An Exposure-Response Curve for Copper Excess and Deficiency

REFERENCES

• Aggett , P. J. and Fairweather-Tait , S. 1998 . Adaptation to high and low copper intakes: Its relevance to estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 67 : 1061S – 1063S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alissa , E. M. , Bahijri , S. M. , Lamb , D. J. and Ferns , G. A. A. 2004 . The effects of co-administration of dietary copper and zinc supplements on atherosclerosis, antioxidant enzymes and indices of lipid peroxidation in the cholesterol-fed rabbit . Int. J. Exp. Pathol. , 85 : 265 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen , H. S. , Gambling , L. , Holtrop , G. and McArdle , H. J. 2007 . Effect of dietary copper deficiency on iron metabolism in the pregnant rat . Br. J. Nutr. , 97 : 239 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araya , M. , Chen , B. , Klevay , L. M. , Strain , J. J. , Johnson , L. , Robson , P. , Shi , W. , Nielsen , F. , Zhu , H. , Olivares , M. , Pizarro , F. and Haber , L. T. 2003a . Confirmation of an acute no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) and low-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) for copper in bottled drinking water in a multi-site international study . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmicol. , 38 : 389 – 399 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araya , M. , Kelleher , S. L. , Arredondo , M. A. , Sierralta , W. , Vial , M. T. and Uauy , R. 2005 . Effects of chronic copper exposure during early life in rhesus monkeys . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 81 : 1065 – 1071 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araya , M. , McGoldrick , M. C. , Klevay , L. M. , Strain , J. J. , Robson , P. , Nielsen , F. , Olivares , M. , Pizarro , F. , Johnson , L. A. and Poirier , K. A. 2001 . Determination of an acute no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for copper in water . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 34 : 137 – 145 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araya , M. , Olivares , M. , Pizarro , F. , González , M. , Speisky , H. and Uauy , R. 2003c . Gastrointestinal symptoms and blood indicators of copper load in apparently healthy adults undergoing controlled copper exposure . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 77 : 646 – 650 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araya , M. , Olivares , M. , Pizarro , F. , Llanos , A. , Figueroa , G. and Uauy , R. 2004 . Community-based randomized double-blind study of gastrointestinal effects and copper exposure in drinking water . Environ. Health Perspect. , 112 : 1068 – 1073 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araya , A. , Pena , C. , Pizarro , F. and Olivares , M. 2003b . Gastric response to acute copper exposure . Sci. Total. Environ. , 303 : 253 – 257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong , T. A. , Cook , D. R. , Ward , M. M. , Williams , C. M. and Spears , J. W. 2004 . Effect of dietary copper source (cupric citrate and cupric sulphate) and concentration on growth performance and fecal copper excretion in weanling pigs . J. Anim. Sci. , 82 : 1234 – 1240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker , A. , Harvey , L. , Majask-Newman , G. , Fairweather-Tait , S. , Flynn , A. and Cashman , K. 1999a . Effect of dietary copper intakes on biochemical markers of bone metabolism in healthy adult males . Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. , 53 : 408 – 412 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker , A. , Turkey , E. , Bonham , M. P. , O'Connor , J. M. , Strain , J. J. , Flynn , A. and Cashman , K. D. 1999b . No Effect of copper supplementation on biochemical markers of bone metabolism in healthy adults . Br. J. Clin. Nutr. , 82 : 283 – 290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bird , R. P. 1995 . Role of aberrant crypt foci in understanding the pathogenesis of colon cancer . Cancer Lett. , 93 : 55 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremner , I. , Williams , R. B. and Young , B. W. 1981 . The effects of age, sex and zinc status on the accumulation of (copper-zinc)-metallothionein in rat kidneys . J. Inorg. Biochem. , 14 : 135 – 146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briefel , R. R. , Bialostosky , K. , Kennedy-Stephenson , J. , McDowell , M. A. , Ervin , R. B. and Wright , J. D. 2000 . Zinc intake of the U.S. population: Findings from the third national health and nutrition examination survey, 1988–1994. 2000 . J. Nutr. , 130 : 1367S – 1373S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bureau , I. , Guex , E. , Mazur , A. , Rock , E. , Roussel , A.-M. and Rayssiguier , Y. 2003 . Female rats are protected against oxidative stress during copper deficiency . J. Am. Coll. Nutr. , 22 : 239 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canadian Council on Animal Care. 1984. Guide to the care and use of experimental animals, vol. 2 http://www.ccac.ca/en/CCAC_Programs/Guidelines_Policies/GDLINES/Guidelis.htm (http://www.ccac.ca/en/CCAC_Programs/Guidelines_Policies/GDLINES/Guidelis.htm)
   Google Scholar
• Chambers , A. 2009 . The application of categorical regression to model the exposure-response relationship of copper excess and deficiency , Ottawa, ON, , Canada : Master's thesis, University of Ottawa .
   Google Scholar
• Cheah , D. M. Y. , Deal , Y. J. , Wright , P. F. A. , Buck , N. E. , Chung , W. C. , Mercer , J. F. B. and Allen , K. J. 2007 . Heterozygous tx mice have an increased sensitivity to copper loading: Implications for Wilson's disease carriers . BioMetals , 20 : 751 – 757 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cockell , K. A. , Bertinato , J. and L'Abbe , M. R. 2008 . Regulatory frameworks for copper considering chronic exposures of the population . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 88 : 863S – 866S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coudray , C. , Feillet-Coudray , C. , Geux , E. , Mazur , A. and Rayssiguier , Y. 2006 . Dietary insulin intake and age can affect intestinal absorption of zinc and copper in rats . J. Nutr. , 136 : 117 – 122 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , C. D. and Feng , Y. 1999 . Dietary copper, manganese and iron affect the formation of aberrant crypts in colon of rats administered 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl . J. Nutr , 129 : 1060 – 1067 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , C. D. and Johnson , W. T. 2001 . Dietary copper and dimethylhydrazine affect protein kinase C isozyme protein and mRNA expression and the formation of aberrant crypts in colon of rats . Biofactors , 15 : 11 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , C. D. and Johnson , W. T. 2002 . Dietary copper affects azoxymethane-induced intestinal tumor formation and protein kinase C isozyme protein and mRNA expression in colon of rats . J. Nutr. , 132 : 1018 – 1025 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , C. D. and Newman , S. 2000 . Inadequate dietary copper increases tumorigenesis in the Min mouse . Cancer Lett. , 159 : 57 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , M. E. , Maxwell , C. V. , Brown , D. C. , de Rodas , B. Z. , Johnson , Z. B. , Kegley , E. B. , Hellwig , D. H. and Dvorak , R. A. 2002 . Effect of dietary mannan oligosaccharides and (or) pharmacological additions of copper sulphate on growth performance and immunocompetence of weanling and growing/finishing pigs . J. Anim. Sci. , 80 : 2887 – 2894 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diggle , P. J. , Kiang , K.-Y. and Zeger , S. L. 1994 . Analysis of longitudinal data , New York : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• DiSilvestro , R. A. , Greenson , J. K. and Liao , Z. 1992 . Effects of low copper intake on dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer in rats . Proc Soc. Exp. Biol. Med , 201 : 94 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Chemicals Agency. 2009. Voluntary risk assessment report http://echa.europa.eu/chem_data/transit_measures/vrar_en.asp (http://echa.europa.eu/chem_data/transit_measures/vrar_en.asp)
   Google Scholar
• Falcone , J. C. , Saari , J. T. , Kang , Y. J. and Schuschke , D. A. 2005 . Vasoreactivity in an adult rat model of marginal copper deficiency . Nutr. Res. , 25 : 177 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farquharson , C. and Robins , S. P. 1988 . Female rats are susceptible to cardiac hypertrophy induced by copper deficiency: The lack of influence of estrogen and testosterone . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 188 : 272 – 281 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng , J. , May , W. Q. and Gu , Z. L. 2007 . Effects of dietary copper (II) sulfate and copper proteinate on performance and blood indexes of copper status in growing pigs . Biol. Trace Elem. Res. , 120 : 171 – 178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine . 2001 . Dietary reference intakes: Vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc , Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fuentealba , I. C. , Mullins , J. E. , Aburto , E. M. , Lau , J. C. and Cherian , G. M. 2000 . Effect of age and sex on liver damage due to excess dietary copper in Fischer 344 rats . Clin. Toxicol. , 38 : 709 – 717 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gobejishvili , L. , Saari , J. T. , Adeagbo , A. S. O. , Zhang , X. and Schuschke , D. A. 2002 . Dietary copper deficiency increases inducible nitric oxide synthase-mediated vascular dilation in rat aorta . J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. , 15 : 85 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Goldschmith , A. , Infante , C. , Leiva , J. , Motles , E. and Palestini , M. 2005 . Interference of chronically ingested copper in long-term potentiation (LTP) of rat hippocampus . Brain Res. , 1056 : 176 – 182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene , F. L. , Lamb , L. S. , Barwick , M. and Pappas , N. J. 1987 . Effect of dietary copper on colonic tumor production and aortic integrity in the rat . J. Surg. Res. , 42 : 503 – 512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey , L. J. , Majsak-Newman , G. , Dainty , J. R. , Lewis , D. J. , Langford , N. J. , Crews , H. M. and Fairweather-Tait , S. J. 2003 . Adaptive responses in men fed low- and high-copper diets . Br. J. Nutr. , 90 : 161 – 168 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey , L. J. and McArdle , H. J. 2008 . Biomarkers of copper status: A brief update . Br. J. Nutr. , 99 : S10 – S13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Programme on Chemical Safety . 1998 . Environmental health criteria no. 200: Copper , Geneva : World Health Organization .
   Google Scholar
• International Programme on Chemical Safety. 2002. Principles and methods for the assessment of risks from trace elements. Geneva: World Heath Organization http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc228.htm (http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc228.htm)
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , W. T. , Johnson , L. A. K. and Lukaski , H. C. 2005 . Serum superoxide dismutase 3 (extracellular superoxide dismutase) activity is a sensitive indicator of Cu status in rats . J. Nutr. Biochem. , 16 : 682 – 692 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , P. E. , Milne , D. B. and Lykken , G. I. 1992 . Effects of age and sex on copper absorption, biological half-life, and status in humans . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 56 : 917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley , D. S. , Daudu , P. A. , Taylor , P. C. , Mackey , B. E. and Turnlund , J. R. 1995 . Effects of low-copper diets on human immune response . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 62 : 412 – 416 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klevay , L. M. 1980 . The influence of copper and zinc on the occurrence of ischemic heart disease . J. Environ. Toxicol. Pathol. , 4 : 281 – 287 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klevay , L. M. , Canfield , W. K. and Gallagher , S. K. 1986 . Decreased glucose tolerance in two men during experimental copper depletion . Nutr. Rep. Int , 33 : 371 – 382 .
   Google Scholar
• Krewski , D. , Chambers , A. and Birkett , N. 2010a . The use of categorical regression in modeling copper exposure-response relationships . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 73 : 187 – 207 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krewski , D. , Chambers , A. , Stern , B. R. , Aggett , P. J. , Plunkett , L. and Rudenko , L. 2010b . Development of a copper database for exposure-response analysis . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A , 73 : 208 – 216 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kvietkauskaite , R. , Dringeliene , A. , Markevicius , A. , Siaurys , A. and Acaite , J. 2004 . Effect of low copper exposure on the antioxidant system and some immune parameters . Vet. Hum. Toxicol , 46 : 169 – 172 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li , Y. , Wang , L. , Schuschke , D. A. , Zhanxiang , Z. , Saari , J. T. and Kang , Y. J. 2005 . Marginal dietary copper restriction induces cardiomyopathy in rats . J. Nutr. , 135 : 2130 – 2136 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linder , M. C. , Houle , P. A. , Isaacs , E. , Moor , J. R. and Scott , L. E. 1979 . Copper regulation of ceruloplasmin in copper-deficient rats . Enzyme , 98 : 923 – 929 .
   Google Scholar
• Louro , M. O. , Cocho , J. A. and Tutor , J. C. 2001 . Assessment of copper status in pregnancy by means of determining the specific oxidase activity of ceruloplasmin . Clin. Chim. Acta , 312 : 123 – 127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullagh , P. and Nelder , J. A. 1989 . Generalized linear models , 2nd , London : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Milne , D. B. 1998 . Copper intake and assessment of copper status . Am. J. Clin. Nutr , 67 : 1041S – 1045S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milne , D. B. and Nielsen , F. H. 1996 . Effects of a diet low in copper on copper-status indicators in postmenopausal women . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 63 : 358 – 364 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Academy of Sciences . Copper in drinking water . Prepared by the Board of Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council . Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nations , S. P. , Boyer , P. J. , Love , L. A. , Burritt , M. F. , Butz , J. A. , Wolfe , G. I. , Hynan , L. S. , Reisch , J. and Trivedi , J. R. 2008 . An unusual source of excess zinc, leading to hypocupremia and neurologic disease . Neurology , 71 : 639 – 643 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nederbragt , H. 1985 . Strain and sex-dependent differences in response to a single high dose of copper in the rat . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C , 81C : 425 – 431 .
   Google Scholar
• O'Connor , J. M. , Bonham , M. P. , Turley , E. , McKeown , A. , McKelvey-Martin , V. J. , Gilmore , W. S. and Strain , G. J. J. 2003 . Copper supplementation has no effect on markers of DNA damage and liver function in healthy adults (FOODCUE Project) . Ann. Nutr. Metab. , 47 : 201 – 206 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt , W. B. , Omdahl , J. L. and Sorenson , J. R. 1985 . Lack of effects of copper gluconate supplementation . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 42 : 681 – 682 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pretlow , T. P. , Barrow , B. J. , Ashton , W. S. , O'Riordan , M. A. , Pretlow , T. G. , Jurcisek , J. A. and Stellato , T. A. 1991 . Aberrant crypts: Putative preneoplastic foci in human colonic mucosa . Cancer Res , 51 : 1564 – 1567 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiser , S. , Powell , A. , Yang , C.-Y. and Canary , J. J. 1987 . Effect of copper intake on blood cholesterol and its lipoprotein distribution in men . Nutr. Rep. Int. , 36 : 641 – 649 .
   Google Scholar
• Rhomberg , L. R. and Lewandowski , T. A. 2006 . Methods for identifying a default cross-species scaling factor . Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. , 12 : 1094 – 1127 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiraishi , N. , Taguchi , T. and Kinebuchi , H. 1993 . Effect of age and sex on copper-induced toxicity in the macular mutant mouse . Biol. Trace Elem. Res. , 39 : 129 – 137 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson , D. G. , Carroll , R. J. , Zhou , H. and Guth , D.J. 1996 . Interval censoring and marginal analysis in ordinal regression . J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat , 1 : 354 – 376 .
   Google Scholar
• Sparks , D. L. , Friedland , R. , Petanceska , S. , Schreurs , B. G. , Shi , J. , Perry , G. , Smith , M. A. , Sharma , A. , Derosa , S. , Ziolkowski , C. and Stankovic , G. 2006 . Trace copper levels in the drinking water, but not zinc or aluminum influence CNS Alzheimer-like pathology . J. Nutr. Health Aging , 10 : 247 – 254 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern , B. R. , Solioz , M. , Krewski , D. , Aggett , P. , Aw , T.-C. , Baker , S. , Crump , K. , Dourson , M. , Haber , L. , Hertzberg , R. , Keen , C. , Meek , B. , Rudenko , L. , Schoeny , R. , Slob , W. and Starr , T. 2007 . Copper and human health: biochemistry, genetics, and strategies for modeling dose-response relationships . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B , 10 : 157 – 222 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strain , J. J. 1994 . Newer aspects of micronutrients in chronic disease: Copper . Proc. Nutr. Soc. , 53 : 583 – 598 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnlund , J. R. , Jacob , R. A. , Keen , C. L. , Strain , J. J. , Kelley , D. S. , Domek , J. M. , Keyes , W. R. , Ensunsa , J. L. , Lykkesfeldt , J. and Coulter , J. 2004 . Long-term high copper intake: Effects on indexes of copper status, antioxidant status, and immune function in young men . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 79 : 1037 – 1044 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnlund , J. R. , Keen , C. L. and Smith , R. G. 1990 . Copper status and urinary and salivary copper in young men at three levels of dietary copper . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 51 : 658 – 664 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnlund , J. R. , Scott , K. C. , Peiffer , G. L. , Jang , A. M. , Keyes , W. R. , Keen , C. L. and Sakanaski , T. M. 1997 . Copper status of young men consuming a low-copper diet . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 65 : 72 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uauy , R. , Maass , A. and Araya , M. 2008 . Estimating risk from copper excess in human populations . Am. J. Clin. Nutr , 88 : 867S – 871S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uriu-Adams , J. Y. , Scherr , R. E. , Lanoue , L. and Keen , C. L. 2010 . Influence of copper on early development: Prenatal and postnatal considerations . Biofactors , 36 : 136 – 152 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 2000 . CatReg software user manual , Research Triangle Park, NC : Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment. EPA/600/R-98/052 .
   Google Scholar
• Varada , K. R. , Harper , R. G. and Wapnir , R. A. 1993 . Development of copper intestinal absorption in the rat . Biochem. Med. Metab. Biol. , 50 : 277 – 283 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization . 1996 . Trace elements in human nutrition and human health , Geneva : World Health Organization .
   Google Scholar