1,482
Views
26
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Representation of online image of tourist destination: a content analysis of Huangshan

&

References

  • Albers, P. C., & James, W. R. (1983). Tourism and the changing photographic image of the Great Lakes Indians. Annals of Tourism Research, 10(1), 123–148. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(83)90119-6
  • Albers, P. C., & James, W. R. (1988). Travel photography: A methodological approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 15, 134–158. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(88)90076-X
  • Antony, M. (2006). What is social media. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
  • Bærenholdt, J. O., Haldrup, M., Larsen, J., & Urry, J. (2004). Performing tourist places. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing.
  • Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K. W. (1999). A model of destination image formation. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(4), 868–897. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00030-4
  • Balomenou, N., & Garrod, B. (2014). Using volunteer-employed photography to inform tourism planning decisions: A study of St David’s Peninsula, Wales. Tourism Management, 44, 126–139. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.02.015
  • Barthes R. (1964). Elements of semiology. New York, NY: Noonday Press.
  • Belch, G. E., & Belch, M. A. (2014). Advertising and promotion: An integrated marketing communications perspective. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Berelson, B. (1952). Content analysis in communication research. New York, NY: Free Press.
  • Bilgihan, A., Barreda, A., Okumus, F., & Nusair, K. (2016). Consumer perception of knowledge-sharing in travel-related online social networks. Tourism Management, 52, 287–296. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2015.07.002
  • Bonferroni, C. E. (1936). Teoria statistica delle classi e calcolo delle probabilità. Pubblicazioni del R Istituto Superiore di Scienze Economiche e Commerciali di Firenze, 8, 3–62.
  • Brejla, P., & Gilbert, D. (2014). An exploratory use of web content analysis to understand cruise tourism services. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16(2), 157–168. doi: 10.1002/jtr.1910
  • Brickell, K. (2012). Visual critiques of tourist development: Host-employed photography in Vietnam. Tourism Geographies, 14(1), 98–116. doi: 10.1080/14616688.2011.593187
  • Castley, J. G., Bennett, A., & Pickering, C. M. (2013). Wildlife visual imagery: Do pictures used to promote destinations online match on-site species visibility at two geographic destinations? Geographical Research, 51(51), 59–70. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-5871.2012.00767.x
  • Chalfen, R. (1979). Photography’s role in tourism: Some unexplored relationships. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(4), 435–447. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(79)90006-9
  • Cheng, T. M., & Lu, C. C. (2013). Destination image, novelty, hedonics, perceived value, and revisiting behavioral intention for island tourism. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 18(7), 766–783. doi: 10.1080/10941665.2012.697906
  • China Internet Network Information Center. (2015). The 2014 market research report of China online travel reserving. Beijing: Author.
  • Choi, S., Lehto, X. Y., & Morrison, A. M. (2007). Destination image representation on the web: Content analysis of Macau travel related websites. Tourism Management, 28(1), 118–129. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2006.03.002
  • Crompton, J. L. (1979a). An assessment of the image of Mexico as a vacation destination and the influence of geographical location upon that image. Journal of Travel Research, 17(4), 18–23. doi: 10.1177/004728757901700404
  • Crompton, J. L. (1979b). Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of Tourism Research, 6, 408–424. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(79)90004-5
  • Crouch, D., & Lubben, N. (2003). Visual culture and tourism. Berg: Oxford.
  • De, V. H., Elliott, M. N., Kanouse, D. E., & Teleki, S. S. (2008). Using pooled kappa to summarize interrater agreement across many items. Field Methods, 20(3), 272–282. doi: 10.1177/1525822X08317166
  • Decrop, A. (2007). The influence of message format on the effectiveness of print advertisements for tourism destinations. International Journal of Advertising, 26(4), 505–525. doi: 10.1080/02650487.2007.11073030
  • Denzin, N., & Lincoln, Y. (2005). The Sage handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Dominici, S. (2015). Tourist photographers and the promotion of travel: The polytechnic touring association, 1888–1939. Photography and Culture, 8(3), 297–323. doi: 10.1080/17514517.2015.1091178
  • Dortwart, C. E., Moore, R. L., & Leung, Y. F. (2009). “Visitors” perceptions of a trail environment and effects on experiences: A model for nature-based recreation experiences. Leisure Sciences, 32(1), 33–54. doi: 10.1080/01490400903430863
  • Dwivedi, M. (2009). Online destination image of India: A consumer based perspective. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 21(2), 226–232. doi: 10.1108/09596110910935714
  • Edensor, T. (1998). Tourists at the Taj: Performance and meaning at a symbolic site. London: Routledge Publishing.
  • Edensor, T. (2000). Staging tourism: Tourists as performers. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(2), 322–344. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00082-1
  • Espelt, G. N., & Benito, J. A. D. (2005). The social construction of the image of Girona: A methodological approach. Tourism Management, 26(5), 777–785. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2004.04.004
  • Fen, X. T. (2013). Social research methods. Beijing: China Renmin University Press.
  • Fernández-Cavia, J., Marchiori, E., Haven-Tang, C., & Cantoni, L. (2017). Online communication in Spanish destination marketing organizations: The view of practitioners. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 23(3), 264–273. doi: 10.1177/1356766716640840
  • Galí, N., & Donaire, J. A. (2015). Tourists taking photographs: The long tail in tourists’ perceived image of Barcelona. Current Issues in Tourism, 18(9), 893–902. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2015.1037255
  • Garrod, B. (2009). Understanding the relationship between tourism destination imagery and tourist photography. Journal of Travel Research, 47(3), 346–358. doi: 10.1177/0047287508322785
  • Gong, J. H., Xie, L. S., Peng, J. M., & Guan, X. H. (2015). Customer responses to integrity issues for travel services in China: A content analysis based on online complaints. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(2), 199–213. doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-01-2013-0054
  • Govers, R., Go, F. M., & Kumar, K. (2007a). Promoting tourism destination image. Journal of Travel Research, 46, 15–23. doi: 10.1177/0047287507302374
  • Govers, R., Go, F. M., & Kumar, K. (2007b). Virtual destination image a new measurement approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(4), 977–997. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2007.06.001
  • Grayson, K., & Martinec, R. (2004). Consumer perceptions of iconicity and indexicality and their influence on assessments of authentic market offerings. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(2), 296–312. doi: 10.1086/422109
  • Grayson, K., & Shulman, D. (2000). Indexicality and the verification function of irreplaceable possessions: A semiotic analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 27(1), 17–30. doi: 10.1086/314306
  • Gretzel, U., Yoo, K. H., & Purifoy, M. (2007). Online travel review study: Role and impact of online travel reviews. College Station: Texas A & M University.
  • Haldrup, M., & Larsen, J. (2003). The family gaze. Tourist Studies, 3(1), 23–46. doi: 10.1177/1468797603040529
  • Hancock, J. T., & Toma, C. L. (2009). Putting your best face forward: The accuracy of online dating photographs. Journal of Communication, 59, 367–386. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01420.x
  • Harvey, M., & Evans, M. (2001). Decoding competitive propositions: A semiotic alternative to traditional advertising research. International Journal of Market Research, 43(2), 171–187.
  • Herbert, D. (2001). Literary places, tourism and the heritage experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(2), 312–333. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00048-7
  • Hernández-Méndez, J., Muñoz-Leiva, F., & Sánchez-Fernández, J. (2015). The influence of e-word-of-mouth on travel decision-making: Consumer profiles. Current Issues in Tourism, 18(11), 1001–1021. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2013.802764
  • Hollinshead, K. (1999). Tourism as public culture: Horne’s ideological commentary on the legerdemain of tourism. The International Journal of Tourism Research, 1(4), 267–292. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1522-1970(199907/08)1:4<267::AID-JTR171>3.0.CO;2-Z
  • Holsti, O. R. (1969). Content analysis for the social science and humanities. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing.
  • Horne, D. (1992). The intelligent tourist. McMahons Point: Margaret Gee Publishing.
  • Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. doi: 10.1177/1049732305276687
  • Hsieh, Y. C. (2012). Hotel companies’ environmental policies and practices: A content analysis of their web pages. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24(1), 97–121. doi: 10.1108/095961112
  • Hsu, C. H. C., & Song, H. (2014). A visual analysis of destinations in travel magazines. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 31(2), 162–177. doi: 10.1080/10548408.2014.873308
  • Huang, W. J., Chen, C. C., & Lin, Y. H. (2013). Cultural proximity and intention to visit: Destination image of Taiwan as perceived by Mainland Chinese visitors. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 2(3), 176–184. doi: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2013.06.002
  • Hum, N. J., Chamberlin, P. E., Hambright, B. L., Portwood, A. C., Schat, A. C., & Bevan, J. L. (2011). A picture is worth a thousand words: A content analysis of Facebook profile photographs. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(5), 1828–1833. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2011.04.003
  • Hung, Y. C., Yang, Y. L., Yang, H. E., & Yahsueh, C. (2011). Factors affecting the adoption of e-commerce for the tourism industry in Taiwan. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 16(1), 105–119. doi: 10.1080/10941665.2011.539394
  • Hunt, J. D. (1971). Image: A factor in tourism. Fort Collins: Colorado State University.
  • Hunter, W. C. (2008). A typology of photographic representations for tourism: Depictions of groomed spaces. Tourism Management, 29(2), 354–365. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2007.03.008
  • Hunter, W. C. (2010). Groomed spaces on Jeju Island: A typology of photographic representations for tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12(6), 680–695. doi: 10.1002/jtr.783
  • Hunter, W. C. (2012a). Projected destination image: A visual analysis of Seoul. Tourism Geographies, 14(3), 419–443. doi: 10.1080/14616688.2011.613407
  • Hunter, W. C. (2012b). The good souvenir: Representations of Okinawa and Kinmen Islands in Asia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(1), 81–99. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2011.586571
  • Hunter, W. C. (2013). China’s Chairman Mao: A visual analysis of Hunan Province online destination image. Tourism Management, 34, 101–111. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.03.017
  • Hunter, W. C. (2015). The visual representation of border tourism: Demilitarized zone (DMZ) and Dokdo in South Korea. International Journal of Tourism Research, 17(2), 151–160. doi: 10.1002/jtr.1973
  • Hunter, W. C. (2016). The social construction of tourism online destination image: A comparative semiotic analysis of the visual representation of Seoul. Tourism Management, 54, 221–229. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2015.11.012
  • Hyung, Il. P. (2013). Staging “Koreana” for the tourist gaze: Imperialist nostalgia and the circulation of picture postcards. History of Photography, 37(3), 301–311. doi: 10.1080/03087298.2013.807695
  • Insch, G. S., Moore, J. E., & Murphy, L. D. (1997). Content analysis in leadership research: Examples, procedures, and suggestions for future use. Leadership Quarterly, 8(1), 1–25. doi: 10.1016/S1048-9843(97)90028-X
  • Jang, Y. J., Lee, S. H., & Kim, H. W. (2013). Examining the impact of online friendship desire on citizenship behavior. Asia Pacific Journal of Information Systems, 23(4), 29–51. doi: 10.14329/apjis.2013.23.4.029
  • Jani, D., & Hwang, Y. H. (2011). User-generated destination image through weblogs: A comparison of pre- and post-visit images. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 16(3), 339–356. doi: 10.1080/10941665.2011.572670
  • Jenkins, O. (2003). Photography and travel brochures: The circle of representation. Tourism Geographies, 5(3), 305–328. doi: 10.1080/14616680309715
  • John, D. (2005). The basic semiotic. Tartu: Tartu University Press.
  • John, D. (2010). Semiotics seen synchronically: The view from as 2010. Ottawa: Legas.
  • Jun, J., & Oh, K. M. (2015). Framing risks and benefits of medical tourism: A content analysis of medical tourism coverage in Korean American community newspapers. Journal of Health Communication, 20(6), 720–727. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2015.1018574
  • Kaplanidou, K., & Vogt, C. (2006). A structural analysis of destination travel intentions as a function of web site features. Journal of Travel Research, 45(2), 204–216. doi: 10.1177/0047287506291599
  • Kennedy, N. D. (2013). CSR reporting among Zimbabwe’s hotel groups: A content analysis. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 25(4), 595–613. doi: 10.1108/09596111311322943
  • Kim, H., & Richardson, S. L. (2003). Motion picture impacts on destination images. Annals of Tourism Research, 30, 216–237. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00062-2
  • Kim, H., & Stepchenkova, S. (2015). Effect of tourist photographs on attitudes towards destination: Manifest and latent content. Tourism Management, 49, 29–41. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2015.02.004
  • Kim, S. B., Kim, D. Y., & Wise, K. (2014). The effect of searching and surfing on recognition of destination images on Facebook pages. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 813–823. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.010
  • Kolbe, R. H., & Burnett, M. S. (1991). Content-analysis research: An examination of applications with directives for improving research reliability and objectivity. Journal of Consumer Research, 18(2), 243–250. doi: 10.1086/209256
  • Krippendorff, B. K. (2010). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Kvalseth, T. O. (1989). Note on Cohen’s kappa. Psychological Reports, 65(1), 223–226. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1989.65.1.223
  • Kvalseth, T. O. (1991). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales: An asymmetric version of Kappa. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 51(1), 95–101. doi: 10.1177/0013164491511008
  • Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (2008). Metaphors we live by. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Latorre-Martínez, M. P., Iñíguez-Berrozpe, T., & Plumed-Lasarte, M. (2014). Image-focused social media for a market analysis of tourism consumption. International Journal of Technology Management, 64(1), 17–30. doi: 10.1504/IJTM.2014.059234
  • Law, R., & Chen, S. Z. (2012). Representation of destination cultural factors on hotel websites: Content analysis of Beijing hotel websites. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 17(2), 210–229. doi: 10.1080/10941665.2011.616903
  • Li, X., & Wang, Y. (2011). China in the eyes of western travelers as represented in travel blogs. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 28(7), 689–719. doi: 10.1080/10548408.2011.615245
  • Li, Y. R., Lin, Y. C., Tsai, P. H., & Wang, Y. Y. (2015). Traveller-generated contents for destination image formation: Mainland China travellers to Taiwan as a case study. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 32(5), 518–533. doi: 10.1080/10548408.2014.918924
  • Liesch, M. (2011). Partnerships and photographs: Community conceptions of Keweenaw National Historical Park. The Geographical Review, 101(4), 497–517. doi: 10.1111/j.1931-0846.2011.00114.x
  • Lin, Y. S., & Huang, J. Y. (2006). Internet blogs as a tourism marketing medium: A case study. Journal of Business Research, 59(10–11), 1201–1205. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2005.11.005
  • Litvin, S. W., Goldsmith, R. E., & Pan, B. (2008). Electronic word-of-mouth in hospitality and tourism management. Tourism Management, 29(3), 458–468. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2007.05.011
  • Lo, I. S., McKercher, B., Lo, A., Cheung, C., & Law, R. (2011). Tourism and online photography. Tourism Management, 32(4), 725–731. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2010.06.001
  • Loeffler, T. A. (2004). A photo elicitation study of the meanings of outdoor adventure experiences. Journal of Leisure Research, 36(4), 536–556.
  • Lombard, M., Snyder-Duch, J., & Bracken, C. (2002). Content analysis in mass communication: Assessment and reporting of intercoder reliability. Human Communication Research, 28(4), 587–604. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00826.x
  • MacCannell, D. (1976). The tourist: A new theory of the leisure class. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • MacKay, K., & Fesenmaier, D. (1997). Pictorial element of destination image formation. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(3), 537–565. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00011-X
  • MacKay, K. J., & Smith, M. C. (2006). Destination advertising: Age and format effects on memory. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(1), 7–24. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2005.07.002
  • Malloy, D. C., & Fennell, D. A. (1998). Codes of ethics and tourism: An exploratory content analysis. Tourism Management, 19(5), 453–461. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00042-9
  • Markwell, K. W. (1997). Dimensions of photography in a nature based tour. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(1), 131–155. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(96)00053-9
  • Matteucci, X. (2013). Photo elicitation: Exploring tourist experiences with researcher-found images. Tourism Management, 35, 190–197. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.07.002
  • Metro-Roland, M. (2009). Interpreting meaning: An application of Peircean semiotics to tourism. Tourism Geographies, 11(2), 270–279. doi: 10.1080/14616680902827225
  • Michaelidou, N., Siamagka, N. T., Moraes, C., & Micevski, M. (2013). Do marketers use visual representations of destinations that tourists value? Comparing visitors’ image of a destination with marketer-controlled images online. Journal of Travel Research, 52(6), 789–804. doi: 10.1177/0047287513481272
  • Mohammed, I., Guillet, B. D., & Law, R. (2015). The contributions of economics to hospitality literature: A content analysis of hospitality and tourism journals. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 44, 99–110. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.10.010
  • Mohammed, S. N. (2004). Self-presentation of small developing countries on the World Wide Web: A study of official websites. New Media and Society, 6(4), 469–486. doi: 10.1177/146144804044330
  • Molina, A., & Esteban, A. (2006). Tourism brochures: Usefulness and image. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(4), 1036–1056. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2006.05.003
  • Morrison, A. M., Taylor, J. S., & Douglas, A. (2005). Website evaluation in tourism and hospitality: The art is not yet stated. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 17(2–3), 233–251. doi: 10.1300/J073v17n02_18
  • Neuendorf, K. A. (2002). The content analysis guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Neuman, W. L. (2006). Basics of social research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
  • Neuman, W. L. (2013). Social research methods: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
  • Niu, Y. G., Wang, C. L., Yin, S. M., & Niu, Y. X. (2016). How do destination management organization-led postings facilitate word-of-mouth communications in online tourist communities? A content analysis of China’s 5A-Class tourist resort websites. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(7), 929–948. doi: 10.1080/10548408.2015.1075455
  • Noy, C., & Kohn, A. (2010). Mediating touristic dangerscapes: The semiotics of state travel warnings issued to Israeli tourist. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 8(3), 206–222. doi: 10.1080/14766825.2010.517318
  • Pan, B., & Li, X. R. (2011). The long tail of destination image and online marketing. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(1), 132–152. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2010.06.004
  • Pan, B., MacLaurin, T., & Crotts, J. C. (2007). Travel blogs and the implications for destination marketing. Journal of Travel Research, 46(1), 35–45. doi: 10.1177/0047287507302378
  • Pan, S. (2011). The role of TV commercial visuals in forming memorable and impressive destination images. Journal of Travel Research, 50(2), 171–185. doi: 10.1177/0047287509355325
  • Pan, S., Lee, J., & Tsai, H. (2014). Travel photos: Motivations, image dimensions, and affective qualities of places. Tourism Management, 40, 59–69. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2013.05.007
  • Papathanassis, A., & Knolle, F. (2011). Exploring the adoption and processing of online holiday reviews: A grounded theory approach. Tourism Management, 32(2), 215–224. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2009.12.005
  • Peirce, C. S. (1931–1958a/1974a). Collected papers of Charles Sanders Peirce (Vol. 1). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Peirce, C. S. (1931–1958b/1974b). Collected papers of Charles Sanders Peirce (Vol. 2). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Peirce, C. S. (1931–1958c/1974c). Collected papers of Charles Sanders Peirce (Vol. 3). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Peirce, C. S. (1991). Peirce on signs. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
  • Peng, Z. J. (2012). Media content analysis. Beijing: China Renmin University Press.
  • Pennington, J. W., & Thomsen, R. C. (2010). A semiotic model of destination representations applied to cultural and heritage tourism marketing. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 10(1), 33–53. doi: 10.1080/15022250903561895
  • Pritchard, A., & Nigel, J. M. (2001). Culture, identity and tourism representation: Marketing Cymru or Wales? Tourism Management, 22(2), 167–178. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00047-9
  • Rajaguru, R. (2014). Motion picture-induced visual, vocal and celebrity effects on tourism motivation: Stimulus organism response model. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19(4), 375–388. doi: 10.1080/10941665.2013.764337
  • Ramos, P., Salazar, A., & Gomes, J. (2000). Trends in Portuguese tourism: A content analysis of association and trade representative perspectives. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 12(7), 409–417. doi: 10.1108/09596110010347266
  • Riff, D., Lacy, S., & Fico, F. (2014). Analyzing media messages: Using quantitative content analysis in research. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Roberts, C. W. (2000). A conceptual framework for quantitative text analysis. Quality and Quantity, 34(3), 259–274. doi: 10.1023/A:1004780007748
  • Rose, G. (2012). Visual methodologies: An introduction to researching with visual materials. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.
  • Ryan, G. W., & Bernard, H. R. (2000). Data management and analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Saussure, F. D. (1966). Course in general linguistics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Schwartz, D. (1989). Visual ethnography: Using photography in qualitative research. Qualitative Sociology, 12(2), 119–154. doi: 10.1007/BF00988995
  • Scott, D. H. T. (2004). Semiologies of travel: From Gautier to Baudrillard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Singletary, M. W. (1994). Mass communication research: Contemporary methods and applications. New York, NY: Longman.
  • Smith, V. L. (1977). Hosts and guests: The anthropology of tourism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Snow, R. (2012). Snapshots by the way: Individuality and convention in tourists’ photographs from the United States, 1880–1940. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(4), 2013–2050. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2012.05.002
  • Song, H., & Hsu, C. H. (2013). The image of Taiwan as a travel destination: Perspectives from Mainland China. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30(3), 253–271. doi: 10.1080/10548408.2013.774919
  • Sontag, S. (1977). On photography. London: Penguin Books.
  • Stamper, R. K., Liu, K., Liu, K., Hafkamp, M., Ades, Y., & Ades, Y. (2000). Understanding the roles of signs and norms in organizations: A semiotic approach to information systems design. Behaviour & Information Technology, 19(1), 15–27. doi: 10.1080/014492900118768
  • Starosta, W. J. (1988). A national holiday for Dr. King?: Qualitative content analysis of arguments carried in the Washington Post and New York Times. Journal of Black Studies, 18(3), 358–378. doi: 10.1177/002193478801800307
  • Stempel, G. H., Weaver, D. H., & Wilhoit, G. C. (2003). Mass communication research and theory. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
  • Stepchenkova, S., Kirilenko, A. P., & Morrison, A. M. (2009). Facilitating content analysis in tourism research. Journal of Travel Research, 47(4), 454–469. doi: 10.1177/0047287508326509
  • Stepchenkova, S., & Morrison, A. M. (2006). The destination image of Russia: From the online induced perspective. Tourism Management, 27(5), 943–956. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2005.10.021
  • Stepchenkova, S., & Zhan, F. (2013). Visual destination images of Peru: Comparative content analysis of DMO and user-generated photography. Tourism Management, 36, 590–601. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.08.006
  • Syed-Ahmad, S. F., Musa, G., Klobas, J. E., & Murphy, J. (2013). Audience response to travel photos and Arab destination image. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30(1–2), 161–164. doi: 10.1080/10548408.2013.751279
  • Tang, L. R., Jang, S. S., & Morrison, A. (2012). Dual-route communication of destination websites. Tourism Management, 33(1), 38–49. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2011.01.021
  • Trauer, B., & Ryan, C. (2005). Destination image, romance and place experience: An application of intimacy theory in tourism. Tourism Management, 26(4), 481–491. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2004.02.014
  • Tseng, C., Wu, B., Morrison, A. M., Zhang, J., & Chen, Y. C. (2015). Travel blogs on China as a destination image formation agent: A qualitative analysis using Leximancer. Tourism Management, 46, 347–358. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.07.012
  • Turner, L. (2011). Canadian medical tourism companies that have exited the marketplace: Content analysis of websites used to market transnational medical travel. Globalization and Health, 7(1), 401–416. doi: 10.1186/1744-8603-7-40
  • Van, L. T, & Jewitt, C. (2001). The handbook of visual analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.
  • Vu, H. Q., Li, G., Law, R., & Ye, B. H. (2015). Exploring the travel behaviors of inbound tourists to Hong Kong using geotagged photos. Tourism Management, 46, 222–232. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.07.003
  • Weber, R. P. (1990). Basic content analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Wells, R. (1967). Distinctively human semiotic. Social Science Information, 6(6), 103–124. doi: 10.1177/053901846700600609
  • Wirtz, M., & Kutschmann, M. (2007). Analyse der Beurteilerübereinstimmung für kategoriale Daten mittels cohens Kappa und alternativer Maße. Die Rehabilitation, 46(6), 370–377. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-976535
  • Yang, Z. Z., & Zou, J. Y. (2006). Tourism’ s “symbolization” and symbolized tourism: Examining tourism and tourism development in semiotics’ views. Tourism Tribune, 21(5), 75–79.
  • Ye, H., & Tussyadiah, I. P. (2011). Destination visual image and expectation of experiences. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 28(2), 129–144. doi: 10.1080/10548408.2011.545743
  • York, Q. Y., & Zhang, H. Q. (2010). The determinants of the 1999 and 2007 Chinese Golden Holiday System: A content analysis of official documentation. Tourism Management, 31(6), 881–890. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2009.10.003
  • Yüksel, A., & Akgül, O. (2007). Postcards as affective image makers: An idle agent in destination marketing. Tourism Management, 28(3), 714–725. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2006.04.026
  • Zhang, W. T., & Kuang, C. W. (2011). Foundation course for SPSS statistical analysis. Beijing: China Renmin University Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.