 2004 . Diabetes mellitus and risk of prostate cancer: A meta-analysis . Diabetologia , 47 : 1071 – 1078 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosland , M. C. 2000 . The role of steroid hormones in prostate carcinogenesis . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. , 27 : 39 – 66 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Braun , M. M. , Helzlsouer , K. J. , Hollis , B. W. and Comstock , G. W. 1995 . Prostate cancer and prediagnostic levels of serum vitamin D metabolites . Cancer Causes Control , 6 : 235 – 239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwer , I. A. , Katan , M. B. and Zock , P. L. 2004 . Dietary alpha-linolenic acid is associated with reduced risk of fatal coronary heart disease, but increased prostate cancer risk: A meta-analysis . J. Nutr. , 134 : 919 – 922 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruner , D. W. , Moore , D. , Parlanti , A. , Dorgan , J. and Engstrom , P. 2003 . Relative risk of prostate cancer for men with affected relatives: Systematic review and meta-analysis . Int. J. Cancer , 107 : 797 – 803 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brusick , D. , Myhr , B. , Galloway , S. , Rundell , J. , Jagannath , D. R. and Tarka , S. 1986 . Genotoxicity of theobromine in a series of short-term assays . Mutat. Res. , 169 : 105 – 114 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buxton , J. A. , Gallagher , R. P. , Le , N. D. , Band , P. R. and Bert , J. L. 1999 . Occupational risk factors for prostate cancer mortality in British Columbia, Canada . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 35 : 82 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caceres , D. D. , Iturrieta , J. , Acevedo , C. , Huidobro , C. , Varela , N. and Quinones , L. 2005 . Relationship among metabolizing genes, smoking and alcohol used as modifier factors on prostate cancer risk: Exploring some gene–gene and gene–environment interactions . Eur. J. Epidemiol. , 20 : 79 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan , J. M. , Stampfer , M. J. , Ma , J. , Gann , P. H. , Gaziano , J. M. and Giovannucci , E. L. 2001 . Dairy products, calcium, and prostate cancer risk in the Physicians' Health Study . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 74 : 549 – 554 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , B. L. , Zheng , S. L. , Hawkins , G. A. , Isaacs , S. D. , Wiley , K. E. , Turner , A. , Carpten , J. D. , Bleecker , E. R. , Walsh , P. C. , Trent , J. M. , Meyers , D. A. , Isaacs , W. B. and Xu , J. 2002 . Joint effect of HSD3B1 and HSD3B2 genes is associated with hereditary and sporadic prostate cancer susceptibility . Cancer Res. , 62 : 1784 – 1789 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charles , L. E. , Loomis , D. , Shy , C. M. , Newman , B. , Millikan , R. , Nylander-French , L. A. and Couper , D. 2003 . Electromagnetic fields, polychlorinated biphenyls, and prostate cancer mortality in electric utility workers . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 157 : 683 – 691 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , C. , Weiss , N. S. , Stanczyk , F. Z. , Lewis , S. K. , DiTommaso , D. , Etzioni , R. , Barnett , M. J. and Goodman , G. E. 2003 . Endogenous sex hormones and prostate cancer risk: A case-control study nested within the Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 12 : 1410 – 1416 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu , K. C. , Tarone , R. E. and Freeman , H. P. 2003 . Trends in prostate cancer mortality among black men and white men in the United States . Cancer , 97 : 1507 – 1516 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicek , M. S. , Conti , D. V. , Curran , A. , Neville , P. J. , Paris , P. L. , Casey , G. and Witte , J. S. 2004 . Association of prostate cancer risk and aggressiveness to androgen pathway genes: SRD5A2, CYP17, and the AR . Prostate , 59 : 69 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comstock , G. W. , Gordon , G. B. and Hsing , A. W. 1993 . The relationship of serum dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate to subsequent cancer of the prostate . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 2 : 219 – 221 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa , S. , Pinto , D. , Morais , A. , Vasconcelos , A. , Oliveira , J. , Lopes , C. and Medeiros , R. 2005 . Acetylation genotype and the genetic susceptibility to prostate cancer in a southern European population . Prostate , 64 : 246 – 252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culig , Z. , Hobisch , A. , Bartsch , G. and Klocker , H. 2000 . Androgen receptor—An update of mechanisms of action in prostate cancer . Urol. Res. , 28 : 211 – 219 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dagnelie , P. C. , Schuurman , A. G. , Goldbohm , R. A. and Van den Brandt , P. A. 2004 . Diet, anthropometric measures and prostate cancer risk: A review of prospective cohort and intervention studies . Br. J. Urol. Int. , 93 : 1139 – 1150 .
   Google Scholar
• Dennis , L. K. 2000 . Meta-analysis for combining relative risks of alcohol consumption and prostate cancer . Prostate , 42 : 56 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis , L. K. and Dawson , D. V. 2002 . Meta-analysis of measures of sexual activity and prostate cancer . Epidemiology , 13 : 72 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis , L. K. , Dawson , D. V. and Resnick , M. I. 2002 . Vasectomy and the risk of prostate cancer: A meta-analysis examining vasectomy status, age at vasectomy, and time since vasectomy . Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. , 5 : 193 – 203 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillner , J. , Knekt , P. , Boman , J. , Lehtinen , M. , Af Geijersstam , V. , Sapp , M. , Schiller , J. , Maatela , J. and Aromaa , A. 1998 . Sero-epidemiological association between human-papillomavirus infection and risk of prostate cancer . Int. J. Cancer , 75 : 564 – 567 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding , E. L. , Song , Y. , Malik , V. S. and Liu , S. 2006 . Sex differences of endogenous sex hormones and risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 295 : 1288 – 1299 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong , X. , Wang , L. , Taniguchi , K. , Wang , X. , Cunningham , J. M. , McDonnell , S. K. , Qian , C. , Marks , A. F. , Slager , S. L. , Peterson , B. J. , Smith , D. I. , Cheville , J. C. , Blute , M. L. , Jacobsen , S. J. , Schaid , D. J. , Tindall , D. J. , Thibodeau , S. N. and Liu , W. 2003 . Mutations in CHEK2 associated with prostate cancer risk . Am. J. Hum. Genet. , 72 : 270 – 280 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donn , A. S. and Muir , C. S. 1985 . Prostatic cancer: Some epidemiological features . Bull. Cancer , 72 : 381 – 390 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorgan , J. F. , Albanes , D. , Virtamo , J. , Heinonen , O. P. , Chandler , D. W. , Galmarini , M. , McShane , L. M. , Barrett , M. J. , Tangrea , J. and Taylor , P. R. 1998 . Relationships of serum androgens and estrogens to prostate cancer risk: Results from a prospective study in Finland . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 7 : 1069 – 1074 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas , J. A. , Zuhlke , K. A. , Beebe-Dimmer , J. , Levin , A. M. , Gruber , S. B. , Wood , D. P. and Cooney , K. A. 2005 . Identifying susceptibility genes for prostate cancer: A family-based association study of polymorphisms in CYP17, CYP19, CYP11A1, and LH-beta . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 14 : 2035 – 2039 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton , N. E. , Reeves , G. K. , Appleby , P. N. and Key , T. J. 1999 . Endogenous sex hormones and prostate cancer: A quantitative review of prospective studies . Br. J. Cancer , 80 : 930 – 934 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellem , S. J. and Risbridger , G. P. 2006 . Aromatase and prostate cancer . Minerva Endocrinol. , 31 : 1 – 12 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ellison , L. F. 2000 . Tea and other beverage consumption and prostate cancer risk: A Canadian retrospective cohort study . Eur. J. Cancer Prev. , 9 : 125 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engeland , A. , Tretli , S. and Bjorge , T. 2003 . Height, body mass index, and prostate cancer: A follow-up of 950000 Norwegian men . Br. J. Cancer , 89 : 1237 – 1242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enokida , H. , Shiina , H. , Igawa , M. , Ogishima , T. , Kawakami , T. , Bassett , W. W. , Anast , J. W. , Li , L. C. , Urakami , S. , Terashima , M. , Verma , M. , Kawahara , M. , Nakagawa , M. , Kane , C. J. , Carroll , P. R. and Dahiya , R. 2004 . CpG hypermethylation of MDR1 gene contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of human prostate cancer . Cancer Res. , 64 : 5956 – 5962 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enokida , H. , Shiina , H. , Urakami , S. , Terashima , M. , Ogishima , T. , Li , L. C. , Kawahara , M. , Nakagawa , M. , Kane , C. J. , Carroll , P. R. , Igawa , M. and Dahiya , R. 2006 . Smoking influences aberrant CpG hypermethylation of multiple genes in human prostate carcinoma . Cancer , 106 : 79 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etminan , M. , FitzGerald , J. M. , Gleave , M. and Chambers , K. 2005 . Intake of selenium in the prevention of prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis . Cancer Causes Control , 16 : 1125 – 1131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etminan , M. , Takkouche , B. and Caamano-Isorna , F. 2004 . The role of tomato products and lycopene in the prevention of prostate cancer: A meta-analysis of observational studies . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 13 : 340 – 345 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farnham , J. M. , Camp , N. J. , Swensen , J. , Tavtigian , S. V. and Albright , L. A. 2005 . Confirmation of the HPCX prostate cancer predisposition locus in large Utah prostate cancer pedigrees . Hum. Genet. , 116 : 179 – 185 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedenreich , C. M. and Orenstein , M. R. 2002 . Physical activity and cancer prevention: Etiologic evidence and biological mechanisms . J. Nutr. , 132 : 3456S – 3464S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukatsu , T. , Hirokawa , Y. , Araki , T. , Hioki , T. , Murata , T. , Suzuki , H. , Ichikawa , T. , Tsukino , H. , Qiu , D. , Katoh , T. , Sugimura , Y. , Yatani , R. , Shiraishi , T. and Watanabe , M. 2004 . Genetic polymorphisms of hormone-related genes and prostate cancer risk in the Japanese population . Anticancer Res. , 24 : 2431 – 2437 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gann , P. H. , Hennekens , C. H. , Ma , J. , Longcope , C. and Stampfer , M. J. 1996 . Prospective study of sex hormone levels and risk of prostate cancer . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 88 : 1118 – 1126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao , X. , LaValley , M. P. and Tucker , K. L. 2005 . Prospective studies of dairy product and calcium intakes and prostate cancer risk: A meta-analysis . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 97 : 1768 – 1777 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gayther , S. A. , de Foy , K. A. , Harrington , P. , Pharoah , P. , Dunsmuir , W. D. , Edwards , S. M. , Gillett , C. , Ardern-Jones , A. , Dearnaley , D. P. , Easton , D. F. , Ford , D. , Shearer , R. J. , Kirby , R. S. , Dowe , A. L. , Kelly , J. , Stratton , M. R. , Ponder , B. A. , Barnes , D. and Eeles , R. A. 2000 . The frequency of germ-line mutations in the breast cancer predisposition genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 in familial prostate cancer. The Cancer Research Campaign/British Prostate Group United Kingdom Familial Prostate Cancer Study Collaborators . Cancer Res. , 60 : 4513 – 4518 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles , G. G. , Severi , G. , McCredie , M. R. , English , D. R. , Johnson , W. , Hopper , J. L. and Boyle , P. 2001 . Smoking and prostate cancer: Findings from an Australian case-control study . Ann Oncol , 12 : 761 – 765 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovannucci , E. , Liu , Y. , Stampfer , M. J. and Willett , W. C. 2006 . A prospective study of calcium intake and incident and fatal prostate cancer . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 15 : 203 – 210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovannucci , E. and Michaud , D . 2007 . The role of obesity and related metabolic disturbances in cancers of the colon, prostate, and pancreas . Gastroenterology , 132 : 2208 – 2225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovannucci , E. , Rimm , E. B. , Liu , Y. and Willett , W. C. 2004 . Height, predictors of C-peptide and cancer risk in men . Int. J. Epidemiol. , 33 : 217 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovannucci , E. L. , Liu , Y. , Leitzmann , M. F. , Stampfer , M. J. and Willett , W. C. 2005 . A prospective study of physical activity and incident and fatal prostate cancer . Arch. Intern. Med. , 165 : 1005 – 1010 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldacre , M. J. , Wotton , C. J. , Seagroatt , V. and Yeates , D . 2005 . Cancer and cardiovascular disease after vasectomy: An epidemiological database study . Fertil. Steril. , 84 : 1438 – 1443 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez , C. A. 2006 . The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) . Public Health Nutr. , 9 : 124 – 126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimberg , A. and Cohen , P. 2000 . Role of insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins in growth control and carcinogenesis . J. Cell Physiol. , 183 : 1 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gsur , A. , Feik , E. and Madersbacher , S. 2004 . Genetic polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk . World J. Urol. , 21 : 414 – 423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guess , H. A. , Friedman , G. D. , Sadler , M. C. , Stanczyk , F. Z. , Vogelman , J. H. , Imperato-McGinley , J. , Lobo , R. A. and Orentreich , N. 1997 . 5 Alpha-reductase activity and prostate cancer: A case-control study using stored sera . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 6 : 21 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gun , R. T. , Pratt , N. L. , Ryan , P. and Roder , D. M. 2006 . Update of mortality and cancer incidence in the Australian petroleum industry cohort . Occup. Environ. Med. , 63 : 476 – 481 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harkonen , P. L. and Makela , S. I. 2004 . Role of estrogens in development of prostate cancer . J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. , 92 : 297 – 305 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes , R. B. , Ziegler , R. G. , Gridley , G. , Swanson , C. , Greenberg , R. S. , Swanson , G. M. , Schoenberg , J. B. , Silverman , D. T. , Brown , L. M. , Pottern , L. M. , Liff , J. , Schwartz , A. G. , Fraumeni , J. F. Jr. and Hoover , R.N. 1999 . Dietary factors and risks for prostate cancer among blacks and whites in the United States . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 8 : 25 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedelin , M. , Klint , A. , Chang , E. T. , Bellocco , R. , Johansson , J. E. , Andersson , S. O. , Heinonen , S. M. , Adlercreutz , H. , Adami , H. O. , Gronberg , H. and Balter , K. A. 2006 . Dietary phytoestrogen, serum enterolactone and risk of prostate cancer: The cancer prostate Sweden study (Sweden) . Cancer Causes Control , 17 : 169 – 180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heikkila , R. , Aho , K. , Heliovaara , M. , Hakama , M. , Marniemi , J. , Reunanen , A. and Knekt , P. 1999 . Serum testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations and the risk of prostate carcinoma: A longitudinal study . Cancer , 86 : 312 – 315 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilbrun , L. K. , Nomura , A. and Stemmermann , G. N. 1986 . Black tea consumption and cancer risk: A prospective study . Br. J. Cancer , 54 : 677 – 683 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemminki , K. and Czene , K . 2002 . Attributable risks of familial cancer from the Family-Cancer Database . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. , 11 : 1638 – 1644 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson , B. E. and Feigelson , H. S. 2000 . Hormonal carcinogenesis . Carcinogenesis , 21 : 427 – 433 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickey , K. , Do , K. A. and Green , A. 2001 . Smoking and prostate cancer . Epidemiol. Rev. , 23 : 115 – 125 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirayama , T. 1979 . Epidemiology of prostate cancer with special reference to the role of diet . Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. , 53 : 149 – 155 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ho , G. Y. , Melman , A. , Liu , S. M. , Li , M. , Yu , H. , Negassa , A. , Burk , R. D. , Hsing , A. W. , Ghavamian , R. and Chua , S. C. J. 2003 . Polymorphism of the insulin gene is associated with increased prostate cancer risk . Br. J. Cancer , 88 : 263 – 269 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodge , A. M. , English , D. R. , McCredie , M. R. , Severi , G. , Boyle , P. , Hopper , J. L. and Giles , G. G. 2004 . Foods, nutrients and prostate cancer . Cancer Causes Control , 15 : 11 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsing , A. W. , Chokkalingam , A. P. , Gao , Y. T. , Madigan , M. P. , Deng , J. , Gridley , G. and Fraumeni , J. F. J. 2002a . Allium vegetables and risk of prostate cancer: A population-based study . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 94 : 1648 – 1651 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsing , A. W. , Chokkalingam , A. P. , Gao , Y. T. , Wu , G. , Wang , X. , Deng , J. , Cheng , J. , Sesterhenn , I. A. , Mostofi , F. K. , Chiang , T. , Chen , Y. L. , Stanczyk , F. Z. and Chang , C. 2002b . Polymorphic CAG/CAA repeat length in the AIB1/SRC-3 gene and prostate cancer risk: A population-based case-control study . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 11 : 337 – 341 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsing , A. W. , Chua , S. Jr , Gao , Y. T. , Gentzschein , E. , Chang , L. , Deng , J. and Stanczyk , F. Z. 2001 . Prostate cancer risk and serum levels of insulin and leptin: A population-based study . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 93 : 783 – 789 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hsing , A. W. and Comstock , G. W. 1993 . Serological precursors of cancer: Serum hormones and risk of subsequent prostate cancer . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 2 : 27 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsing , A. W. , Deng , J. , Sesterhenn , I. A. , Mostofi , F. K. , Stanczyk , F. Z. , Benichou , J. , Xie , T. and Gao , Y. T. 2000 . Body size and prostate cancer: A population-based case-control study in China . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 9 : 1335 – 1341 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu , J. J. , Hall , M. C. , Grossman , L. , Hedayati , M. , McCullough , D. L. , Lohman , K. and Case , L. D. 2004 . Deficient nucleotide excision repair capacity enhances human prostate cancer risk . Cancer Res. , 64 : 1197 – 1201 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , H. Y. , Alberg , A. J. , Norkus , E. P. , Hoffman , S. C. , Comstock , G. W. and Helzlsouer , K. J. 2003 . Prospective study of antioxidant micronutrients in the blood and the risk of developing prostate cancer . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 157 : 335 – 344 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , L. , Pu , Y. , Alam , S. , Birch , L. and Prins , G. S. 2004 . Estrogenic regulation of signaling pathways and homeobox genes during rat prostate development . J. Androl. , 25 : 330 – 337 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang , X. , Chen , S. , Xu , L. , Liu , Y. , Deb , D. K. , Platanias , L. C. and Bergan , R. C. 2005 . Genistein inhibits p38 map kinase activation, matrix metalloproteinase type 2, and cell invasion in human prostate epithelial cells . Cancer Res. , 65 : 3470 – 3478 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubbard , J. S. , Rohrmann , S. , Landis , P. K. , Metter , E. J. , Muller , D. C. , Andres , R. , Carter , H. B. and Platz , E. A. 2004 . Association of prostate cancer risk with insulin, glucose, and anthropometry in the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging . Urology , 63 : 253 – 258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer . 1994 . Beryllium, cadmium, mercury, and exposures in the glass manufacturing industry , Lyon : France .
   Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2005. Globocan 2002—Cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide http://www-depdb.iarc.fr/globocan/GLOBOframe.htm
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs , E. T. , Giuliano , A. R. , Martinez , M. E. , Hollis , B. W. , Reid , M. E. and Marshall , J. R. 2004 . Plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and the risk of prostate cancer . J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. , 89–90 : 533 – 537 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain , M. G. , Hislop , G. T. , Howe , G. R. , Burch , J. D. and Ghadirian , P. 1998 . Alcohol and other beverage use and prostate cancer risk among Canadian men . Int. J. Cancer , 78 : 707 – 711 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen , J. A. , Wildhagen , M. F. , Ito , K. , Blijenberg , B. G. , Van Schaik , R. H. , Roobol , M. J. , Pols , H. A. , Lamberts , S. W. and Schroder , F. H. 2004 . Circulating free insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, total IGF-I, and IGF binding protein-3 levels do not predict the future risk to develop prostate cancer: Results of a case-control study involving 201 patients within a population-based screening with a 4-year interval . J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. , 89 : 4391 – 4396 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji , Q. , Liu , P. I. , Elshimali , Y. and Stolz , A. 2005 . Frequent loss of estrogen and progesterone receptors in human prostatic tumors determined by quantitative real-time PCR . Mol. Cell Endocrinol. , 229 : 103 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jian , L. , Du , C. J. , Lee , A. H. and Binns , C. W. 2005 . Do dietary lycopene and other carotenoids protect against prostate cancer? . Int. J. Cancer , 113 : 1010 – 1014 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jian , L. , Xie , L. P. , Lee , A. H. and Binns , C. W. 2004 . Protective effect of green tea against prostate cancer: A case-control study in southeast China . Int. J. Cancer , 108 : 130 – 135 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John , E. M. , Schwartz , G. G. , Koo , J. , Van Den Berg , D. and Ingles , S. A. 2005 . Sun exposure, vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, and risk of advanced prostate cancer . Cancer Res. , 65 : 5470 – 5479 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johns , L. E. and Houlston , R. S. 2003 . A systematic review and meta-analysis of familial prostate cancer risk . Br. J. Urol. Int. , 91 : 789 – 794 .
   Google Scholar
• Kasper , J. S. and Giovannucci , E. 2006 . A meta-analysis of diabetes mellitus and the risk of prostate cancer . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 15 : 2056 – 2062 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keshava , C. , McCanlies , E. C. and Weston , A. 2004 . CYP3A4 polymorphisms—Potential risk factors for breast and prostate cancer: A HuGE review . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 160 : 825 – 841 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King , I. B. , Kristal , A. R. , Schaffer , S. , Thornquist , M. and Goodman , G. E. 2005 . Serum trans-fatty acids are associated with risk of prostate cancer in beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 14 : 988 – 992 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolonel , L. N. 1996 . Nutrition and prostate cancer . Cancer Causes Control , 7 : 83 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolonel , L. N. , Hankin , J. H. , Whittemore , A. S. , Wu , A. H. , Gallagher , R. P. , Wilkens , L. R. , John , E. M. , Howe , G. R. , Dreon , D. M. , West , D. W. and Paffenbarger , R. S. Jr. 2000 . Vegetables, fruits, legumes and prostate cancer: A multiethnic case-control study . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 9 : 795 – 804 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korodi , Z. , Dillner , J. , Jellum , E. , Lumme , S. , Hallmans , G. , Thoresen , S. , Hakulinen , T. , Stattin , P. , Luostarinen , T. , Lehtinen , M. and Hakama , M. 2005 . Human papillomavirus 16, 18, and 33 infections and risk of prostate cancer: A Nordic nested case-control study . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 14 : 2952 – 2955 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraft , P. , Pharoah , P. , Chanock , S. J. , Albanes , D. , Kolonel , L. N. , Hayes , R. B. , Altshuler , D. , Andriole , G. , Berg , C. , Boeing , H. , Burtt , N. P. , Bueno-de-Mesquita , B. , Calle , E. E. , Cann , H. , Canzian , F. , Chen , Y. C. , Crawford , D. E. , Dunning , A. M. , Feigelson , H. S. , Freedman , M. L. , Gaziano , J. M. , Giovannucci , E. , Gonzalez , C. A. , Haiman , C. A. , Hallmans , G. , Henderson , B. E. , Hirschhorn , J. N. , Hunter , D. J. , Kaaks , R. , Key , T. , Marchand , L. L. , Ma , J. , Overvad , K. , Palli , D. , Pike , M. C. , Riboli , E. , Rodriguez , C. , Setiawan , W. V. , Stampfer , M. J. , Stram , D. O. , Thomas , G. , Thun , M. J. , Travis , R. , Trichopoulou , A. , Virtamo , J. and Wacholder , S. 2005 . Genetic variation in the HSD17B1 gene and risk of prostate cancer . Public Lib. Sci. Genet. , 1 : 603 – 613 .
   Google Scholar
• Krstev , S. , Baris , D. , Stewart , P. , Dosemeci , M. , Swanson , G. M. , Greenberg , R. S. , Schoenberg , J. B. , Schwartz , A. G. , Liff , J. M. and Hayes , R. B. 1998 . Occupational risk factors and prostate cancer in U.S. blacks and whites . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 34 : 421 – 430 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruger , S. , Silber , A. S. , Engel , C. , Gorgens , H. , Mangold , E. , Pagenstecher , C. , Holinski-Feder , E. , von Knebel Doeberitz , M. , Moeslein , G. , Dietmaier , W. , Stemmler , S. , Friedl , W. , Ruschoff , J. and Schackert , H.K. 2005 . Arg462Gln sequence variation in the prostate-cancer-susceptibility gene RNASEL and age of onset of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer: A case-control study . Lancet Oncol. , 6 : 566 – 572 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumazawa , T. , Tsuchiya , N. , Wang , L. , Sato , K. , Kamoto , T. , Ogawa , O. , Nakamura , A. , Kato , T. and Habuchi , T. 2004 . Microsatellite polymorphism of steroid hormone synthesis gene CYP11A1 is associated with advanced prostate cancer . Int. J. Cancer , 110 : 140 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau , K. M. , LaSpina , M. , Long , J. and Ho , S. M. 2000 . Expression of estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha and ER-beta in normal and malignant prostatic epithelial cells: Regulation by methylation and involvement in growth regulation . Cancer Res. , 60 : 3175 – 3182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Marchand , L. , Kolonel , L. N. , Wilkens , L. R. , Myers , B. C. and Hirohata , T. 1994 . Animal fat consumption and prostate cancer: A prospective study in Hawaii . Epidemiology , 5 : 276 – 282 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leitzmann , M. F. , Stampfer , M. J. , Michaud , D. S. , Augustsson , K. , Colditz , G. C. , Willett , W. C. and Giovannucci , E. L. 2004 . Dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and the risk of prostate cancer . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 80 : 204 – 216 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , L. C. , Shiina , H. , Deguchi , M. , Zhao , H. , Okino , S. T. , Kane , C. J. , Carroll , P. R. , Igawa , M. and Dahiya , R. 2004 . Age-dependent methylation of ESR1 gene in prostate cancer . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 321 : 455 – 461 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , L. C. , Zhao , H. , Nakajima , K. , Oh , B. R. , Ribeiro Filho , L. A. , Carroll , P. and Dahiya , R. 2001 . Methylation of the E-cadherin gene promoter correlates with progression of prostate cancer . J. Urol. , 166 : 705 – 709 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , S. , Hursting , S. D. , Davis , B. J. , McLachlan , J. A. and Barrett , J. C. 2003 . Environmental exposure, DNA methylation, and gene regulation: Lessons from diethylstilbesterol-induced cancers . Ann. NY Acad. Sci. , 983 : 161 – 169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low , Y. L. , Taylor , J. I. , Grace , P. B. , Dowsett , M. , Folkerd , E. , Doody , D. , Dunning , A. M. , Scollen , S. , Mulligan , A. A. , Welch , A. A. , Luben , R. N. , Khaw , K. T. , Day , N. E. , Wareham , N. J. and Bingham , S. A. 2005 . Polymorphisms in the CYP19 gene may affect the positive correlations between serum and urine phytoestrogen metabolites and plasma androgen concentrations in men . J. Nutr. , 135 : 2680 – 2686 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynge , E. 2002 . Prostate cancer is not increased in men with vasectomy in Denmark . J. Urol. , 168 : 488 – 490 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacInnis , R. J. , English , D. R. , Gertig , D. M. , Hopper , J. L. and Giles , G. G. 2003 . Body size and composition and prostate cancer risk . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 12 : 1417 – 1421 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacInnis , R. J. and English , D. R. 2006 . Body size and composition and prostate cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis . Cancer Causes Control , 17 : 989 – 1003 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLean , C. H. , Newberry , S. J. , Mojica , W. A. , Khanna , P. , Issa , A. M. , Suttorp , M. J. , Lim , Y. W. , Traina , S. B. , Hilton , L. , Garland , R. and Morton , S. C. 2006 . Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cancer risk: A systematic review . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 295 : 403 – 415 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malila , N. , Virtanen , M. J. , Virtamo , J. , Albanes , D. and Pukkala , E. 2006 . Cancer incidence in a cohort of Finnish male smokers . Eur. J. Cancer Prev. , 15 : 103 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchesani , M. , Hakkarainen , A. , Tuomainen , T. P. , Kaikkonen , J. , Pukkala , E. , Uimari , P. , Seppala , E. , Matikainen , M. , Kallioniemi , O. P. , Schleutker , J. , Lehtimaki , T. and Salonen , J. T. 2003 . New paraoxonase 1 polymorphism I102V and the risk of prostate cancer in Finnish men . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 95 : 812 – 818 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mononen , N. , Seppala , E. H. , Duggal , P. , Autio , V. , Ikonen , T. , Ellonen , P. , Saharinen , J. , Saarela , J. , Vihinen , M. , Tammela , T. L. , Kallioniemi , O. , Bailey-Wilson , J. E. and Schleutker , J. 2006 . Profiling genetic variation along the androgen biosynthesis and metabolism pathways implicates several single nucleotide polymorphisms and their combinations as prostate cancer risk factors . Cancer Res. , 66 : 743 – 747 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mori , T. , Cui , L. , Kato , K. , Takahashi , S. , Imaida , K. , Iwasaki , S. , Ito , N. and Shirai , T. 1996 . Direct effects of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and estrogen on 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl-induced prostate carcinogenesis in castrated F344 rats . Jpn. J. Cancer Res. , 87 : 570 – 574 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muir , K. R. 2005 . Endocrine-disrupting pesticides and selected hormonally dependent cancers . Scand. J. Work Environ. Health , 31 ( Suppl. 1 ) : 55 – 61 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murata , M. , Watanabe , M. , Yamanaka , M. , Kubota , Y. , Ito , H. , Nagao , M. , Katoh , T. , Kamataki , T. , Kawamura , J. , Yatani , R. and Shiraishi , T. 2001 . Genetic polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1 and GSTT1 and susceptibility to prostate cancer in the Japanese population . Cancer Lett. , 165 : 171 – 177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nam , R. K. , Zhang , W. W. , Trachtenberg , J. , Jewett , M. A. , Emami , M. , Vesprini , D. , Chu , W. , Ho , M. , Sweet , J. , Evans , A. , Toi , A. , Pollak , M. and Narod , S. A. 2003 . Comprehensive assessment of candidate genes and serological markers for the detection of prostate cancer . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 12 : 1429 – 1437 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negri , E. , Pelucchi , C. , Talamini , R. , Montella , M. , Gallus , S. , Bosetti , C. , Franceschi , S. and La Vecchia , C. 2005 . Family history of cancer and the risk of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia . Int. J. Cancer , 114 : 648 – 652 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , W. G. , De Marzo , A. M. , Deweese , T. L. , Lin , X. , Brooks , J. D. , Putzi , M. J. , Nelson , C. P. , Groopman , J. D. and Kensler , T. W. 2001 . Preneoplastic prostate lesions: An opportunity for prostate cancer prevention . Ann. NY Acad. Sci. , 952 : 135 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuhausen , S. L. , Slattery , M. L. , Garner , C. P. , Ding , Y. C. , Hoffman , M. and Brothman , A. R. 2005 . Prostate cancer risk and IRS1, IRS2, IGF1, and INS polymorphisms: Strong association of IRS1 G972R variant and cancer risk . Prostate , 64 : 168 – 174 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsen , T. I. , Romundstad , P. R. , Troisi , R. and Vatten , L. J. 2005 . Birth size and subsequent risk for prostate cancer: A prospective population-based study in Norway . Int. J. Cancer , 113 : 1002 – 1004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nock , N. L. , Cicek , M. S. , Li , L. , Liu , X. , Rybicki , B. A. , Moreira , A. , Plummer , S. J. , Casey , G. and Witte , J. S. 2006a . Polymorphisms in estrogen bioactivation, detoxification and oxidative DNA base excision repair genes and prostate cancer risk . Carcinogenesis , 27 : 1842 – 1848 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nock , N. L. , Liu , X. , Cicek , M. S. , Li , L. , Macarie , F. , Rybicki , B. A. , Plummer , S. J. , Maclennan , G. T. , Casey , G. and Witte , J. S. 2006b . Polymorphisms in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism and conjugation genes, interactions with smoking and prostate cancer risk . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 15 : 756 – 761 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nojima , D. , Li , L. C. , Dharia , A. , Perinchery , G. , Ribeiro-Filho , L. , Yen , T. S. and Dahiya , R. 2001 . CpG hypermethylation of the promoter region inactivates the estrogen receptor-beta gene in patients with prostate carcinoma . Cancer , 92 : 2076 – 2083 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomura , A. M. 2001 . Body size and prostate cancer . Epidemiol. Rev. , 23 : 126 – 131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomura , A. M. , Stemmermann , G. N. , Chyou , P. H. , Henderson , B. E. and Stanczyk , F. Z. 1996 . Serum androgens and prostate cancer . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 5 : 621 – 625 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomura , A. M. , Stemmermann , G. N. , Lee , J. and Craft , N. E. 1997 . Serum micronutrients and prostate cancer in Japanese Americans in Hawaii . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 6 : 487 – 491 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomura , A. M. , Stemmermann , G. N. , Lee , J. , Kolonel , L. N. , Chen , T. C. , Turner , A. and Holick , M. F. 1998 . Serum vitamin D metabolite levels and the subsequent development of prostate cancer (Hawaii, United States) . Cancer Causes Control , 9 : 425 – 432 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noonan-Wheeler , F. C. , Wu , W. , Roehl , K. A. , Klim , A. , Haugen , J. , Suarez , B. K. and Kibel , A. S. 2006 . Association of hereditary prostate cancer gene polymorphic variants with sporadic aggressive prostate carcinoma . Prostate , 66 : 49 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ntais , C. , Polycarpou , A. and Ioannidis , J. P. 2003a . Association of the CYP17 gene polymorphism with the risk of prostate cancer: A meta-analysis . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 12 : 120 – 126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ntais , C. , Polycarpou , A. and Ioannidis , J. P. 2003b . Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and risk of prostate cancer: A meta-analysis . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 12 : 1395 – 1402 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ntais , C. , Polycarpou , A. and Ioannidis , J. P. 2005 . Association of GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms with the risk of prostate cancer: A meta-analysis . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 14 : 176 – 181 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogishima , T. , Shiina , H. , Breault , J. E. , Tabatabai , L. , Bassett , W. W. , Enokida , H. , Li , L. C. , Kawakami , T. , Urakami , S. , Ribeiro–Filho , L. A. , Terashima , M. , Fujime , M. , Igawa , M. and Dahiya , R. 2005 . Increased heparanase expression is caused by promoter hypomethylation and up-regulation of transcriptional factor early growth response-1 in human prostate cancer . Clin. Cancer Res. , 11 : 1028 – 1036 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parent , M. E. and Siemiatycki , J. 2001 . Occupation and prostate cancer . Epidemiol. Rev. , 23 : 138 – 143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel , A. V. , Rodriguez , C. , Jacobs , E. J. , Solomon , L. , Thun , M. J. and Calle , E. E. 2005 . Recreational physical activity and risk of prostate cancer in a large cohort of U.S. men . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 14 : 275 – 279 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peehl , D. M. and Stamey , T. A. 1986 . Serum-free growth of adult human prostatic epithelial cells . In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. , 22 : 82 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plaskon , L. A. , Penson , D. F. , Vaughan , T. L. and Stanford , J. L. 2003 . Cigarette smoking and risk of prostate cancer in middle-aged men . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 12 : 604 – 609 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platz , E. A. 2002 . Energy imbalance and prostate cancer . J. Nutr. , 132 : 3471S – 3481S .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platz , E. A. , Giovannucci , E. , Rimm , E. B. , Curhan , G. C. , Spiegelman , D. , Colditz , G. A. and Willett , W. C. 1998 . Retrospective analysis of birth weight and prostate cancer in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 147 : 1140 – 1144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platz , E. A. , Leitzmann , M. F. , Michaud , D. S. , Willett , W. C. and Giovannucci , E. 2003 . Interrelation of energy intake, body size, and physical activity with prostate cancer in a large prospective cohort study . Cancer Res. , 63 : 8542 – 8548 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platz , E. A. , Leitzmann , M. F. , Hollis , B. W. , Willett , W. C. and Giovannucci , E. 2004a . Plasma 1,25-dihydroxy- and 25-hydroxyvitamin D and subsequent risk of prostate cancer . Cancer Causes Control , 15 : 255 – 265 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platz , E. A. , Leitzmann , M. F. , Rimm , E. B. , Willett , W. C. and Giovannucci , E. 2004b . Alcohol intake, drinking patterns, and risk of prostate cancer in a large prospective cohort study . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 159 : 444 – 453 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollak , M. , Beamer , W. and Zhang , J. C. 1998–1999 . Insulin-like growth factors and prostate cancer . Cancer Metastasis Rev. , 17 : 383 – 390 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potosky , A. L. , Miller , B. A. , Albertsen , P. C. and Kramer , B. S. 1995 . The role of increasing detection in the rising incidence of prostate cancer . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 273 : 548 – 552 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pukkala , E. , Aspholm , R. , Auvinen , A. , Eliasch , H. , Gundestrup , M. , Haldorsen , T. , Hammar , N. , Hrafnkelsson , J. , Kyyronen , P. , Linnersjo , A. , Rafnsson , V. , Storm , H. and Tveten , U. 2002 . Incidence of cancer among Nordic airline pilots over five decades: Occupational cohort study . Br. Med. J. , 325 : 567 – 571 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinones , L. A. , Irarrazabal , C. E. , Rojas , C. R. , Orellana , C. E. , Acevedo , C. , Huidobro , C. , Varela , N. E. and Caceres , D. D. 2006 . Joint effect among p53, CYP1A1, GSTM1 polymorphism combinations and smoking on prostate cancer risk: An exploratory genotype–environment interaction study . Asian J. Androl. , 8 : 349 – 355 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichman , M. E. , Hayes , R. B. , Ziegler , R. G. , Schatzkin , A. , Taylor , P. R. , Kahle , L. L. and Fraumeni , J. F. Jr. 1990 . Serum vitamin A and subsequent development of prostate cancer in the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study . Cancer Res. , 50 : 2311 – 2315 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren , C. , Li , L. , Yang , G. , Timme , T. L. , Goltsov , A. , Ren , C. , Ji , X. , Addai , J. , Luo , H. , Ittmann , M. M. and Thompson , T. C. 2004 . RTVP-1, a tumor suppressor inactivated by methylation in prostate cancer . Cancer Res. , 64 : 969 – 976 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renehan , A. G. , Zwahlen , M. , Minder , C. , O'Dwyer , S. T. , Shalet , S. M. and Egger , M. 2004 . Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-3, and cancer risk: Systematic review and meta-regression analysis . Lancet , 363 : 1346 – 1353 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds , P. , Elkin , E. P. , Layefsky , M. E. and Lee , G. M. 1999 . Cancer in California school employees, 1988–1992 . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 36 : 271 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes , D. R. , Barrette , T. R. , Rubin , M. A. , Ghosh , D. and Chinnaiyan , A. M. 2002 . Meta-analysis of microarrays: interstudy validation of gene expression profiles reveals pathway dysregulation in prostate cancer . Cancer Res. , 62 : 4427 – 4433 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchey , J. D. , Huang , W. Y. , Chokkalingam , A. P. , Gao , Y. T. , Deng , J. , Levine , P. , Stanczyk , F. Z. and Hsing , A. W. 2005 . Genetic variants of DNA repair genes and prostate cancer: A population-based study . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 14 : 1703 – 1709 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez , C. , Jacobs , E. J. , Mondul , A. M. , Calle , E. E. , McCullough , M. L. and Thun , M. J. 2004 . Vitamin E supplements and risk of prostate cancer in U.S. men . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 13 : 378 – 382 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez , C. , Patel , A. V. , Calle , E. E. , Jacobs , E. J. , Chao , A. and Thun , M. J. 2001 . Body mass index, height, and prostate cancer mortality in two large cohorts of adult men in the United States . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 10 : 345 – 353 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez , C. , Patel , A. V. , Mondul , A. M. , Jacobs , E. J. , Thun , M. J. and Calle , E. E. 2005 . Diabetes and risk of prostate cancer in a prospective cohort of US men . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 161 : 147 – 152 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohrmann , S. , Paltoo , D. N. , Platz , E. A. , Hoffman , S. C. , Comstock , G. W. and Helzlsouer , K. J. 2005 . Association of vasectomy and prostate cancer among men in a Maryland cohort . Cancer Causes Control , 16 : 1189 – 1194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rovito , P. M. Jr. , Morse , P. D. , Spinek , K. , Newman , N. , Jones , R. F. , Wang , C. Y. and Haas , G. P. 2005 . Heterocyclic amines and genotype of N-acetyltransferases as risk factors for prostate cancer . Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. , 8 : 69 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , M. A. , Varambally , S. , Beroukhim , R. , Tomlins , S. A. , Rhodes , D. R. , Paris , P. L. , Hofer , M. D. , Storz-Schweizer , M. , Kuefer , R. , Fletcher , J. A. , Hsi , B. L. , Byrne , J. A. , Pienta , K. J. , Collins , C. , Sellers , W. R. and Chinnaiyan , A. M. 2004 . Overexpression, amplification, and androgen regulation of TPD52 in prostate cancer . Cancer Res. , 64 : 3814 – 3822 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rusiecki , J. A. , De Roos , A. , Lee , W. J. , Dosemeci , M. , Lubin , J. H. , Hoppin , J. A. , Blair , A. and Alavanja , M. C. 2004 . Cancer incidence among pesticide applicators exposed to atrazine in the Agricultural Health Study . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 96 : 1375 – 1382 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rusiecki , J. A. , Hou , L. , Lee , W. J. , Blair , A. , Dosemeci , M. , Lubin , J. H. , Bonner , M. , Samanic , C. , Hoppin , J. A. , Sandler , D. P. and Alavanja , M. C. 2006 . Cancer incidence among pesticide applicators exposed to metolachlor in the Agricultural Health Study . Int. J. Cancer , 118 : 3118 – 3123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salam , M. T. , Ursin , G. , Skinner , E. C. , Dessissa , T. and Reichardt , J. K. 2005 . Associations between polymorphisms in the steroid 5-alpha reductase type II (SRD5A2) gene and benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer . Urol. Oncol. , 23 : 246 – 253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaid , D. J. 2004 . The complex genetic epidemiology of prostate cancer . Hum. Mol. Genet. , 13 : R103 – R121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuurman , A. G. , Goldbohm , R. A. , Brants , H. A. and van den Brandt , P. A. 2002 . A prospective cohort study on intake of retinol, vitamins C and E, and carotenoids and prostate cancer risk (Netherlands) . Cancer Causes Control , 13 : 573 – 582 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuurman , A. G. , Goldbohm , R. A. and van den Brandt , P. A. 1999a . A prospective cohort study on consumption of alcoholic beverages in relation to prostate cancer incidence (The Netherlands) . Cancer Causes Control , 10 : 597 – 605 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuurman , A. G. , van den Brandt , P. A. , Dorant , E. and Goldbohm , R. A. 1999b . Animal products, calcium and protein and prostate cancer risk in The Netherlands Cohort Study . Br. J. Cancer , 80 : 1107 – 1113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sesso , H. D. , Paffenbarger , R. S. Jr. and Lee , I.M. 2001 . Alcohol consumption and risk of prostate cancer: The Harvard Alumni Health Study . Int. J. Epidemiol. , 30 : 749 – 755 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Severi , G. , Morris , H. A. , MacInnis , R. J. , English , D. R. , Tilley , W. , Hopper , J. L. , Boyle , P. and Giles , G. G. 2006 . Circulating steroid hormones and the risk of prostate cancer . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 15 : 86 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaneyfelt , T. , Husein , R. , Bubley , G. and Mantzoros , C. S. 2000 . Hormonal predictors of prostate cancer: A meta-analysis . J. Clin. Oncol. , 18 : 847 – 853 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma-Wagner , S. , Chokkalingam , A. P. , Malker , H. S. , Stone , B. J. , McLaughlin , J. K. and Hsing , A. W. 2000 . Occupation and prostate cancer risk in Sweden . J. Occup. Environ. Med. , 42 : 517 – 525 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpe , C. R. and Siemiatycki , J. 2001 . Joint effects of smoking and body mass index on prostate cancer risk . Epidemiology , 12 : 546 – 551 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpe , C. R. and Siemiatycki , J. 2002 . Consumption of non-alcoholic beverages and prostate cancer risk . Eur. J. Cancer Prev. , 11 : 497 – 501 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpe , R. M. , Turner , K. J. and Sumpter , J. P. 1998 . Endocrine disruptors and testis development . Environ. Health Perspect. , 106 : A220 – A221 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi , R. , Berkel , H. J. and Yu , H. 2001 . Insulin-like growth factor-I and prostate cancer: A meta-analysis . Br. J. Cancer , 85 : 991 – 996 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sieh , W. , Edwards , K. L. , Fitzpatrick , A. L. , Srinouanprachanh , S. L. , Farin , F. M. , Monks , S. A. , Kronmal , R. A. and Eaton , D. L. 2006 . Genetic susceptibility to prostate cancer: Prostate-specific antigen and its interaction with the androgen receptor (United States) . Cancer Causes Control , 17 : 187 – 197 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silig , Y. , Pinarbasi , H. , Gunes , S. , Ayan , S. , Bagci , H. and Cetinkaya , O. 2006 . Polymorphisms of CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTT1, and prostate cancer risk in Turkish population . Cancer Invest. , 24 : 41 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slattery , M. L. and West , D. W. 1993 . Smoking, alcohol, coffee, tea, caffeine, and theobromine: Risk of prostate cancer in Utah (United States) . Cancer Causes Control , 4 : 559 – 563 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soffritti , M. , Belpoggi , F. , Cevolani , D. , Guarino , M. , Padovani , M. and Maltoni , C. 2002 . Results of long-term experimental studies on the carcinogenicity of methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol in rats . Ann. NY Acad. Sci. , 982 : 46 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanford, J. L., Stephenson, R. A., Coyle, L. M. C. J., Correa, R., Eley, J. W., Gilliland, F., Hankey, B., Kolonel, L. N., Kosary, C., Ross, R., Severson, R., and West, D. 1999. Prostate cancer trends 1973–1995. NIH Pub. No. 99–4543. http://seer.cancer.gov/publications/prostate/
   Google Scholar
• Stattin , P. , Bylund , A. , Rinaldi , S. , Biessy , C. , Dechaud , H. , Stenman , U. H. , Egevad , L. , Riboli , E. , Hallmans , G. and Kaaks , R. 2000 . Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins, and prostate cancer risk: A prospective study . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 92 : 1910 – 1917 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stattin , P. , Lumme , S. , Tenkanen , L. , Alfthan , H. , Jellum , E. , Hallmans , G. , Thoresen , S. , Hakulinen , T. , Luostarinen , T. , Lehtinen , M. , Dillner , J. , Stenman , U. H. and Hakama , M. 2004a . High levels of circulating testosterone are not associated with increased prostate cancer risk: A pooled prospective study . Int. J. Cancer , 108 : 418 – 424 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stattin , P. , Rinaldi , S. , Biessy , C. , Stenman , U. H. , Hallmans , G. and Kaaks , R. 2004b . High levels of circulating insulin-like growth factor-I increase prostate cancer risk: A prospective study in a population-based nonscreened cohort . J. Clin. Oncol. , 22 : 3104 – 3112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stattin , P. , Bylund , A. , Biessy , C. , Kaaks , R. , Hallmans , G. and Adlercreutz , H. 2004c . Prospective study of plasma enterolactone and prostate cancer risk (Sweden) . Cancer Causes Control , 15 : 1095 – 1102 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens , V. L. , McCullough , M. L. , Diver , W. R. , Rodriguez , C. , Jacobs , E. J. , Thun , M. J. and Calle , E. E. 2005 . Use of multivitamins and prostate cancer mortality in a large cohort of US men . Cancer Causes Control , 16 : 643 – 650 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , R. E. , Dennis , L. K. , Dawson , D. V. and Resnick , M. I. 1999 . A meta-analysis of risk estimates for prostate cancer related to tire and rubber manufacturing operations . J. Occup. Environ. Med. , 41 : 1079 – 1084 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki , K. , Nakazato , H. , Matsui , H. , Koike , H. , Okugi , H. , Kashiwagi , B. , Nishii , M. , Ohtake , N. , Nakata , S. , Ito , K. and Yamanaka , H. 2003 . Genetic polymorphisms of estrogen receptor alpha, CYP19, catechol-O-methyltransferase are associated with familial prostate carcinoma risk in a Japanese population . Cancer , 98 : 1411 – 1416 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , M. L. , Mainous , A. G. 3rd and Wells , B. J. 2005 . Prostate cancer and sexually transmitted diseases: A meta-analysis . Family Med. , 37 : 506 – 512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thellenberg-Karlsson , C. , Lindstrom , S. , Malmer , B. , Wiklund , F. , Augustsson-Balter , K. , Adami , H. O. , Stattin , P. , Nilsson , M. , Dahlman-Wright , K. , Gustafsson , J. A. and Gronberg , H. 2006 . Estrogen receptor beta polymorphism is associated with prostate cancer risk . Clin. Cancer Res. , 12 : 1936 – 1941 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , I. M. , Goodman , P. J. , Tangen , C. M. , Lucia , M. S. , Miller , G. J. , Ford , L. G. , Lieber , M. M. , Cespedes , R. D. , Atkins , J. N. , Lippman , S. M. , Carlin , S. M. , Ryan , A. , Szczepanek , C. M. , Crowley , J. J. and Coltman , C. A. Jr. 2003 . The influence of finasteride on the development of prostate cancer . N. Engl. J. Med. , 349 : 215 – 224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokizane , T. , Shiina , H. , Igawa , M. , Enokida , H. , Urakami , S. , Kawakami , T. , Ogishima , T. , Okino , S. T. , Li , L. C. , Tanaka , Y. , Nonomura , N. , Okuyama , A. and Dahiya , R. 2005 . Cytochrome P450 1B1 is overexpressed and regulated by hypomethylation in prostate cancer . Clin. Cancer Res. , 11 : 5793 – 5801 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trummer , H. , Habermann , H. , Haas , J. and Pummer , K. 2002 . The impact of cigarette smoking on human semen parameters and hormones . Hum. Reprod. , 17 : 1554 – 1559 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng , M. , Breslow , R. A. , Graubard , B. I. and Ziegler , R. G. 2005 . Dairy, calcium, and vitamin D intakes and prostate cancer risk in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Epidemiologic Follow-up Study cohort . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 81 : 1147 – 1154 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuohimaa , P. , Golovko , O. , Kalueff , A. , Nazarova , N. , Qiao , S. , Syvala , H. , Talonpoika , R. and Lou , Y. R. 2005 . Calcidiol and prostate cancer . J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. , 93 : 183 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuohimaa , P. , Tenkanen , L. , Ahonen , M. , Lumme , S. , Jellum , E. , Hallmans , G. , Stattin , P. , Harvei , S. , Hakulinen , T. , Luostarinen , T. , Dillner , J. , Lehtinen , M. and Hakama , M. 2004 . Both high and low levels of blood vitamin D are associated with a higher prostate cancer risk: A longitudinal, nested case-control study in the Nordic countries . Int. J. Cancer , 108 : 104 – 108 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Brandt , P. A. , Zeegers , M. P. , Bode , P. and Goldbohm , R. A. 2003 . Toenail selenium levels and the subsequent risk of prostate cancer: A prospective cohort study . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 12 : 866 – 871 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Gulden , J. W. 1997 . Metal workers and repairmen at risk for prostate cancer: A review . Prostate , 30 : 107 – 116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Gils , C. H. , Bostick , R. M. , Stern , M. C. and Taylor , J. A. 2002 . Differences in base excision repair capacity may modulate the effect of dietary antioxidant intake on prostate cancer risk: An example of polymorphisms in the XRCC1 gene . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 11 : 1279 – 1284 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Maele-Fabry , G. , Libotte , V. , Willems , J. and Lison , D. 2006 . Review and meta-analysis of risk estimates for prostate cancer in pesticide manufacturing workers . Cancer Causes Control , 17 : 353 – 373 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Maele-Fabry , G. and Willems , J. L. 2004 . Prostate cancer among pesticide applicators: A meta-analysis . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 77 : 559 – 570 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vatten , L. J. , Ursin , G. , Ross , R. K. , Stanczyk , F. Z. , Lobo , R. A. , Harvei , S. and Jellum , E. 1997 . Androgens in serum and the risk of prostate cancer: A nested case-control study from the Janus serum bank in Norway . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 6 : 967 – 969 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verougstraete , V. , Lison , D. and Hotz , P. 2003 . Cadmium, lung and prostate cancer: A systematic review of recent epidemiological data . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part B , 6 : 227 – 255 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadelius , M. , Autrup , J. L. , Stubbins , M. J. , Andersson , S. O. , Johansson , J. E. , Wadelius , C. , Wolf , C. R. , Autrup , H. and Rane , A. 1999 . Polymorphisms in NAT2, CYP2D6, CYP2C19 and GSTP1 and their association with prostate cancer . Pharmacogenetics , 9 : 333 – 340 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wahle , K. W. , Heys , S. D. and Rotondo , D. 2004 . Conjugated linoleic acids: Are they beneficial or detrimental to health? . Prog. Lipid Res. , 43 : 553 – 587 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein , S. J. , Wright , M. E. , Pietinen , P. , King , I. , Tan , C. , Taylor , P. R. , Virtamo , J. and Albanes , D. 2005 . Serum alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in relation to prostate cancer risk in a prospective study . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 97 : 396 – 399 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weston , T. L. , Aronson , K. J. , Siemiatycki , J. , Howe , G. R. and Nadon , L. 2000 . Cancer mortality among males in relation to exposures assessed through a job-exposure matrix . Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health , 6 : 194 – 202 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wong , O. and Raabe , G. K. 2000 . A critical review of cancer epidemiology in the petroleum industry, with a meta-analysis of a combined database of more than 350,000 workers . Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 32 : 78 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , J. , Zheng , S. L. , Turner , A. , Isaacs , S. D. , Wiley , K. E. , Hawkins , G. A. , Chang , B. L. , Bleecker , E. R. , Walsh , P. C. , Meyers , D. A. and Isaacs , W. B. 2002 . Associations between hOGG1 sequence variants and prostate cancer susceptibility . Cancer Res. , 62 : 2253 – 2257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan , L. and Spitznagel , E. L. 2005 . Meta-analysis of soy food and risk of prostate cancer in men . Int. J. Cancer , 117 : 667 – 669 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeegers , M. P. , Dirx , M. J. and van den Brandt , P. A. 2005 . Physical activity and the risk of prostate cancer in the Netherlands cohort study, results after 9.3 years of follow-up . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 14 : 1490 – 1495 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeegers , M. P. , Friesema , I. H. , Goldbohm , R. A. and van den Brandt , P. A. 2004a . A prospective study of occupation and prostate cancer risk . J. Occup. Environ. Med. , 46 : 271 – 279 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeegers , M. P. , Kiemeney , L. A. , Nieder , A. M. and Ostrer , H. 2004b . How strong is the association between CAG and GGN repeat length polymorphisms in the androgen receptor gene and prostate cancer risk? . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 13 : 1765 – 1771 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeigler-Johnson , C. , Friebel , T. , Walker , A. H. , Wang , Y. , Spangler , E. , Panossian , S. , Patacsil , M. , Aplenc , R. , Wein , A. J. , Malkowicz , S. B. and Rebbeck , T. R. 2004 . CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A43 genotypes and haplotypes in the etiology and severity of prostate cancer . Cancer Res. , 64 : 8461 – 8467 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao , H. , Shiina , H. , Greene , K. L. , Li , L. C. , Tanaka , Y. , Kishi , H. , Igawa , M. , Kane , C. J. , Carroll , P. and Dahiya , R. 2005 . CpG methylation at promoter site –140 inactivates TGFbeta2 receptor gene in prostate cancer . Cancer , 104 : 44 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu , K. , Lee , I. M. , Sesso , H. D. , Buring , J. E. , Levine , R. S. and Gaziano , J. M. 2004 . History of diabetes mellitus and risk of prostate cancer in physicians . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 159 : 978 – 982 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar