Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: What do we Know about the Role of Occupational and Environmental Determinants? A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis

References

• Abramson, M. J., S. M. Tsitsi Murambadoro, G. P. Alif, S. C. Benke, I. G. Dharmage, R. F. Peter Hopkins, S. K. Hoy, Y. Moodley, P. N. Shuli Rawson, R. W. Reynolds, et al. 2020. Occupational and environmental risk factors for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in Australia: Case-control study. Thorax 75:864–69. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-214478.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American Thoracic Society. 2000. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Diagnosis and treatment. International consensus statement. American Thoracic Society (ATS), and the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 161: 646–64. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.161.2.ats3-00.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson, M., P. D. Blanc, K. Toren, and B. Jarvholm. 2021. Smoking, occupational exposures, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis among Swedish construction workers. Am. J. Indust. Med. 64:251–57. doi:10.1002/ajim.23231.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Asif, M. 2009. Sustainability of construction materials: Part 2: Sutainability of timber, wood and bamboo in construction. In Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering, 31–54. doi:10.1533/9781845695842.31.
   Google Scholar
• Awadalla, N. J., A. Hegazy, R. A. Elmetwally, and I. Wahby. 2012. Occupational and environmental risk factors for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in Egypt: A multicenter case-control study. Int J Occup Environ Med 3 (3):107–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baumgartner, K. B., J. M. Samet, D. B. Coultas, C. A. Stidley, W. C. Hunt, T. V. Colby, and J. A. Waldron. 2000. Occupational and environmental risk factors for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A multicenter case-control study. Collaborating Centers. Am. J. Epidemiol. 152:307–15. doi:10.1093/aje/152.4.307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellou, V., L. Belbasis, and E. Evangelou. 2021. Tobacco smoking and risk for pulmonary fibrosis: A prospective cohort study from the UK biobank. Chest 160 (3):983–93. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2021.04.035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanc, P. D., I. Annesi-Maesano, J. R. Balmes, K. J. Cummings, D. Fishwick, D. Miedinger, N. Murgia, R. N. Naidoo, C. J. Reynolds, T. Sigsgaard, et al. 2019. The occupational burden of onmalignant respiratory diseases. An official American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society Statement. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 199 (11):1312–34. doi:10.1164/rccm.201904-0717ST.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blangiardo, M., M. Pirani, L. Kanapka, A. Hansell, and G. Fuller. 2019. A hierarchical modelling approach to assess multi pollutant effects in time-series studies. PLoS One 14:e0212565. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212565.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bornholdt, J., A. T. Saber, A. K. Sharma, K. Savolainen, U. Vogel, and H. Wallin. 2007. Inflammatory response and genotoxicity of seven wood dusts in the human epithelial cell line A549. Mut. Res. 632 (1–2):78–88. doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.04.016.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bourke, S. C., and H. Clague. 2000. Review of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, including current treatment guidelines. Postgrad. Med. J. 76 (900):618–24. doi:10.1136/pmj.76.900.618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canestaro, W. J., S. H. Forrester, G. Raghu, L. Ho, and B. E. Devine. 2016. Drug treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. Chest 149 (3):756–66. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2015.11.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chauvin, P., M. Kerjouan, P. Jego, S. Jouneau, and A. Lescoat. 2021. [Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: An update]. Rev. Med. Interne 42 (11):772–80. doi:10.1016/j.revmed.2021.03.333.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cottin, V., N. A. Hirani, D. L. Hotchkin, A. M. Nambiar, T. Ogura, M. Otaola, D. Skowasch, J. S. Park, H. K. Poonyagariyagorn, W. Wuyts, et al. 2018. Presentation, diagnosis and clinical course of the spectrum of progressive-fibrosing interstitial lung diseases. Eur Respir Rev 27.
   Google Scholar
• Cottin, V., L. Wollin, A. Fischer, M. Quaresma, S. Stowasser, and S. Harari. 2019. Fibrosing interstitial lung diseases: Knowns and unknowns. Eur. Respir. Rev. 28.
   Google Scholar
• Demers, P. A., K. Teschke, and S. M. Kennedy. 1997. What to do about softwood? A review of respiratory effects and recommendations regarding exposure limits. Am. J. Ind. Med. 31 (4):385–98. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199704)31:4<385::AID-AJIM3>3.0.CO;2-V.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominici, F., R. D. Peng, C. D. Barr, and M. L. Bell. 2010. Protecting human health from air pollution: Shifting from a single-pollutant to a multipollutant approach. Epidemiology 21 (2):187–94. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181cc86e8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekstrom, M., T. Gustafson, K. Boman, K. Nilsson, G. Tornling, N. Murgia, and K. Toren. 2014. Effects of smoking, gender and occupational exposure on the risk of severe pulmonary fibrosis: A population-based case-control study. BMJ Open 4 (1):e004018. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004018.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garcia-Sancho Figueroa, M. C., G. Carrillo, R. Perez-Padilla, M. R. Fernandez-Plata, I. Buendia-Roldan, M. H. Vargas, and M. Selman. 2010. Risk factors for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in a Mexican population. A case-control study. Respir. Med. 104 (2):305–09. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2009.08.013.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• George, P. M., P. Spagnolo, M. Kreuter, G. Altinisik, M. Bonifazi, F. J. Martinez, P. L. Molyneaux, E. A. Renzoni, L. Richeldi, S. Tomassetti, et al.; I. L. D. working group Erice. 2020. Progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease: Clinical uncertainties, consensus recommendations, and research priorities. Lancet Respir. Med. 8 (9):925–34. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30355-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass, D. S., D. Grossfeld, H. A. Renna, P. Agarwala, P. Spiegler, J. DeLeon, and A. B. Reiss. 2022. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Current and future treatment. Clin Respir J 16 (2):84–96. doi:10.1111/crj.13466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass, D. S., D. Grossfeld, H. A. Renna, P. Agarwala, P. Spiegler, L. J. Kasselman, A. D. Glass, J. DeLeon, and A. B. Reiss. 2020. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Molecular mechanisms and potential treatment approaches. Respir. Investig. 58 (5):320–35. doi:10.1016/j.resinv.2020.04.002.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gustafson, T., A. Dahlman-Hoglund, K. Nilsson, K. Strom, G. Tornling, and K. Toren. 2007. Occupational exposure and severe pulmonary fibrosis. Respir. Med. 101 (10):2207–12. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2007.02.027.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hancock, D. G., M. E. Langley, K. L. Chia, R. J. Woodman, and E. M. Shanahan. 2015. Wood dust exposure and lung cancer risk: A meta-analysis. Occup. Environ. Med. 72 (12):889–98. doi:10.1136/oemed-2014-102722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, J. M., P. Cullinan, and J. C. McDonald. 2001. Occupational distribution and geographic clustering of deaths certified to be cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis in England and wales. Chest 119 (2):428–33. doi:10.1378/chest.119.2.428.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hubbard, R., M. Cooper, M. Antoniak, A. Venn, S. Khan, I. Johnston, S. Lewis, and J. Britton. 2000. Risk of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis in metal workers. Lancet 355 (9202):466–67. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)82017-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hubbard, R., S. Lewis, K. Richards, I. Johnston, and J. Britton. 1996. Occupational exposure to metal or wood dust and aetiology of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Lancet 347 (8997):284–89. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90465-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwai, K., T. Mori, N. Yamada, M. Yamaguchi, and Y. Hosoda. 1994. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Epidemiologic approaches to occupational exposure. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 150 (3):670–75. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.150.3.8087336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S. Y., D. M. Kang, H. K. Lee, K. H. Kim, and J. Choi. 2017. Occupational and environmental risk actors for chronic fibrosing idiopathic interstitial pneumonia in South Korea. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 59 (11):e221–e226. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000001153.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koo, J. W., J. P. Myong, H. K. Yoon, C. K. Rhee, Y. Kim, J. S. Kim, B. S. Jo, Y. Cho, J. Byun, M. Choi, et al. 2017. Occupational exposure and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A multicentre case-control study in Korea. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 21 (1):107–12. doi:10.5588/ijtld.16.0167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C. T., and K. A. Johannson. 2020. Occupational exposures and IPF: When the dust unsettles. Thorax 75 (10):828–29. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215567.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee, S. H., D. S. Kim, Y. W. Kim, M. P. Chung, S. T. Uh, C. S. Park, S. H. Jeong, Y. B. Park, H. L. Lee, J. S. Song, et al. 2015. Association between occupational dust exposure and prognosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A Korean national survey. Chest 147 (2):465–74. doi:10.1378/chest.14-0994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch, J. P., 3rd, R. H. Huynh, M. C. Fishbein, R. Saggar, J. A. Belperio, and S. S. Weigt. 2016. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Epidemiology, clinical features, prognosis, and management. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care. Med 37 (3):331–57. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1582011.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maatta, J., R. Luukkonen, K. Husgafvel-Pursiainen, H. Alenius, and K. Savolainen. 2006. Comparison of hardwood and softwood dust-induced expression of cytokines and chemokines in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Toxicology 218 (1):13–21. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2005.09.001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Majewski, S., and W. J. Piotrowski. 2020. Air pollution-An overlooked risk factor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Med 10.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, K. C. 2017. Pulmonary fibrosis, part I: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis. Expert Rev Respir Med 11 (5):343–59. doi:10.1080/17476348.2017.1312346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake, Y., S. Sasaki, T. Yokoyama, K. Chida, A. Azuma, T. Suda, S. Kudoh, N. Sakamoto, K. Okamoto, G. Kobashi, et al. 2005. Occupational and environmental factors and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in Japan. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 49 (3):259–65. doi:10.1093/annhyg/meh090.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moher, D., A. Liberati, J. Tetzlaff, D. G. Altman, and P. Group. 2009. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Br. Med. J. 339:b2535. doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morell, F., A. Villar, M. A. Montero, X. Munoz, T. V. Colby, S. Pipvath, M. J. Cruz, and G. Raghu. 2013. Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis in patients diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A prospective case-cohort study. Lancet Respir. Med. 1 (9):685–94. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70191-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mossman, B. T., and A. Churg. 1998. Mechanisms in the pathogenesis of asbestosis and silicosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 157 (5):1666–80. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.157.5.9707141.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moss, B. J., S. W. Ryter, and I. O. Rosas. 2022. Pathogenic mechanisms underlying idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Annu. Rev. Pathol. 17:515–46. doi:10.1146/annurev-pathol-042320-030240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nalysnyk, L., J. Cid-Ruzafa, P. Rotella, and D. Esser. 2012. Incidence and prevalence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Review of the literature. Eur. Respir. Rev. 21 (126):355–61. doi:10.1183/09059180.00002512.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oda, K., K. Yatera, Y. Fujino, H. Ishimoto, H. Nakao, T. Hanaka, T. Ogoshi, T. Kido, K. Fushimi, S. Matsuda, et al. 2016. Efficacy of concurrent treatments in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients with a rapid progression of respiratory failure: An analysis of a national administrative database in Japan. BMC Pulm. Med. 16 (1):91. doi:10.1186/s12890-016-0253-x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oda, K., K. Yatera, Y. Fujino, T. Kido, T. Hanaka, K. Sennari, K. Fushimi, S. Matsuda, and H. Mukae. 2018. Respiratory comorbidities and risk of mortality in hospitalized patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir. Investig. 56 (6):4–71. doi:10.1016/j.resinv.2017.09.006.
   Google Scholar
• Ojima, J. 2016. Generation rate and particle size distribution of wood dust by handheld sanding operation. J. Occup. Health 58 (6):640–43. doi:10.1539/joh.16-0136-BR.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olson, A. L., A. H. Gifford, N. Inase, E. R. Fernandez Perez, and T. Suda. 2018. The epidemiology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and interstitial lung diseases at risk of a progressive-fibrosing phenotype. Eur. Respir. Rev. 27.
   Google Scholar
• Paolocci, G., I. Folletti, K. Toren, M. Ekstrom, M. Dell’Omo, G. Muzi, and N. Murgia. 2018. Occupational risk factors for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in Southern Europe: A case-control study. BMC Pulm. Med. 18 (1):75. doi:10.1186/s12890-018-0644-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, Y., C. Ahn, and T. H. Kim. 2021. Occupational and environmental risk factors of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Sci. Rep. 11 (1):4318. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81591-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, Y., C. Ahn, and T.-H. Kim. 2021. Occupational and environmental risk factors of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Sci Rep, 11:4313.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pędzik, M., K. Stuper-Szablewska, M. Sydor, and T. Rogoziński. 2020. Influence of grit size and wood species on the granularity of dust particles during sanding. Appl. Sci. 10 (22):8165. doi:10.3390/app10228165.
   Google Scholar
• Phan, T. H. G., P. Paliogiannis, G. K. Nasrallah, R. Giordo, A. H. Eid, A. G. Fois, A. Zinellu, A. A. Mangoni, and G. Pintus. 2021. Emerging cellular and molecular determinants of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 78 (5):2031–57. doi:10.1007/s00018-020-03693-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinheiro, G. A., V. C. Antao, J. M. Wood, and J. T. Wassell. 2008. Occupational risks for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis mortality in the United States. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health. 14 (2):117–23. doi:10.1179/oeh.2008.14.2.117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pylkkanen, L., H. Stockmann-Juvala, H. Alenius, K. Husgafvel-Pursiainen, and K. Savolainen. 2009. Wood dusts induce the production of reactive oxygen species and caspase-3 activity in human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicology 262 (3):265–70. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2009.06.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghu, G., M. Remy-Jardin, J. L. Myers, L. Richeldi, C. J. Ryerson, D. J. Lederer, J. Behr, V. Cottin, S. K. Danoff, F. Morell, et al.; European Respiratory Society Japanese Respiratory Society American Thoracic Society, and Society Latin American Thoracic. 2018. Diagnosis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. An Official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT Clinical Practice Guideline. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 198 (5):e44–e68. doi:10.1164/rccm.201807-1255ST.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera-Ortega, P., and M. Molina-Molina. 2019. Interstitial lung diseases in developing countries. Ann. Glob. Health 85 (1):85. doi:10.5334/aogh.2352.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Russell, A. M., E. Ripamonti, and C. Vancheri. 2016. Qualitative European survey of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Patients’ perspectives of the disease and treatment. BMC Pulm. Med. 16 (1):10. doi:10.1186/s12890-016-0171-y.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scott, J., I. Johnston, and J. Britton. 1990. What causes cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis? A case-control study of environmental exposure to dust. Br. Med. J. 301 (6759):1015–57. doi:10.1136/bmj.301.6759.1015.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Somogyi, V., N. Chaudhuri, S. E. Torrisi, N. Kahm, V. Muller, and M. Kreuter. 2018. The therapy of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: What is next? Eur. Respir. Rev. 28 (153):190021. doi:10.1183/16000617.0021-2019.
   Google Scholar
• Spagnolo, P., N. Sverzellati, G. Rossi, A. Cavazza, A. Tzouvelekis, B. Crestani, and C. Vancheri. 2015. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A update. Ann. Med. 47 (1):15–27. doi:10.3109/07853890.2014.982165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroup, D. F., J. A. Berlin, S. C. Morton, I. Olkin, G. D. Williamson, D. Rennie, D. Moher, B. J. Becker, T. A. Sipe, and S. B. Thacker. 2000. Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology A Proposal for Reporting. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 283 (15):2008–12. doi:10.1001/jama.283.15.2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taskar, V. S., and D. B. Coultas. 2006. Is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis an environmental disease? Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 3 (4):293–98. doi:10.1513/pats.200512-131TK.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trethewey, S. P., and G. I. Walters. 2018. The role of occupational and environmental exposures in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A narrative literature review. Medicina (Kaunas) 54.
   Google Scholar
• Tzouvelekis, A., F. Bonella, and P. Spagnolo. 2015. Update on therapeutic management of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ther. Clin. Risk. Manag. 11:359–70. doi:10.2147/TCRM.S69716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Manen, M. J., S. S. Birring, C. Vancheri, V. Cottin, E. A. Renzoni, A. M. Russell, and M. S. Wijsenbeek. 2016. Cough in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur. Respir. Rev. 25 (141):278–86. doi:10.1183/16000617.0090-2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veroniki, A. A., D. Jackson, W. Viechtbauer, R. Bender, J. Bowden, G. Knapp, O. Kuss, J. P. Higgins, D. Langan, and G. Salanti. 2016. Methods to estimate the between-study variance and its uncertainty in meta-analysis. Res. Synth. Meth. 7 (1):55–79. doi:10.1002/jrsm.1164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters, G. I. 2020. Occupational exposures and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 20 (2):103–11. doi:10.1097/ACI.0000000000000610.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wells, G. A., B. Shea, D. O’Connell, J. Peterson, V. Welch, M. Losos. 2016. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp.
   Google Scholar