Managing Student Volunteers for Mega Events: Motivation and Psychological Contract as Predictors of Sustained Volunteerism

References

• Accadia, R., & Walker, A. (2009). Psychological contracts in volunteers. Retrieved January 18, 2012, from http://www.fnqvolunteers.org/images/Volunteering_Study_Summary.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Allen, J. B., & Shaw, S. (2009). Everyone rolls up their sleeves and mucks in: Exploring volunteers’ motivation and experiences of the motivational climate of a sporting event. Sport Management Review, 12(2), 79–90. doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2008.12.002
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold, J. (1996). The psychological contract: A concept in need of closer scrutiny? European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(4), 511–520. doi: 10.1080/13594329608414876
   Google Scholar
• Bang, H., & Chelladurai, P. (2003). Motivation and satisfaction in volunteering for 2002 World Cup in Korea. Paper presented at the conference of the North American Society for Sport Management, Ithaca, New York, May 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Bang, H., & Ross, S. D. (2009). Volunteer motivation and satisfaction. Journal of Venue & Event Management, 1(1), 61–77.
   Google Scholar
• Barron, P., & Rihova, I. (2011). Motivation to volunteer: A case study of the Edinburgh International Magic Festival. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 2(3), 202–217. doi: 10.1108/17582951111170281
   Google Scholar
• Baum, T., & Lockstone, L. (2007). Volunteer and mega sporting events: Developing a research framework. International Journal of Event Management Research, 3(1), 29–41.
   Google Scholar
• Beale, A. V. (1984). Exploring careers through volunteerism. School Counselor, 32(1), 68–71.
   Google Scholar
• Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollen, K. A. (1990). Overall fit in covariance structure models: Two types of sample effects. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 256–259. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.256
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brislin, R. W. (1980). Translation and content analysis of oral and written materials. In H. C. Triandis & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology, (Vol. 1, pp. 389–444). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structure equation models (pp. 136–162). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of Shanghai World Expo Coordination. (2010). China 2010 Shanghai World Expo. Retrieved January 05, 2012, from http://www.expo2010.cn/abzyz/indexjn.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, P. L., Chiou, H. Y., & Chen, Y. H. (2008). Chinese version of the global youth tobacco survey: Cross-cultural instrument adaptation. BMC Public Health, 8, 144. Retrieved January 10, 2012, from http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471--2458-8-144.pdf. doi: 10.1186/1471--2458-8-144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Churchill, G., Jr. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures for marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(February), 64–73. doi: 10.2307/3150876
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J., & Miene, P. (1998). Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1516–1530. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cnaan, A. R., & Goldberg-Glen, S. R. (1991). Measuring motivation to volunteer in human services. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 27(3), 269–84. doi: 10.1177/0021886391273003
   Google Scholar
• Costa, C. A., Chalip, L., Green, B. C., & Simes, C. (2006). Reconsidering the role of training in event volunteers’ satisfaction. Sport Management Review, 9(4), 165–182. doi: 10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70024-9
   Google Scholar
• Cuskelly, G., Hoye, R., & Auld, C. (2006). Working with volunteers in sport: Theory and practice. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cuskelly, G., Taylor, T., Hoye, R., & Darcy, S. (2006). Volunteer management practices and volunteer retention: A human resources management approach. Sport Management Review, 9(2), 141–163. doi: 10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70023-7
   Google Scholar
• De Meuse, K. P., Bergmann, T. J., & Lester, S. W. (2001). An investigation of the relational component of the psychological contract across time, generation, and employment status. Journal of Managerial Issues, 13(1), 102–118.
   Google Scholar
• Doherty, A. (2009). The volunteer legacy of a major sporting event. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 1(3), 185–207. doi: 10.1080/19407960903204356
   Google Scholar
• Downward, P., & Ralston, R. (2005). Volunteer motivation and expectations prior to XV Commonwealth Game in Manchester, UK. Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development, 2(1), 17–26. doi: 10.1080/14790530500072310
   Google Scholar
• Elstad, B. (1997). Volunteer perception of learning and satisfaction in a mega event: The case of the XVII Olympic Winter Games in Lillehammer. Festival Management and Event Tourism, 4(3/4), 75–83.
   Google Scholar
• Elstad, B. (2003). Continuance commitment and reason to quit: A study of volunteers at a jazz festival. Event Management, 8(2), 99–108. doi: 10.3727/152599503108751757
   Google Scholar
• Farmer, S. M., & Fedor, D. B. (1997). Volunteer participation and withdrawal: A psychological contract perspective on the role of expectations and organizational support. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 9(4), 349–367. doi: 10.1002/nml.9402
   Google Scholar
• Farrell, J., Johnston, M., & Twynam, G. (1998). Volunteer motivations, satisfaction and management at an elite sporting competition. Journal of Sport Management, 12(4), 288–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelstein, M. A. (2008). Volunteer satisfaction and volunteer action: A functional approach. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 36(1), 9–18. doi: 10.2224/sbp.2008.36.1.9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. doi: 10.2307/3151312
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freese, C., & Schalk, R. (2008). How to measure the psychological contract? A critical criteria-based review of measures. South African Journal of Psychology, 38(2), 269–286. doi: 10.1177/008124630803800202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galindo-Kuhn, R., & Guzley, R. M. (2001). The volunteer satisfaction index: Construct definition, measurement, development, and validation. Journal of Social Service Research, 28(1), 45–68. doi: 10.1300/J079v28n01_03
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallarza, M. G., Arteaga, F., Floristán, E., & Gil, I. (2009). Consumer behavior in a religious event experience: An empirical assessment of value dimensionality among volunteers. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 3(2), 165–180. doi: 10.1108/17506180910962168
   Google Scholar
• Giannoulakis, C., Wang, C. H., & Gray, D. (2008). Measuring volunteer motivation in mega-sporting events. Event Management, 11(3), 191–200.
   Google Scholar
• Gibelman, M., & Sweifach, J. (2008). Acting on our values: Do social workers volunteer? Social Work, 53(1), 53–64. doi: 10.1093/sw/53.1.53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gidron, B. (1978). Volunteer work and its rewards. Volunteer Administration, 11(3), 18–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gillath, O., Shaver, P. R., Mikulincer, M., Nitzberg, R. E., Erez, A., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2005). Attachment, caregiving, and volunteering: Placing volunteerism in an attachment-theoretical framework. Personal Relationships, 12(4), 425–446. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6811.2005.00124.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., & Black, W. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, M., Lasby, D., Gumulka, G., & Tryon, C. (2006). 2004 Canada survey of giving, volunteering and participating. Ottawa: Minister of Industry.
   Google Scholar
• Handy, F., Hustinx, L., Kang, C., Cnaan, R. A., Brundney, J. L., Haski-Leventhal, D., … Zrinscak, S. (2010). A cross-cultural examination of student volunteering: Is it all about résumé building? Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 39(3), 498–523.
   Google Scholar
• Harman, A., & Doherty, A. (2011). The psychological contract of volunteer youth sport coaches. 2011 North American Society for Sport Management Conference (NASSM 2011), London, June 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Houle, B. J., Sagarin, B. J., & Kaplan, M. F. (2005). A functional approach to volunteerism: Do volunteer motives predict task preference? Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 27(4), 337–344. doi: 10.1207/s15324834basp2704_6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hustinx, L., Cnaan, R. A., & Handy, F. (2010). Navigating theories of volunteering: A hybrid map for a complex phenomenon. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 40(4), 410–434. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-5914.2010.00439.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, M. E., Twynam, G. D., & Farrell, J. M. (1999). Motivation and satisfaction of event volunteers for a major youth organization. Leisure/Loisir, 24(1/2), 161–177. doi: 10.1080/14927713.1999.9651263
   Google Scholar
• Kemp, S. (2002). The hidden workforce: Volunteers’ learning in the Olympics. Journal of European Industrial Training, 26(2/3/4), 109–116. doi: 10.1108/03090590210421987
   Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Liao-Troth, M. A. (2005). Are they here for the long haul? The effects of functional motives and personality factors on the psychological contracts of volunteers. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 34(4), 510–530. doi: 10.1177/0899764005279513
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles, J., & Shevlin, M. (1998). Effects of sample size, model specification and factor loadings on the GFI in confirmatory factor analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 85–90. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00055-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monga, M. (2006). Measuring motivation to volunteer for special events. Event Management, 10(1), 47–61. doi: 10.3727/152599506779364633
   Google Scholar
• Morrison, E. W., & Robinson, S. L. (1997). When employees feel betrayed: A model of how psychological contract violation develops. The Academy of Management Review, 22(1), 226–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols, G., & Ojala, E. (2009). Understanding the management of sports events volunteers through psychological contract theory. Voluntas, 20, 369–387. doi: 10.1007/s11266-009-9097-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Pauline, G. (2011). Volunteer satisfaction and intent to remain: An analysis of contributing factors among professional golf event volunteers. International Journal of Event Management Research, 6(1), 10–32.
   Google Scholar
• Penner, L. A. (2002). Dispositional and organizational influences on sustained volunteerism: An interactionist perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 58(3), 447–467. doi: 10.1111/1540-4560.00270
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penner, L. A., & Finkelstein, M. A. (1998). Dispositional and structural determinants of volunteerism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(2), 525–537. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.2.525
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, A. S., & Phillips, C. R. (2000). Using skills gained through volunteerism in job searches: A workable strategy. Journal of Business and Psychology, 14(4), 573–577. doi: 10.1023/A:1022986113164
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ralston, R., Downward, P., & Lumsdon, L. (2004). The expectations of volunteers prior to the XVII Commonwealth Games, 2002: A qualitative study. Event Management, 9(1/2), 13–26. doi: 10.3727/1525995042781084
   Google Scholar
• Reeser, J. C., Berg, R. L., Rhea, D., & Willick, S. (2005). Motivation and satisfaction among polyclinic volunteers at 2002 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games. British Journal of Sport Medicine, 39, 20–24. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2004.015438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rousseau, D. M. (1995). Promises in action: Psychological contracts in organizations. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Silverberg, K. E., Ellis, G. D., Whitworth, P., & Kane, M. (2002). An “effects-indicator” model of volunteer satisfaction: A functionalist theory approach. Leisure/Loisir, 27(3/4), 283–304. doi: 10.1080/14927713.2002.9651307
   Google Scholar
• Silverberg, K. E., Marshall, E. K., & Ellis, G. D. (2001). Measuring job satisfaction of volunteers in public parks and recreation. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 19(1), 79–92.
   Google Scholar
• Solberg, H. A. (2003). Major sporting events: Assessing the value of volunteers’ work. Managing Leisure, 8(1), 17–27. doi: 10.1080/1360671032000075216
   Google Scholar
• Starnes, B. J. (2007). An analysis of psychological contracts in volunteerism and the effect of contract breach on volunteer contributions to the organization. The International Journal of Volunteer Administration, 24(3), 31–41.
   Google Scholar
• Steiger, J. H. (2007). Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modeling. Personality and Individual Difference, 42(5), 893–898. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. New York, NY: Allyn and Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Thibaut, J. W., & Kelley, H. H. (1959). The social psychology of groups. New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, P. (2004). Assessing motivations for sports volunteerism. Advances in Consumer Research, 31(1), 420–425.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, P. W., Dossa, K. B., & Tompkins, L. (1995). Volunteerism and special event management: A case study of Whistler's Men's World Cup of skiing. Festival Management & Event Tourism, 3(2), 83–95.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, J. (2000). Volunteering. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 215–240. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.215
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar