Quantitative weight of evidence assessment of higher tier studies on the toxicity and risks of neonicotinoids in honeybees. 3. Clothianidin

References

• [NWQMC] National Water Quality Monitoring Council. 2016. Water Quality Data. NWQMC. Accessed January 2016. http://waterqualitydata.us/portal/.
   Google Scholar
• [OMECC] Ontario Ministry of Environment and Climate Change. 2017. Stream neonicotinoid monitoring study OMECC. Accessed January 25, 2017. https://www.ontario.ca/search/data-catalogue?sort=asc&query=Neonicotinoid.
   Google Scholar
• [PubChem] PubChem. 2015. Clothianidin. PubChem. Accessed November 2015. http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Clothianidin#section=Top.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer AG. 2001. Effects of TI 435 techn. Residues in pollen on the development of small bee colonies and on behavior and mortality of honey bees. Report R-318040-01-1, Bayer AG (Unpublished Report), Leverkusen, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer AG Crop Protection. 2000a. Residues of TI-435 in nectar, blossoms, pollen and honey bees sampled from a summer rape field in Sweden and effects of these residues on foraging honeybees. Report M-027785-01-1. Bayer AG Crop Protection (unpublished reports), Leverkusen, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer AG Crop Protection. 2000b. Residues of TI-435 in nectar, blossoms, pollen and honey bees sampled from a british summer rape field and effects of these residues on foraging honeybees. Report M-023456-01-1, Bayer AG Crop Protection (unpublished reports), Leverkusen, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer AG Crop Protection. 2000c. Residues of TI-435 in nectar, blossoms, pollen and honey bees sampled from a summer rape field in sweden and effects of these residues on foraging honeybees. Report M-027785-01-1, BAYER AG Crop Protection (Unpublished Report), Leverkusen, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer AG Crop Protection. 2000d. Residues of TI-435 in nectar, blossoms, pollen and honey bees sampled from a French summer rape field and effects of these residues on foraging honeybees. Report M-023191-01-1, Bayer AG Crop Protection (Unpublished Report), Leverkusen, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer AG Crop Protection. 2001a. Effects of TI 435 techn. Residues in sunflower honey on the development of small bee colonies and on behavior and mortality of honey bees. Report M-031695-01-1, Bayer AG Crop Protection (unpublished reports), Leverkusen, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer AG Crop Protection. 2001b. Effects of Diet (sugar solution) Spiked with TI 435 techn. on behavior and mortality of honey bees (Apis mellifera) and on the weight development of bee colonies under field conditions. Report M-031717-01-1, Bayer AG Crop Protection (Unpublihed Report), Leverkusen, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer AG Crop Protection. 2001c. Effects of diet (sugar solution) spiked with the TI 435 metabolite TZMU on behavior and mortality of honey bees (Apis mellifera) and on the weight development of bee colonies under field conditions. Report M-031721-01-1, Bayer AG Crop Protection (Unpublished Report), Leverkusen, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer AG Crop Protection. 2001d. Residue levels of TI 435 FS 600 and its relevant metabolites in nectar, blossoms and pollen of sunflowers from dressed seeds and effects of these residues on foraging honeybees. Test Location: Farmland “Höfchen”. Report M-031715-01-1, Bayer AG Crop Protection (unpublished report), Leverkusen, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer AG Crop Protection. 2001e. Residue levels of TI 435 FS 600 and its relevant metabolites in nectar, blossoms and pollen of summer rape from dressed seeds and effects of these residues on foraging honeybees. Test location: Farmland “Laacher Hof’. Report M-031706-01-1, Bayer AG Crop Protection (unpublished reports), Leverkusen, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer AG Crop Protection. 2001f. Residue Levels of TI 435 FS 600 and its relevant metabolites in nectar, blossoms and pollen of sunflowers from dressed seeds and effects of these residues on foraging honeybees. Test location: “Laacher Hof”. Report M-031709-01-1, Bayer AG Crop Protection (unpublished reports), Leverkusen, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer AG Crop Protection. 2001g. Residue Levels of TI 435 FS 600 and its relevant metabolites in pollen of maize plants from dressed seeds. Test location: Farmland “Höfchen”. Report M-032379-01-1, Bayer AG Crop Protection (Unpublished Report) Leverkusen, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer AG Crop Protection. 2001h. Residue Levels of TI 435 FS 600 and its Relevant metabolites in nectar, blossoms and pollen of summer rape from dressed seeds and effects of these residues on foraging honeybees. Test Location: Farmland “Höfchen”. Report M-031711-01-1, Bayer AG Crop Protection (unpublished reports), Leverkusen, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer AG Crop Protection. 2001i. Residue Levels of TI 435 FS 600 and its relevant metabolites in pollen of maize plants from dressed seeds. Test location: Farmland “Laacher Hof”. Report M-032370-01-1, Bayer AG Crop Protection (Unpublished Report), Leverkusen, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer AG Crop Protection. 2002a. Evaluation of the effects of residues of Tl 435 in Maize pollen from dressed seeds on honeybees (Apis mellifera) in the Semifield. Appendix XIII Containing Data from Report MR-581/01. Report M-043264-01-1, Bayer AG Crop Protection (Unpublished Report), Leverkusen, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer AG Crop Protection. 2002b. Determination of the residue levels of Tl 435 and its relevant metabolites in nectar and pollen of winter rape from dressed seeds. Test location: Farmland “Laacher Hof”. Report M-058143-01-1, Bayer AG Crop Protection (Unpublished Report) Leverkusen, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer AG Crop Protection. 2002c. Residue levels of TI435 and its relevant metabolites in pollen of maize plants from dressed seeds, test location farmland “Höfchen”. Report M-067021-01-1, Bayer AG Crop Protection (Unpublished Report), Leverkusen, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer AG Crop Protection. 2002d. Residue levels of tl 435 and its relevant metabolites in pollen of maize plants from dressed seeds. Test location: Farmland “Laacher Hof”. Report M-066621-01-1, Bayer AG Crop Protection (Unpublished Report), Leverkusen, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer Corporation. 2001. The impact of GAUCHO® and TI-435 seed-treated canola on honey bees, Apis mellifera L. Guelph, Canada, St. Paul, United States. Report M-084721-01-1, University of Guelph (Biological), University of Minnesota (Biological), Enviro-Test Laboratories (Analytical) (Unpublished Report), Edmonton, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience. 2001. Effects of TI 435 techn. Residues in Pollen on the Development of Small Bee Colonies and on Behavior and Mortality of Honey Bees. Report M-031689-03-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience. 2003. Effects of diet (sugar solution) spiked with the clothianidin metabolite TZMU on behaviour and mortality of honeybees (Apis mellifera) and on the weight development of bee colonies under field conditions. Report M-076068-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience. 2006. An investigation of the potential long-term impact of clothianidin seed treated canola on honey bees, Apis mellifera L. Report M-289165-01-2, Bayer CropScience (Unpublished Report), Guelph, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience. 2012. Final Report (Non-GLP) field study to monitor potential effects on honey bees from exposure to guttation fluid of Winter Barley (W-BAR), seed-treated either with an imidacloprid or a clothianidin combi-product. Report M-498922-01-1, Bayer CropScience (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience. 2014a. Field study to monitor potential effects on honey bees from exposure to guttation fluid of Winter Barley (W-BAR), seed-treated with the insecticidal seed-treatment product clothianidin + imidacloprid FS 100 + 175 G in Germany in 2011/2012. Report M-501261-01-1, Bayer CropScience (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience. 2014b. Final report assessment of potential impacts on honeybee colony development, their hibernation performance and concurrent monitoring of aerial dust drift during the sowing operation of poncho beta plus - treated sugar beet pills with typical commercial vacuum-pneumatic sowing technology, directly adjacent to full-flowering Phacelia tanacetifolia in Germany. Report M-504065-01-1, Bayer CropScience (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience. 2014c. Clothianidin plant bioavailability and soil accumulation study. Report M-498438-01-1, Bayer CropScience (Unpublished Report), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience. 2014d. A long-term field study to monitor potential effects on the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) from exposure to guttation fluid of sugar beets, seed-treated with the insecticides clothianidin + imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin in Southern Germany in 2013 and 2014. Report M-500724-01-1, Bayer CropScience (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience. 2015a. Assessment of potential impacts on honeybee colony development, their hibernation performance and concurrent monitoring of aerial dust drift during the sowing operation of imidacloprid FS 350A G - treated winter barley with typical commercial pneumatic sowing technology, directly adjacent to full-flowering phacelia tanacetifolia in United Kingdom. Report M-504522-02-1, Bayer CropScience (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience. 2015b. Determination of residues of imidacloprid and clothianidin in flowers, leaves, soil, nectar and pollen of cotton after seed treatment with Gaucho® FS (Imidacloprid 600 FS) or Poncho® (Clothianidin 600 FS), or foliar application with Provado® 200 SC (Imidacloprid 200 SC) in a Semi-Field Study in Brazil. Report M-525745-01-1, Bayer CropScience (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience. 2015c. Determination of residues of imidacloprid and clothianidin in flowers, leaves, soil, nectar and pollen of soybean after seed treatment with Gaucho® FS (Imidacloprid 600 FS) or Poncho® (Clothianidin 600 FS), or Foliar application with Connect® Imidacloprid & Beta-Cyfluthrin 112.5 SC) in a Semi-Field Study in Brazil. Report M-525757-01-1, Bayer CropScience (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience. 2015d. Assessment of side effects of maize grown from seeds treated with clothianidin FS 600B G on the Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) in a long-term field study in Aquitaine (France). Report M-533855-02-1, Bayer CropScience (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience. 2015e. Determination of residues of imidacloprid and clothianidin in flowers, leaves, soil, nectar and pollen of cotton after seed treatment with Gaucho® FS (Imidacloprid 600 FS) or Poncho® (Clothianidin 600 FS), or Foliar Application with Provado® 200 SC (Imidacloprid 200 SC) in a Semi-Field Study in Brazil. Report M-525732-01-1, Bayer CropScience (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience. 2015f. Assessment of side effects of clothianidin FS 600B G treated maize seed on the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) in a long-term field study in Languedoc-Roussillon (France). Report M-347416-03-1, Bayer CropScience (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience. 2015g. Assessment of Side Effects of Clothianidin FS 600B G treated maize seed on the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) in a long-term field study in Champagne (France). Report M-347482-03-1, Bayer CropScience (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience. 2015h. Assessment of Side Effects of Clothianidin FS 600B G treated maize seed on the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) in a Long-Term Field Study in Alsace (France). Report M-347491-03-1, Bayer CropScience (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience. 2015i. Determination of clothianidin residues in bee relevant matrices, collected in a succeeding crop scenario with natural aged clothianidin residues – Field phase conducted with phacelia and maize in the UK (Goole, East Yorkshire). Report M-504590-01-1, Bayer CropScience (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience. 2015j. Determination of the residues of clothianidin in bee relevant matrices collected from succeeding crops following application of CLOTHIANIDIN FS 600B G via soil incorporation to plateau concentration and sowing of clothianidin-treated winter barley seeds. Field phase conducted in Southern France. Report M-504814-01-1, Bayer CropScience (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience. 2015k. Residues of clothianidin in nectar and pollen of flowering rotational crops in Western Germany. Report M-504884-01-1, Bayer CropScience (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2003. Effects of TI 435 techn. residues in pollen on the development of small bee colonies and on behavior and mortality of honey bees. Report R-319745-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2005a. Determination of residue levels of clothianidin, TZMU and TZNG in maize pollen in a succeeding crop scenario at bayer cropscience AG experimental farm “Laacher Hof”, Germany. Report M-256474-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2005b. Determination of residue levels of clothianidin, TZMU and TZNG in bee-relevant matrices of summer rape in a succeeding crop scenario at bayer cropscience AG experimental farm “Höfchen”, Germany. Report M-256718-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2005c. Determination of residue levels of clothianidin, TZMU and TZNG in maize pollen in a succeeding crop scenario at bayer cropscience AG experimental farm “Höfchen”, Germany. Report M-256564-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2005d. Deposition of clothianidin, emitted during sowing of dressed maize seeds with pneumatic sowing machines. Report M-256656-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2007a. Determination of residue levels of clothianidin, TZMU and TZNG in bee-relevant matricies of winter rape in a cereal succeeding crop scenario at bayer cropscience AG experimental farm “Laacher Hof”, Germany. Report M-291947-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2007b. Determination of residue levels of clothianidin, TMZU, And TZNG in bee-relevant matrices of winter rape in a cereal succeeding crop scenario at bayer cropscience AG experimental farm “Höfchen”, Germany. Report M-291950-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2008a. Addendum to Report MEF-08/453 - Investigations on the relationship between bee damage reports in the lake constance region in 2008 and the use of PonchoPro in maize seed treatment. Report M-309949-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2008b. Investigations on the relationship between bee damage reports in the Upper Rhine Valley in 2008 and the use of PonchoPro in maize seed treatment. Report M-309211-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2008c. Monitoring of dust drift deposits during and after the Drilling of Oilseed Rape (OSR), Dressed with ELADO® in Germany. Report M-313052-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Heidelberg, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2008d. Drift deposition pattern of seed treatment particles abraded from Smaragd Forte® Dressed barley seeds and emitted by a typical pneumatic and mechanical sowing machine. Report M-311825-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2008e. Determination of the residues of clothianidin and its metabolites TZMU and TZNG in pollen, harvested from maize plants, grown in commercial practice from Poncho Pro® Dressed Seeds (Nominally 1.25 mg Clothianidin/Seed) in the Upper Rhine Valley in Germany. Analytical Phase Report of Report M-309823-02-1. Report M-309799-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2009a. Determination of residue levels of clothianidin and its metabolites TZMU and TZNG in pollen harvested from maize plants grown in commercial practice from Poncho Pro® Dressed Seeds (Nominally 1.25 mg Clothianidin/Seed) in the Upper Rhine Valley in Germany. Report M-309823-02-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Heidelberg, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2009b. Clothianidin FS 600B G: A residue study with Clothianidin FS 600B G treated maize seed, investigating residues in crop, soil and honeybee products in Champagne (France). Niefern-Öschelbronn, Germany, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report). Report M-347748-01-1.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2009c. Monitoring of dust drift deposits during the sowing of maize seeds, treated with Poncho® (Clothianidin FS 600) on bee health study plots in France. Report M-352132-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2009d. Assessment of side effects of clothianidin FS 600B G treated maize seed on the honeybee {Apis mellifera L.) in a long-term field study in Languedoc-Roussillon (France). Niefern-Öschelbronn, Germany, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report). Report M-351028-01-1.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2009e. Assessment of side effects of clothianidin FS 600B G treated maize seed on the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) in a long-term field study in Languedoc-Roussillon (France). Report M-347416-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Niefern-Oschelbronn, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2009f. Guttation monitoring of maize seedlings under agronomic use conditions in Austria and assessment of the relevance of guttation for honeybees. Report M-355004-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2009g. Clothianidin FS 600B G: A residue study with clothianidin FS 600B G treated maize seed, investigating residues in crop, soil and honeybee products in Languedoc-Roussillon (France), Interim report. Report M-347742-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Niefern-Öschelbronn, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2009h. Drift deposition pattern of seed treatment particles abraded from Elado® Dressed OSR seeds and emitted by a typical pneumatic and mechanical sowing machine, amendment no. 1 to report NAX/SP04-2008. Report M-311822-03-1, Monheim, Germany, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report).
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2009i. Monitoring of dust drift deposits during the sowing of maize seeds, treated with Poncho® (Clothianidin FS 600) on bee health study plots in France. Report M-355589-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim am Rhein, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2009j. Assessment of Side Effects of Clothianidin FS 600B G Treated Maize Seed on the Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) in a Long-Term Field Study in Alsace (France). Report M-347491-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Niefern-Oschelbronn, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2009k. Clothianidin FS 600B G: A residue study with clothianidin FS 600B G treated maize seed, investigating residues in crop, soil and honeybee products in Alsace (France). Niefern-Öschelbronn, Germany, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report). Report M-347727-01-1.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2010a. Determination of Residues of Clothianidin and Imidacloprid and their Metabolites in Melon Following an Application of Clothianidin & Imidacloprid WS 56.25 + 18.75 as Seed Treatment. Report M-361798-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Niefern-Öschelbronn, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2010b. Determination of residues of clothianidin, TZNG and TZMU in bee relevant matrices of two different varieties of spring rape at Bayer CropScience AG Experimental Farm “Höfchen”, Germany. Report M-397561-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2010c. Assessment of potential impacts on honeybee colony development and monitoring of aerial dust drift during the sowing of clothianidin fs 600 treated maize seeds with modified seeding technology directly adjacent to full-flowering winter oil seed rape in Austria Amendment No. 2 to Report. Report M-393055-03-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2010d. Field survey on guttation of maize seedlings under agronomic use conditions in Austria and assessment of the relevance of guttation fluid for honeybees. Report M-355018-03-2, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2010e. Exposure of bees under semi-field conditions to dust abraded from maize seeds dressed with the seed dressing product Clothianidin FS 600 and to Clothianidin FS 600 when applied as liquid formulation to flowering Phacelia crop. Report M-362814-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2010f. Determination of residue levels of clothianidin, TZNG and TZMU in bee relevant matrices of two different varieties of winter rape at Bayer CropScience AG Experimental Farm “Laacher Hof”, Germany. Report M-397570-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2011a. Determination of the residue levels of clothianidin, TZNG and TZMU in bee relevant matrices of two different varieties of winter rape at Bayer CropScience AG Experimental Farm “Laacher Hof”, Germany. Report M-412082-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2011b. Determination of residue levels of clothianidin, TZNG and TZMU in bee relevant matrices of two different varieties of spring rape at Bayer CropScience AG experimental farm “Laacher Hof”, Germany. Report M-400327-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2011c. Determination of residues of clothianidin, TZNG and TZMU in bee relevant matrices of two different varieties of winter rape at bayer cropscience AG experimental farm “höfchen”, germany amendment no. 1 to analytical phase report. Report M-400814-02-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2011d. Assessment of potential impacts on honey bee colony development and monitoring of aerial dust drift during the sowing of clothianidin FS 600 treated maize seeds with modified seeding technology directly adjacent to full- flowering winter oil-seed rape in Austria. Report M-394653-02-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2012a. Determination of the residue levels of clothianidin, TZNG and TZMU in bee relevant matrices of two different varieties of winter rape at Bayer CropScience AG Experimental Farm “Höfchen”, Germany. Report M-421561-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2012b. Determination of the residue levels of clothianidin, TZNG and TZMU in bee relevant matrices of two different varieties of spring rape at Bayer CropScience AG Experimental Farm “Höfchen”, Germany. Report M-421571-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim am Rhein, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2012c. Determination of the residue levels of clothianidin, TZNG and TZMU in bee relevant matrices of two different varieties of spring rape at Bayer CropScience AG Experimental Farm “Laacher Hof”, Germany. Report M-421580-01-2, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim am Rein, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2014a. Assessment of potential impacts on honeybee colony development, their hibernation performance and concurrent monitoring of aerial dust drift during the sowing operation of poncho beta plus - treated sugar beet pills with typical commercial Vacuum-Pneumatic sowing technology, directly adjacent to full-flowering Phacelia tanacetifolia in Germany. Report M-504065-01-2, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Hirschberg, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2014b. Large-scale monitoring of long-term effects of Elado (10 g Clothianidin & 2 g Beta-Cyfluthrin/kg seed) dressed oilseed rape on pollinating insects in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany: VI residues of clothianidin in nectar and pollen collected by honey bees in tunnel tents. Report M-504416-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Leverkusen, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2014c. Large-scale monitoring of long-term effects of elado (10 g clothianidin & 2 g beta-cyfluthrin/kg seed) dressed oilseed rape on pollinating insects in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany: V seed characterisation, drilling and growth of oilseed rape. Report M-504076-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Leverkusen, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2014d. A long-term field study to monitor potential effects on the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) from exposure to guttation fluid of sugar beets, seed-treated with the insecticides Clothianidin + Imidacloprid + Beta-Cyfluthrin in Southern Germany in 2013 and 2014. Report M-500734-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2014e. Large-scale monitoring of long-term effects of Elado (10 g Clothianidin & 2 g Beta-Cyfluthrin/kg seed) dressed oilseed rape on pollinating insects in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany: IV residues of clothianidin in soil before drilling and soil characterisation. Report M-503397-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Leverkusen, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2014f. Large-scale monitoring of long-term effects of Elado (10 g Clothianidin & 2 g Beta-Cyfluthrin/kg seed) dressed oilseed rape on pollinating insects in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany: II Project area and study fields characterisation. Report M-503370-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim am Rhein, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2014g. Field study to monitor potential effects on honey bees from exposure to guttation fluid of winter wheat (W-WHT), seed-treated either with an imidacloprid or a clothianidin combi-product. Report M-498939-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Monheim, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2014h. Residues of clothianidin in nectar and pollen of flowering rotational crops in Western Germany. Report M-501707-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Leverkusen, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2014i. Large-scale monitoring of long-term effects of Elado (10 g Clothianidin & 2 g Beta-Cyfluthrin/kg seed) dressed oilseed rape on pollinating insects in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany: VII Effects on honey bees (Apis mellifera). Report M-503572-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Leverkusen, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2014j. Determination of Clothianidin residues in bee relevant matrices, collected in a succeeding crop scenario with natural aged clothianidin residues - Field phase conducted with Phacelia and Maize in the UK (Goole, East Yorkshire). Report M-502462-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), North Yorkshire, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2015a. 1Determination of residues of lmidacloprid and clothianidin in flowers, leaves, soil, nectar and pollen of soybean after seed treatment with Gaucho® FS (Imidacloprid 600 FS) or Poncho® (Clothianidin 600 FS), or Foliar Application with Connect® (Imidacloprid & Beta-Cyfluthrin 112.5 SC) in a semi-field study in Brazil. Report M-515291-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Niefern-Oeschelbronn, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2015b. Determination of residues of lmidacloprid and clothianidin in flowers, leaves, soil, nectar and pollen of cotton after seed treatment with Gaucho® FS (Imidacloprid 600 FS) or Poncho® (Clothianidin 600 FS), or Foliar Application with Provado® 200 SC (Imidacloprid 200 SC) in a semi-field study in Brazil. Report M-519517-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Niefern-Oeschelbronn, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience AG. 2015c. Determination of residues of imidacloprid and clothianidin in flowers, leaves, soil, nectar and pollen of cotton after seed treatment with Gaucho® FS (Imidacloprid 600 FS) or Poncho® (Clothianidin 600 FS), or Foliar Application with Provado® 200 SC (Imidacloprid 200 SC) in a semi-field study in Brazil. Report M-512861-01-1, Bayer CropScience AG (Unpublished Report), Niefern-Oeschelbronn, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bayer CropScience L. 2014e. Clothianidin – overview of accumulation in soil and bioavailability for uptake into crops, pollen and nectar. Report M-497930-01-1, Bayer CropScience LP (Unpublished Report), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Biocca, M., R. Fanigliulo, P. Gallo, P. Pulcini, and D. Pochi. 2015. The assessment of dust drift from pneumatic drills using static tests and in-field validation. Crop Protection 71:109–15. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2015.02.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blacquière, T., G. Smagghe, CAM Van Gestel, and V. Mommaerts. 2012. Neonicotinoids in bees: A review on concentrations, side-effects and risk assessment. Ecotoxicology 21:973–92. doi:10.1007/s10646-012-0863-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botias, C., A. David, J. Horwood, A. Abdul-Sada, E. Nicholls, E. Hill, and D. Goulson. 2015. Neonicotinoid residues in wildflowers, a potential route of chronic exposure for bees. Environmental Science & Technology 49:12731–40. doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b03459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chauzat, M.-P., A.-C. Martel, P. Blanchard, M.-C. Clément, F. Schurr, C. Lair, M. Ribière, K. Klaus, P. Rosenkranz, and J.-P. Faucon. 2010. A case report of a honey bee colony poisoning incident in France. Journal of Apicultural Research 49:113–15. doi:10.3896/IBRA.1.49.1.22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler, G. C., and C. D. Scott-Dupree. 2007. Exposure to clothianidin seed-treated canola has no long-term impact on honey bees. Journal of Economic Entomology 100:765–72. doi:10.1603/0022-0493(2007)100[765:ETCSCH]2.0.CO;2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler, G. C., C. D. Scott-Dupree, M. Sultan, A. D. McFarlane, and L. Brewer. 2014. A large-scale field study examining effects of exposure to clothianidin seed-treated canola on honey bee colony health, development, and overwintering success. Peer Journal 2:e652. doi:10.7717/peerj.652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Prisco, G., V. Cavaliere, D. Annoscia, P. Varricchio, E. Caprio, F. Nazzi, G. Gargiulo, and F. Pennacchio. 2013. Neonicotinoid clothianidin adversely affects insect immunity and promotes replication of a viral pathogen in honey bees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 110:18466–71. doi:10.1073/pnas.1314923110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EFSA. 2013. Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment for bees for the active substance clothianidin. EFSA Journal 11–3066:58.
   Google Scholar
• Fairbrother, A., J. Purdy, T. Anderson, and R. Fell. 2014. Risks of neonicotinoid insecticides to honeybees. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 33:719–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girolami, V., M. Marzaro, L. Vivan, L. Mazzon, C. Giorio, D. Marton, and A. Tapparo. 2013. Aerial powdering of bees inside mobile cages and the extent of neonicotinoid cloud surrounding corn drillers. Journal of Applied Entomology 137:35–44. doi:10.1111/jen.2012.137.issue-1-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girolami, V., M. Marzaro, L. Vivan, L. Mazzon, M. Greatti, C. Giorio, D. Marton, and A. Tapparo. 2012. Fatal powdering of bees in flight with particulates of neonicotinoids seed coating and humidity implication. Journal of Applied Entomology 136:17–26. doi:10.1111/jen.2011.136.issue-1-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, M., N. Cerrutti, P. Aupinel, A. Decourtye, M. Gayrard, J.-F. Odoux, A. Pissard, C. Rüger, and V. Bretagnolle. 2015. Reconciling laboratory and field assessments of neonicotinoid toxicity to honeybees. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282:20152110. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.2110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeschke, P., R. Nauen, M. Schindler, and A. Elbert. 2011. Overview of the status and global strategy for neonicotinoids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59:2897–908. doi:10.1021/jf101303g.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, A., P. Harrington, and G. Turnbull. 2014. Neonicotinoid concentrations in arable soils after seed treatment applications in preceding years. Pest Management Science 70:1780–84. doi:10.1002/ps.2014.70.issue-12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasiotis, K. M., C. Anagnostopoulos, P. Anastasiadou, and K. Machera. 2014. Pesticide residues in honeybees, honey and bee pollen by LC-MS/MS screening: Reported death incidents in honeybees. Science of the Total Environment 485–486:633–42. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krupke, C. H., G. J. Hunt, B. D. Eitzer, G. Andino, and, K. Given. 2012. Multiple routes of pesticide exposure for honey bees living near agricultural fields. PLoS ONE 7:e29268. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kujawski, M. W., and J. Namieśnik. 2011. Levels of 13 multi-class pesticide residues in Polish honeys determined by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Food Control 22:914–19. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.11.024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebig, G., T. Kustermann, and D. De Craigher 2008. Bee monitoring during and after the 2008 maize flowering season in the Rhine Valley. Report M-328613-01-4, Germany Universitat Hohenheim (Unpublished Report), Stuttgart.
   Google Scholar
• Main, A. R., J. Fehr, K. Liber, J. V. Headley, K. M. Peru, and C. A. Morrissey. 2017. Reduction of neonicotinoid insecticide residues in Prairie wetlands by common wetland plants. Science of the Total Environment 579:1193–202. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Main, A. R., J. V. Headley, K. M. Peru, N. L. Michel, A. J. Cessna, and C. A. Morrissey. 2014. Widespread use and frequent detection of neonicotinoid insecticides in wetlands of Canada’s Prairie Pothole Region. PLoS ONE 9:e92821. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Main, A. R., N. L. Michel, M. C. Cavallaro, J. V. Headley, K. M. Peru, and C. A. Morrissey. 2016. Snowmelt transport of neonicotinoid insecticides to Canadian Prairie wetlands. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 215:76–84. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2015.09.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzaro, M., L. Vivan, A. Targa, L. Mazzon, N. Mori, M. Greatti, E. P. Toffolo, A. Di Bernardo, C. Giorio, D. Marton, A. Tapparo, and V. Girolami. 2011. Lethal aerial powdering of honey bees with neonicotinoids from fragments of maize seed coat. Bulletin of Insectology 64:119–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohorecka, K., P. Skubida, A. Miszczak, P. Semkiw, P. Sikorski, K. Zagibajło, D. Teper, Z. Kołtowski, M. Skubida, D. Zdańska, and A. Bober. 2012. Residues of neonicotinoid insecticides in bee collected plant materials from oilseed rape crops and their effect on bee colonies. Journal of Apicultural Science 56:115–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohorecka, K., P. Skubida, P. Semkiw, A. Miszczak, D. Teper, P. Sikorski, K. Zagibajło, M. Skubida, D. Zdańska, and A. Bober. 2013. Effects of exposure of honey bee colonies to neonicotinoid seed–treated maize crops. Journal of Apicultural Science 57:199–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reetz, J. E., S. Zühlke, M. Spiteller, and K. Wallner. 2011. Neonicotinoid insecticides translocated in guttated droplets of seed-treated maize and wheat: A threat to honeybees? Apidologie 42:596–606. doi:10.1007/s13592-011-0049-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rundlöf, M., GK Andersson, R. Bommarco, I. Fries, V. Hederström, L. Herbertsson, O. Jonsson, B. K. Klatt, T. R. Pedersen, J. Yourstone, and H. G. Smith. 2015. Seed coating with a neonicotinoid insecticide negatively affects wild bees. Nature 521:77–80. doi:10.1038/nature14420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaafsma, A., V. Limay-Rios, T. Baute, J. Smith, and Y. Xue. 2015. Neonicotinoid insecticide residues in surface water and soil associated with commercial maize (corn) fields in Southwestern Ontario. PLoS ONE 10:e0118139. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, C. W., J. Tautz, B. Grunewald, and S. Fuchs. 2012. RFID tracking of sublethal effects of two neonicotinoid insecticides on the foraging behavior of Apis mellifera. PLoS ONE 7:e30023. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, K. R., and G. L. Stephenson. 2017. Quantitative weight of evidence assessment of higher tier studies on the toxicity and risks of neonicotinoid insecticides in honeybees 1: Methods. Journal Toxicogical Environment Health B This Issue.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson, G. L., and K. R. Solomon. 2017. Quantitative weight of evidence assessment of higher tier studies on the toxicity and risks of neonicotinoid insecticides in honeybees 2: Imidacloprid. Journal Toxicogical Environment Health B This issue.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, S. D., G. M. Lorenz, A. L. Catchot, J. Gore, D. Cook, J. Skinner, T. C. Mueller, D. R. Johnson, J. Zawislak, and J. Barber. 2014. Potential exposure of pollinators to neonicotinoid insecticides from the use of insecticide seed treatments in the Mid-Southern United States. Environmental Science & Technology 48:9762–69. doi:10.1021/es501657w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Struger, J., J. Grabuski, S. Cagampan, E. Sverko, D. McGoldrick, and C. H. Marvin. 2017. Factors influencing the occurrence and distribution of neonicotinoid insecticides in surface waters of southern Ontario, Canada. Chemosphere 169:516–23. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tapparo, A., C. Giorio, M. Marzaro, D. Marton, L. Solda, and V. Girolami. 2011. Rapid analysis of neonicotinoid insecticides in guttation drops of corn seedlings obtained from coated seeds. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 13:1564–68. doi:10.1039/c1em10085h.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• USEPA. 2003a. Data evaluation record honey bee - acute oral LD50 Test TI-435 metabolite TZNG: Acute oral toxicity to honey bees (Apis mellifera).Report MRID No.: 45422430, National Bee Unit, Central Science Laboratory, York, UK.
   Google Scholar
• USEPA. 2003b. Data evaluation record honey bee - acute oral LD50 test TI-435 metabolite TZMU: Acute oral toxicity to honey bees (Apis mellifera). Report MRID No.: 45422429, National Bee Unit, Central Science Laboratory,York, UK.
   Google Scholar
• USEPA. 2014. Guidance for assessing pesticide risks to bees. Report, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, Office of Pesticide Programs. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-06/documents/pollinator_risk_assessment_guidance_06_19_14.pdf.
   Google Scholar