Review of environmental airborne pyrene/benzo[a]pyrene levels from industrial emissions for the improvement of 1-hydroxypyrene biomonitoring interpretation

References

• Allard, B., M. Tawfik, and A. Kumar. 2016. “Performances of Green and Eco-Friendly Ramming Astes in EGA Pots.” Metals 6 (5): 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/met6050112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). 2020. “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Update 2017.” Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs with Worldwide Occupational Exposure Values, 7th ed. Cincinnati (USA): ACGIH.
   Google Scholar
• Aquilina, J., and R. M. Harrison. 2023. “Evaluation of the Cancer Risk from PAHs by Inhalation: Are Current Methods Fit for Purpose?” Environment International 177:107991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.107991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbeau, D., S. Lutier, V. Bonneterre, R. Persoons, M. Marques. 2015. “Occupational Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Relations Between Atmospheric Mixtures, Urinary Metabolites and Sampling Times.” International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 88 (8): 1119–1129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-015-1042-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbeau, D., S. Lutier, L. Choisnard, M. Marques, R. Persoons, and A. Maitre. 2018. “Urinary Trans-Anti-7,8,9,10-Tetrahydroxy-7,8,9,10-Tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene as the Most Relevant Biomarker for Assessing Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Exposure.” Environment International 112:147–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.12.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbeau, D., A. Maître, and M. Marques. 2011. “Highly Sensitive Routine Method for Urinary 3-Hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene Quantitation Using Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence Detection and Automated Off-Line Solid Phase Extraction.” Analyst 136 (6): 1183–1191. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0an00428f.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbosa, F., B. A. Rocha, M. C. O. Souza, M. Z. Bocato, L. F. Azevedo, J. A. Adeyemi, A. Santana, and A. D. Campiglia. 2023. “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Updated Aspects of Their Determination, Kinetics in the Human Body, and Toxicity.” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B 26 (1): 28–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2022.2164390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barros, B., M. Oliveira, and S. Morais. 2023. “Biomonitoring of Firefighting Forces: Areview on Biomarkers of Exposure to Health-Relevant Pollutants Released from Fires.” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B 26 (3): 127–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2023.2172119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjorseth, A., O. Bjorseth, and P. E. Fjeldstad. 1981. “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Work Atmosphere – Determination of Area-Specific Concentrations and Job-Specific Exposure in a Vertical Pin Søderberg Aluminum Plant.” Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health 7 (3): 223–232. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burdorf, A., and M. van Tongeren. 2003. “Commentary: Variability in Workplace Exposures and the Design of Efficient Measurement and Control Strategies.” The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 47 (2): 95–99. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/meg021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattley, R. C., H. Kromhout, M. Sun, E. J. Tokar, M. A.-E. Abdallah, A. K. Bauer, K. R. Broadwater. 2023. “Carcinogenicity of Anthracene, 2-Bromopropane, Butyl Methacrylate, and Dimethyl Hydrogen Phosphite.” The Lancet Oncology 24 (5): 431–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(23)00141-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavallari, J. M., L. V. Osborn, J. E. Snawder, A. J. Kriech, L. D. Olsen, R. F. Herrick, M. D. Mcclean. 2012. “Predictors of Airborne Exposures to Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds and Total Organic Matter Among Hot-Mix Asphalt Paving Workers and Influence of Work Conditions and Practices.” The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 56 (2): 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mer088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, H. L., C. H. Yang, and M. H. Lin. 2012. “Removal Efficiency of Vapour/Particulate Phase PAHs by Using Alternative Protective Respirators in PAHs Exposure Workers.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 219–220:190–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.03.078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherry, N., N. Broznitsky, M. Fedun, D. Kinniburgh, M. Shum, S. Tiu, T. Zadunayski. 2023. “Exposures to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Mitigation in Wildland Firefighters in Two Canadian Provinces.” Annals of Work Exposures and Health 67 (3): 354–365. https://doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxac085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford, J. O., K. Dixon, B. G. Miller, and J. W. Cherrie. 2014. “A Review of the Effectiveness of Respirators in Reducing Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons for Coke Oven Workers.” The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 58 (8): 943–954. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/meu048.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Creely, K. S., H. Cowie, M. van Tongeren, H. Kromhout, J. Tickner, and J. W. Cherrie. 2007. “Trends in Inhalation Exposure--A Review of the Data in the Published Scientific Literature.” The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 51 (8): 665–678. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mem050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreij, K., A. Mattsson, I. W. H. Jarvis, H. Lim, J. Hurkmans, J. Gustafsson, C. Bergvall. 2017. “Cancer Risk Assessment of Airborne PAHs Based on in vitro Mixture Potency Factors.” Environmental Science & Technology 51 (15): 8805–8814. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Hajjar, M., A. Maître, M. Marques, R. Persoons, and C. Demeilliers. 2023. “Metabolism of Benzo[a]pyrene After Low-Dose Subchronic Exposure to an Industrial Mixture of Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Rats: A Cocktail Effect Study.” Archives of Toxicology 97 (3): 865–874. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-023-03441-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Chemicals Agency. 2022, December 1. “Committee for Risk Assessment. RAC. Opinion on Scientific Evaluation of Occupational Exposure Limits for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. ECHA/RAC/OEL-O-0000007198-66-01/F. Accessed May 17, 2024. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/06454dd9-cadc-acef-a11b-439f2a0d8efa.
   Google Scholar
• Fréry, N., and M. El Yamani. 2020. “Risques chimiques en entreprise et Biosurveillance des expositions professionnelles. Enquête sur les pratiques de biosurveillance des expositions professionnelles en France. Action 1.10 du 3e Plan santé travail.” Santé publique France. 59 p. [in French].
   Google Scholar
• Genies, C., A. Jullien, E. Lefebvre, M. Revol, A. Maître, and T. Douki. 2016. “Inhibition of the Formation of Benzo[a]pyrene Adducts to DNA in A549 Lung Cells Exposed to Mixtures of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.” Toxicology in Vitro: An International Journal Published in Association with BIBRA 35:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2016.05.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Germin-Aizac, J., A. Maitre, F. Balducci, S. Montlevier, M. Marques, J. Tribouiller, C. Demeilliers. 2023. “Bitumen Fumes and PAHs in Asphalt Road Paving: Emission Characteristics, Determinants of Exposure and Environmental Impact.” Environmental Research 228:115824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.115824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haber, L. T., A. M. Pecquet, M. J. Vincent, and L. M. White. 2022. “The Long Goodbye: Finally Moving on from the Relative Potency Approach to a Mixtures Approach for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs).” International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health 19 (15): 9490. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health and Safety Executive. 2024. “Biological Monitoring Guidance Values.” Accessed April 10, 2024. https://www.hsl.gov.uk/online-ordering/analytical-services-and-assays/biological-monitoring/bm-guidance-values.
   Google Scholar
• Hopf, N. B., T. Carreón, and G. Talaska. 2009. “Biological Markers of Carcinogenic Exposure in the Aluminum Smelter Industry—A Systematic Review.” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 6 (9): 562–581. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459620903094810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ifegwu, O. C., and C. Anyakora. 2016. “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Part II, Urine Markers.” Advances in Clinical Chemistry 75:159–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acc.2016.03.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2024. “List of Classifications. Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–135.” Accessed May 17, 2024. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications.
   Google Scholar
• Jarvis, I. W. H., K. Dreij, A. Mattsson, B. Jernstrom, and U. Stenius. 2014. “Interactions Between Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Complex Mixtures and Implications for Cancer Risk Assessment.” Toxicology 321:27–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2014.03.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeng, H. A., and C. H. Pan. 2014. “1-Hydroxypyrene as a Biomarker for Rnvironmental Health.” In General Methods in Biomarker Research and Their Applications, edited by V. Preedy, and V. Patel. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7740-8_49-1.
   Google Scholar
• Jongeneelen, F. J. 2014. “A Guidance Value of 1-Hydroxypyrene in Urine in View of Acceptable Occupational Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.” Toxicology Letters 231 (2): 239–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.05.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koeman, T., N. S. M. Offermans, Y. Christopher-de Vries, P. Slottje, P. A. van Den Brandt, R. A. Goldbohm, H. Kromhout, and R. Vermeulen. 2013. “JEMs and Incompatible Occupational Coding Systems: Effect of Manual and Automatic Recoding of Job Codes on Exposure Assignment.” The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 57 (1): 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mes046.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koh, D. H., T. W. Kim, S. H. Jang, H. W. Ryu, and D. Park. 2015. “Comparison of Grouping Schemes for Exposure to Total Dust in Cement Factories in Korea.” The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 59:853–861. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mev033.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee, D. G., J. Lavoue, J. J. Spinelli, and I. Burstyn. 2015. “Statistical Modeling of Occupational Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using OSHA Data.” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 12 (10): 729–742. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2015.1043049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippmann, M., M. R. Gomez, and G. M. Rawls. 1996. “ACGIH-AIHATask Group: Data Elements for Occupational Exposure Databases: Guidelines and Recommendations for Airborne Hazards and Noise. Special Report.” Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 11:1294–1311. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047322X.1996.10389417.
   Google Scholar
• Loomis, D., and H. Kromhout. 2004. “Exposure Variability: Concepts and Applications in Occupational Epidemiology.” American Journal of Industrial Medicine 45 (1): 113–122. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.10324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louro, H., B. C. Gomes, A. T. Saber, A. L. Iamiceli, T. Göen, K. Jones, A. Katsonouri. 2022. “The Use of Human Biomonitoring to Assess Occupational Exposure to PAHs in Europe: A Comprehensive Review.” Toxics 10 (8): 480. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10080480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maître, A., P. Petit, M. Marques, C. Hervé, S. Montlevier, R. Persoons, and D. J. Bicout. 2018. “Exporisq-HAP Database: 20 Years of Monitoring French Occupational Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Mixtures and Identification of Exposure Determinants.” International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 221 (2): 334–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.12.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallah, M. A., L. Changxing, M. A. Mallah, S. Noreen, Y. Liu, M. Saeed, H. Xi. 2022. “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Its Effects on Human Health: An Overeview.” Chemosphere 296:133948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannetje, A., and H. Kromhout. 2003. “The Use of Occupation and Industry Classifications in General Population Studies.” International Journal of Epidemiology 32 (3): 419–428. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyg080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marquart, H., T. Schneider, H. Goede, M. Tischer, J. Schinkel, N. Warren, W. Fransman, S. Spaan, M. van Tongeren, H. Kromhout. 2011. “Classification of Occupational Activities for Assessment of Inhalation Exposure.” The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 55 (9): 989–1005. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mer072.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oliveira, M., K. Slezakova, M. J. Alves, A. Fernandes, J. P. Teixeira, C. Delerue-Matos, M. D. C. Pereira, et al. 2016. “Firefighters’ Exposure Biomonitoring: Impact of Firefighting Activities on Levels of Urinary Monohydroxyl Metabolites.” International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 219 (8): 857–866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.07.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paiva, A. M., B. Barros, M. Oliveira, S. Alves, F. Esteves, A. Fernandes, J. Vaz. 2024. “Biomonitoring of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Exposure and Short-Time Health Effects in Wildland Firefighters During Real-Life Fire Events.” Science of the Total Environment 926:171801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, M. D., K. M. Rose, C. R. Owens, H. Bang, and J. S. Kaufman. 2012. “Performance of Automated and Manual Coding Systems for Occupational Data: A Case Study of Historical Records.” American Journal of Industrial Medicine 55 (3): 228–231. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.22005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persoons, R., L. Roseau, P. Petit, C. Hograindleur, S. Montlevier, M. Marques, G. Ottoni. 2020. “Towards a Recommended Biomonitoring Strategy for Assessing the Occupational Exposure of Roofers to PAHs.” Toxicology Letters 324:54–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petit, P. 2022. “Toxicological and Exposure Database Inventory: A Review.” International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 246:114055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petit, P., D. J. Bicout, R. Persoons, V. Bonneterre, D. Barbeau, and A. Maître. 2017. “Constructing a Database of Similar Exposure Groups: The Application of the Exporisq-HAP Database from 1995 to 2015.” Annals of Work Exposures and Health 61 (4): 440–456. https://doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxx017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappaport, S. M. 1991. “Assessment of Long-Term Exposures to Toxic Substances in Air.” The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 35 (1): 61–121. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/35.1.61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rémen, T., L. Richardson, C. Pilorget, G. Palmer, J. Siemiatycki, and J. Lavoué. 2018. “Development of a Coding and Crosswalk Tool for Occupations and Industries.” Annals of Work Exposures and Health 62 (7): 796–807. https://doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxy052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rögner, N., H. W. Hagedorn, G. Scherer, M. Sherer, and N. Pluym. 2021. “A Sensitive LC–MS/MS Method for the Quantification of 3-Hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene in Urine-Exposure Assessment in Smokers and Users of Potentially Reduced-Risk Products.” Separations 8 (10): 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8100171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russ, D. E., K. Y. Ho, C. A. Johnson, and M. C. Friesen. 2014. “Computer-Based Coding of Occupation Codes for Epidemiological Analyses.” Proceedings IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems 2014:347–350. https://doi.org/10.1109/CBMS.2014.79.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samburova, V., B. Zielinska, and A. Khlystov. 2017. “Do 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Represent PAH Air Toxicity?” Toxics 5 (3): E17. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics5030017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits. 2016. “SCOEL/REC/404, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Mixtures Containing Benzo[a]pyrene (PAH).” Recommendation from the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits. Brussels: European Union. https://doi.org/10.2767/97750.
   Google Scholar
• Symanski, E., S. Maberti, and W. Chan. 2006. “A Meta-Analytic Approach for Characterizing the Within-Worker and Between-Worker Sources of Variation in Occupational Exposure.” The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 50 (4): 343–357. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mel006.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taeger, D., S. Koslitz, H. U. Käfferlein, T. Pelzl, B. Heinrich, D. Breuer, T. Weiss. 2023. “Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Assessed by Biomonitoring of Firefighters During Fire Operations in Germany.” International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 248:114110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unwin, J., J. Cocker, E. Scobbie, and H. Chambers. 2006. “An Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the UK.” The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 50 (4): 395–403. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mel010.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valière, M., P. Petit, R. Persoons, C. Demeilliers, and A. Maître. 2022. “Consistency Between Air and Biological Monitoring for Assessing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure and Cancer Risk of Workers.” Environmental Research 207:112268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace, M. A. G., J. D. Pleil, K. D. Oliver, D. A. Whitaker, S. Mentese, K. W. Fent, and G. P. Horn. 2019. “Non-Targeted GC/MS Analysis of Exhaled Breath Samples: Exploring Human Biomarkers of Exogenous Exposure and Endogenous Response from Professional Firefighting Activity.” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A 82 (4): 244–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2019.1587901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X., L. Yang, H. Zhang, W. Xing, Y. Wang, P. Bai, L. Zhang. 2021. “Assessing Approaches of Human Inhalation Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Review.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (6): 3124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar