An integrated model of travelers’ pro-environmental decision-making process: the role of the New Environmental Paradigm

References

• Aguilar-Luzón, M. d. C., García-Martínez, J. M. Á., Calvo-Salguero, A., & Salinas, J. M. (2012). Comparative study between the theory of planned behavior and the value–belief–norm model regarding the environment, on Spanish housewives’ recycling behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(11), 2797–2833. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00962.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16, 74–94. doi: 10.1007/BF02723327
   Google Scholar
• Bamberg, S. (2003). How does environmental concern influence specific environmentally related behaviors? A new answer to an old question. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(1), 21–32. doi: 10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00078-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bamberg, S., Hunecke, M., & Blöbaum, A. (2007). Social context, personal norms and the use of public transportation: Two field studies. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27(3), 190–203. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bamberg, S., & Möser, G. (2007). Twenty years after Hines, Hungerford, and Tomera: A new meta-analysis of psycho-social determinants of pro-environmental behaviour. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27(1), 14–25. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2006.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bamberg, S., & Schmidt, P. (2003). Incentives, morality, or habit? Predicting students’ car use for university routes with the models of Ajzen, Schwartz, and Triandis. Environment and Behavior, 35(2), 264–285. doi: 10.1177/0013916502250134
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budeanu, A. (2007). Sustainable tourist behaviour – a discussion of opportunities for change. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 31, 499–508. doi:10.1111/j.1470-6431.2007.00606.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, B. M. (2006). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, M. F. (2015). An examination of the value-belief-norm theory model in predicting pro-environmental behaviour in Taiwan. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 18(2), 145–151. doi: 10.1111/ajsp.12096
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, M. F., & Tung, P. J. (2014). Developing an extended theory of planned behavior model to predict consumers’ intention to visit green hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 36, 221–230. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.09.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, T., & Wu, H. C. (2015). How do environmental knowledge, environmental sensitivity, and place attachment affect environmentally responsible behavior? An integrated approach for sustainable island tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(4), 557–576. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2014.965177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson, J., Stewart, E. J., Lemelin, H., & Scott, D. (2010). The carbon cost of polar bear viewing tourism in Churchill, Canada. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(3), 319–336. doi: 10.1080/09669580903215147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Groot, J. I., & Steg, L. (2008). Value orientations to explain beliefs related to environmental significant behavior how to measure egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric value orientations. Environment and Behavior, 40(3), 330–354. doi: 10.1177/0013916506297831
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Groot, J. I., & Steg, L. (2009). Morality and prosocial behavior: The role of awareness, responsibility, and norms in the norm activation model. The Journal of Social Psychology, 149(4), 425–449. doi: 10.3200/SOCP.149.4.425-449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Ruyter, K., & Wetzels, M. (2000). Customer equity considerations in service recovery: A cross-industry perspective. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 11(1), 91–108. doi: 10.1108/09564230010310303
   Google Scholar
• Dolnicar, S., Crouch, G. I., & Long, P. (2008). Environment-friendly tourists: What do we really know about them? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(2), 197–210. doi: 10.2167/jost738.0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doran, R., & Larsen, S. (2016). The relative importance of social and personal norms in explaining intentions to choose eco-friendly travel options. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(2), 159–166. doi: 10.1002/jtr.2042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlap, R. E., Van Liere, K. D., Mertig, A. G., & Jones, R. E. (2000). New trends in measuring environmental attitudes: Measuring endorsement of the new ecological paradigm: A revised NEP scale. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 425–442. doi: 10.1111/0022-4537.00176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Follows, S. B., & Jobber, D. (2000). Environmentally responsible purchase behaviour: A test of a consumer model. European Journal of Marketing, 34(5/6), 723–746. doi: 10.1108/03090560010322009
   Google Scholar
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382–388. doi: 10.2307/3150980
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, J., Huang, Z., & Zhang, C. (2017). Tourists’ perceptions of responsibility: An application of norm-activation theory. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(2), 276–291. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1202954
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Han, H. (2014). The norm activation model and theory-broadening: Individuals’ decision-making on environmentally-responsible convention attendance. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 40, 462–471. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.10.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, H. (2015). Travelers’ pro-environmental behavior in a green lodging context: Converging value-belief-norm theory and the theory of planned behavior. Tourism Management, 47, 164–177. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.09.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, H., & Hwang, J. (2015). Norm-based loyalty model (NLM): Investigating delegates’ loyalty formation for environmentally responsible conventions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 46(1), 1–14. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.01.002
   Google Scholar
• Han, H., Hwang, J., Kim, J., & Jung, H. (2015). Guests’ pro-environmental decision-making process: Broadening the norm activation framework in a lodging context. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 47, 96–107. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.03.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harland, P., Staats, H., & Wilke, H. A. (2007). Situational and personality factors as direct or personal norm mediated predictors of pro-environmental behavior: Questions derived from norm-activation theory. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 29(4), 323–334. doi: 10.1080/01973530701665058
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell, R. A. (2013). It's not (just) “the environment, stupid!” values, motivations, and routes to engagement of people adopting lower-carbon lifestyles. Global Environmental Change, 23(1), 281–290. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.10.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunecke, M., Blöbaum, A., Matthies, E., & Höger, R. (2001). Responsibility and environment: Ecological norm orientation and external factors in the domain of travel mode choice behavior. Environment and Behavior, 33(6), 830–852. doi: 10.1177/00139160121973269
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibtissem, M. H. (2010). Application of value beliefs norms theory to the energy conservation behaviour. Journal of Sustainable Development, 3(2), 129–139. doi: 10.5539/jsd.v3n2p129
   Google Scholar
• Imran, S., Alam, K., & Beaumont, N. (2014). Environmental orientations and environmental behaviour: Perceptions of protected area tourism stakeholders. Tourism Management, 40, 290–299. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2013.07.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiatkawsin, K., & Han, H. (2017). Young travelers’ intention to behave pro-environmentally: Merging the value-belief-norm theory and the expectancy theory. Tourism Management, 59, 76–88. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2016.06.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klöckner, C. A. (2013). A comprehensive model of the psychology of environmental behaviour – A meta-analysis. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 1028–1038. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kollmuss, A., & Agyeman, J. (2002). Mind the gap: Why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior? Environmental Education Research, 8(3), 239–260. doi: 10.1080/13504620220145401
   Google Scholar
• Lee, C. K., & Mjelde, J. W. (2007). Valuation of ecotourism resources using a contingent valuation method: The case of the Korean DMZ. Ecological Economics, 63(2-3), 511–520. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.12.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H. Y., Bonn, M. A., Reid, E. L., & Kim, W. G. (2017). Differences in tourist ethical judgment and responsible tourism intention: An ethical scenario approach. Tourism Management, 60, 298–307. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2016.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S., Song, H., Lee, C., & Petrick, J. F. (2017). An integrated model of pop culture fans’ travel decision-making processes. Journal of Travel Research, 1, 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, T. H., Jan, F., & Yang, C. (2013). Conceptualizing and measuring environmentally responsible behaviors from the perspective of community-based tourists. Tourism Management, 36, 454–468. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.09.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Mosquera, N., & Sánchez, M. (2012). Theory of planned behavior and the value-belief-norm theory explaining willingness to pay for a suburban park. Journal of Environmental Management, 113, 251–262. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, Y., & Deng, J. (2008). The new environmental paradigm and nature-based tourism motivation. Journal of Travel Research, 46(4), 392–402. doi: 10.1177/0047287507308331
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matysek, K., & Kriwoken, L. (2003). The natural state: Nature-based tourism and ecotourism accreditation in Tasmania, Australia. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 4(1-2), 129–146. doi: 10.1300/J162v04n01_07
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, F. S., & Frantz, C. M. (2004). The connectedness to nature scale: A measure of individuals’ feeling in community with nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24, 503–515. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2004.10.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of the Interior and Safety. (2015). The resident registration population statistics. Retrieved from http://www.mois.go.kr/frt/sub/a05/totStat/screen.do
   Google Scholar
• Musa, G., & Dimmock, K. (2013). Scuba diving tourism (Vol. 40). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Penz, E., Hofmann, E., & Hart, B. (2017). Fostering sustainable travel behavior: Role of sustainability labels and goal-directed behavior regarding touristic services. Sustainability, 9(6), 1056. doi: 10.3390/su9061056
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pradhananga, A. K. (2014). A moral obligation model of landowner conservation norms and behavior. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Minnesota, Minnesota.
   Google Scholar
• Sahin, E. (2013). Predictors of Turkish elementary teacher candidates’ energy conservation behaviors: An approach on value-belief-norm theory. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 8(2), 269–283. doi: 10.12973/ijese.2013.204a
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, S. H. (1977). Normative influence on altruism. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 10, pp. 221–279). New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values? Journal of Social Issues, 50(4), 19–45. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01196.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, S. H., & Howard, J. A. (1981). A normative decision making model of altruism. In J. P. Rushton, & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Altruism and helping behavior (pp. 89–211). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Song, H. J., Lee, C. K., Kang, S. K., & Boo, S. J. (2012). The effect of environmentally friendly perceptions on festival visitors’ decision-making process using an extended model of goal-directed behavior. Tourism Management, 33(6), 1417–1428. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.01.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steg, L., & De Groot, J. (2010). Explaining prosocial intentions: Testing causal relationships in the norm activation model. British Journal of Social Psychology, 49(4), 725–743. doi: 10.1348/014466609X477745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steg, L., Dreijerink, L., & Abrahamse, W. (2005). Factors influencing the acceptability of energy policies: A test of VBN theory. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25(4), 415–425. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2005.08.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, P. C. (2000). New environmental theories: Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 407–424. doi: 10.1111/0022-4537.00175
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., Abel, T. D., Guagnano, G. A., & Kalof, L. (1999). A value-belief-norm theory of support for social movements: The case of environmentalism. Human Ecology Review, 6(2), 81–97.
   Google Scholar
• Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., & Guagnano, G. A. (1995). The new ecological paradigm in social-psychological context. Environment and Behavior, 27(6), 723–743. doi: 10.1177/0013916595276001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarrant, M. A., & Cordell, H. K. (1997). The effect of respondent characteristics on general environmental attitude-behavior correspondence. Environment and Behavior, 29(5), 618–637. doi: 10.1177/0013916597295002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valle, P. O. D., Rebelo, E., Reis, E., & Menezes, J. (2005). Combining behavioral theories to predict recycling involvement. Environment and Behavior, 37(3), 364–396. doi: 10.1177/0013916504272563
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Werff, E., Steg, L., & Keizer, K. (2013). The value of environmental self-identity: The relationship between biospheric values, environmental self-identity and environmental preferences, intentions and behaviour. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 34, 55–63. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2012.12.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Riper, C. J., & Kyle, G. T. (2014). Understanding the internal processes of behavioral engagement in a national park: A latent variable path analysis of the value-belief-norm theory. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 38, 288–297. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijaya, B. S. (2012). The development of hierarchy of effects model in advertising. International Research Journal of Business Studies, 5(1), 73–85. doi: 10.21632/irjbs.5.1.73-85
   Google Scholar
• Wynveen, C. J., Wynveen, B. J., & Sutton, S. G. (2015). Applying the value-belief-norm theory to marine contexts: Implications for encouraging pro-environmental behavior. Coastal Management, 43(1), 84–103. doi: 10.1080/08920753.2014.989149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., Zhang, H. L., Zhang, J., & Cheng, S. (2014). Predicting residents’ pro-environmental behaviors at tourist sites: The role of awareness of disaster's consequences, values, and place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 40, 131–146. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zollo, L., Yoon, S., Rialti, R., & Ciappei, C. (2018). Ethical consumption and consumers’ decision making: The role of moral intuition. Management Decision, 56(3), 692–710. doi: 10.1108/MD-10-2016-0745
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar