Development Of Worker Inhalation Derived No Effect Levels For Tungsten Compounds

REFERENCES

• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . 2005 . Toxicological profile for tungsten , Atlanta , GA : ATSDR, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services .
   Google Scholar
• American Conference of Industrial Hygienist . 2012 . 2012 TLVs® and BEIs®; Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents & biological exposure indices , Cincinnati , OH : ACGIH .
   Google Scholar
• ARC Seibersdorf Research Environmental and Life Sciences Toxicology . November 2002a . “ Tungsten oxide (WO3): Acute inhalation toxicity study in rats ” . In Testing laboratory: ARC Seibersdorf Research Environmental and Life Sciences Toxicology. Unpublished report no. STA2 , November , Owner company : H. C. Starck GmbH . Report date28
   Google Scholar
• ARC Seibersdorf Research GmbH Environmental Life Sciences and Toxicology . August 2002b . “ Tungsten oxide (WO3): Acute dermal irritation/corrosion study with rabbits ” . In Testing laboratory: ARC Seibersdorf Research GmbH Environmental Life Sciences and Toxicology , August , Unpublished report no. STA3. Owner company : H. C. Starck. Report date . 20
   Google Scholar
• ARC Seibersdorf Research GmbH Environmental and Life Sciences Toxicology . November 2002c . Tungsten oxide (WO₃): Skin sensitisation study (guinea pig maximization test, modified according to Maurer and Hess) , November , Testing laboratory : ARC Seibersdorf Research GmbH Environmental and Life Sciences Toxicology. Unpublished report no. STA5. Owner company: H. C. Starck GmbH. Report date . 14
   Google Scholar
• ARC Seibersdorf Research GmbH-Environmental and Life Sciences Toxicology . July 2003a . Tungsten oxide blue: Acute oral toxicity study with rats (acute toxic class method). Testing laboratory: ARC Seibersdorf Research GmbH–Environmental and Life Sciences Toxicology. Unpublished report no. STA8 , July , Owner company : H. C. Starck. Report date . 28
   Google Scholar
• ARC Seibersdorf Research GmbH-Environmental and Life Sciences Toxicology . July 2003b . Tungsten oxide blue: Acute eye irritation/corrosion study with rabbits. Testing laboratory: ARC Seibersdorf Research GmbH-Environmental and Life Sciences Toxicology. Unpublished report no. STA10 , July , Owner company : H. C. Starck. Report date . 28
   Google Scholar
• ARC Seibersdorf Research GmbH-Environmental and Life Sciences Toxicology . June 2003c . Tungsten oxide blue: Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation test. Testing laboratory: ARC Seibersdorf Research GmbH–Environmental and Life Sciences Toxicology. Unpublished report no. STA9 , June , Owner company : H. C. Starck. Report date . 29
   Google Scholar
• Covance Laboratories, Inc . December 2003 . Chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Testing laboratory: Covance Laboratories Inc. Unpublished report no. 7273-116 , December , Owner company : U. S. Army Center for Health Promotion & Preventative Medicine. Report date . 22
   Google Scholar
• Covance Laboratories, Inc . January 2004a . Salmonella–Escherichia coli/mammalian-microsome reverse mutation assay with a confirmatory assay with sodium tungstate dihydrate. Testing laboratory: Covance Laboratories, Inc. Unpublished report no. 7273-117 , January , Owner company : U. S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine. Report date . 2
   Google Scholar
• Covance Laboratories, Inc . January 2004b . L5178Y TK +/- mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay with a confirmatory assay with sodium tungstate dihydrate. Testing laboratory: Covance Laboratories, Inc. Unpublished report no. 7273-118 , January , Owner company : U. S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine. Report date . 7
   Google Scholar
• Covance Laboratories, Inc . January 2004c . In vivo mouse micronucleus assay with sodium tungstate dihydrate. Testing laboratory: Covance Laboratories, Inc. Unpublished report no. 7273-115 , January , Owner company : U. S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine. Report date . 6
   Google Scholar
• ECETOC. 2010. Guidance on assessment factors to derive a DNEL. Technical report no. 110. Brussels. October. Available from ECETOC websiteaccessed 1 December 2011 http://www.ecetoc.org/technical-reports (http://http://www.ecetoc.org/technical-reports)
   Google Scholar
• ECETOC. 2003. Derivation of assessment factors for human health risk assessment. Technical report no. 86. Brussels. February. Available from ECETOC websiteaccessed 1 December 2011 http://www.ecetoc.org/technical-reports (http://http://www.ecetoc.org/technical-reports)
   Google Scholar
• European Chemicals Agency. 2011. Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment Chapter R.4: Evaluation of available information. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). http://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/guidance-documents/guidance-on-information-requirements-and-chemical-safety-assessment (http://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/guidance-documents/guidance-on-information-requirements-and-chemical-safety-assessment)
   Google Scholar
• European Chemicals Agency. 2012. Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R.8: Characterisation of dose [concentration]- response for human health. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). Version: 2.1 ECHA-2010-G-19-EN. November. http://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/guidance-documents/guidance-on-information-requirements-and-chemical-safety-assessment (http://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/guidance-documents/guidance-on-information-requirements-and-chemical-safety-assessment)
   Google Scholar
• European Community . 2008 . Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:353:0001:1355:en:PDF
   Google Scholar
• European Community . 2006 . Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC , http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=oj:l:2006:396:0001:0849:en:pdf
   Google Scholar
• 2010 . Use of assessment factors (AF) when deriving DNELs. Justification of the use of an AF of 3/5 for intraspecies difference workers/general population. European Association of Metals (Eurometaux) , EurometauxUnpublished report.
   Google Scholar
• Guyton , A. C. 1947 . Measurement of the respiratory volumes of laboratory animals . Am. J. Physiol , 150 : 70 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hattis , D. , Banati , P. , Boble , R. and Burmaster , D. E. 1999 . Human interindividual variability in parameters related to health risks . Risk Anal , 19 : 711 – 726 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hattis , D. , Erdreich , L. and Ballew , M. 1987 . Human variability in susceptibility to toxic chemicals – a preliminary analysis of pharmacokinetic data from normal volunteers . Risk Anal , 7 : 415 – 426 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd . May 1998 . Sodium tungstate dihydrate acute (four-hour) inhalation study in rats. Testing laboratory: Huntingdon Life Sciences. Unpublished report no. ITU 007/983498 , May , Owner company : International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date . 28
   Google Scholar
• Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd . June 1999a . Sodium tungstate dihydrate acute oral toxicity to the rat. Testing laboratory: Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd. Unpublished report no. ITU 002/983107/AC , June , Owner company : International Tungsten Industry. Report date . 24
   Google Scholar
• Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd . June 1999b . Sodium tungstate dihydrate acute dermal toxicity to the rat. Testing laboratory: Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd. Unpublished report no. ITU 003/982923/AC , June , Owner company : International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date . 24
   Google Scholar
• Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd . September 1999c . Sodium tungstate dihydrate skin irritation to the rabbit. Testing laboratory: Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd. Unpublished report no. ITU 004/982758/SE , September , Owner company : International Tungsten Industry Association. Report date . 8
   Google Scholar
• Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd . September 1999d . Sodium tungstate dihydrate eye irritation to the rabbit. Testing laboratory: Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd. Unpublished report no. ITU 005/982804/SE , September , Owner company : International Tungsten Industry Association . Report date8
   Google Scholar
• Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd . April 1999e . Sodium tungstate dihydrate skin sensitisation to the guinea-pig. Testing laboratory: Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd. Unpublished report no. ITU 006/983091/SS , April , Owner company : International Tungsten Industry Association . Report date1
   Google Scholar
• IIT Research Institute . 2009 . Evaluation of the potential clastogenic activity of tungsten yellow oxide using the structural chromosome aberration assay in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Testing laboratory , Owner Company : International Tungsten Industry Association . IIT Research Institute (IITRI). Unpublished report no. 2248-001
   Google Scholar
• IIT Research Institute . 2010 . Bioaccessibility studies of five tungsten substances using simulated gastric, alveolar, interstitial, lysosomal, and sweat fluids. Testing laboratory , Owner Company : International Tungsten Industry Association . IIT Research Institute (IITRI) Life Sciences Group, Chicago, IL. Unpublished report no. 2234-001
   Google Scholar
• Kaplun , Z. S. and Mezentseva , N.V . 1959 . Hygienic evaluation of aerosols formed in the manufacture of hard alloys . Gig. Sanit , 24 : 16 – 22 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klimisch , H. , Andreae , M. and Tillmann , U. 1997 . Systematic approach for evaluating the quality of experimental toxicological and ecotoxicological data . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol , 25 : 1 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCain , W. C. , Crouse , L. , Thompson , M. , Quinn , M. , Bazar , M. , Beall , P. , Mozzachio , K. , Leach , G. and Middleton , J. 2009 . Unpublished report. Subchronic oral toxicity of sodium tungstate in Sprague-Dawley rats. Testing laboratory: Biotechnics, Hillsborough, NC , Owner Company : U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine (US CHPPM) .
   Google Scholar
• McInturf , S. M. , Bekkedal , M. Y.-V. , Wilfong , E. , Arfsten , D. , Gunasekar , P. G. and Chapman , G. D. 2008 . Neurobehavioral effects of sodium tungstate exposure on rats and their progeny . Neurotoxicol. Teratol , 30 : 455 – 461 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McInturf , S. M. , Bekkedal , M. Y.-V. , Wilfong , E. , Arfsten , D. , Chapman , G. D. and Gunasekar , P. G. 2011 . The potential reproductive, neurobehavioral and systemic effects of soluble sodium tungstate exposure in Sprague–Dawley rats . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol , 254 : 133 – 137 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mezentseva , N. V. 1967 . “ Tungsten ” . In Toxicology of the rare metals , Edited by: Izrael'son , Z. I. 28 – 35 . Springfield , VA : U.S. Department of Commerce. National Technical Information Service . InedNTIS AEC-tr-6710
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health . September 1977 . Criteria for a recommended standard occupational exposure to tungsten and cemented tungsten carbide , September , U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Publication no. 77-127 . Washington, D.C.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2010. NIOSH pocket guide to chemical hazards. Tungsten. Washington, DC: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. November http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npg.html (http://http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npg.html)
   Google Scholar
• Rajendran , N. , Hu , S. C. , Sullivan , D. , Muzzio , M. , Detrisac , C. J. and Venezia , C. 2012 . Toxicologic evaluation of tungsten: 28-Day inhalation study of tungsten blue oxide in rats . Inhal. Toxicol , 24 : 985 – 994 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy, G., McCain, W. C., and Leach, G. J. 2007. Genotoxicity evaluation of sodium tungstate dihydrate and tungsten powder. Toxicologist 96: 340http://www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2007doc.nsf/LinkTo/NT0000426A/$FILE/JT03232745.PDF
   Google Scholar
• Renwick , A. G. and Lazarous , N. R. 1998 . Human variability and noncancer risk assessment. An analysis of the default uncertainty factor . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol , 27 : 3 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schell , J. D. and Pardus , M. J. 2009 . Preliminary risk-based concentrations for tungsten in soil and drinking water . Land Contam. Reclamat , 17 : 179 – 188 .
   Google Scholar