Tourist trust toward a tourism destination: scale development and validation

References

• Abubakar, A. M. (2016). Does eWOM influence destination trust and travel intention: A medical tourism perspective. Ekonomska Istraivanja, 29(1), 598–611. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2016.1189841
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abubakar, A. M., Ilkan, M., Al-Tal, R. M., & Eluwole, K. K. (2017). eWOM, revisit intention, destination trust and gender. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 31, 220–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.12.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Ansi, A., & Han, H. (2019). Role of halal-friendly destination performances, value, satisfaction, and trust in generating destination image and loyalty. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 13, 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.05.007. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212571X18304517
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Ansi, A., Olya, H. G. T., & Han, H. (2019). Effect of general risk on trust, satisfaction, and recommendation intention for halal food. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 83, 210–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.10.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, L. A., & Dedrick, R. F. (1990). Development of the trust in physician scale: A measure to assess interpersonal trust in patient-physician relationships. Psychological Reports, 67(3), 1091–1100. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1990.67.3f.1091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artigas, E. M., Yrigoyen, C. C., Moraga, E. T., & Villalón, C. (2017). Determinants of trust towards tourist destinations. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 6(4), 327–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2017.03.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagozzi, R. P. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: A comment. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 375–381. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800312
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björk, P., & Kauppinen-Räisänen, H. (2016). Local food: A source for destination attraction. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(1), 177–194. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-05-2014-0214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camilleri, J., & Neuhofer, B. (2017). Value co-creation and co-destruction in the airbnb sharing economy. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(9), 2322–2340. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-09-2016-0492
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, L. M., & Smith, C. (2006). What makes them pay? Values of volunteer tourists working for sea turtle conservation. Environmental Management, 38(1), 84–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-005-0188-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casielles, R. V., Álvarez, L. S., & Martín, A. M. D. (2005). Trust as a key factor in successful relationships between consumers and retail service providers. Service Industries Journal, 25(1), 83–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/0264206042000302423
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, K. (2014). Examining the effect of tour guide performance, tourist trust, tourist satisfaction, and flow experience on tourists’. Shopping Behavior. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19(2), 219–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2012.739189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C. J., & Hung, S. W. (2010). To give or to receive? Factors influencing members’ knowledge sharing and community promotion in professional virtual communities. Information & Management, 47(4), 226–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2010.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, L.-J., & Chen, J. S. (2011). The motivations and expectations of international volunteer tourists: A case study of “Chinese village traditions”. Tourism Management, 32(2), 435–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.01.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, N., Hsu, C., & Li, X. R. (2020). Resident sentiment toward a dominant tourist market: Scale development and validation. Journal of Travel Research, 60. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520947799
   Google Scholar
• Cheung, C., Takashima, M., Choi, H. H., Yang, H., & Tung, V. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological needs of tourists: Implications for the travel and tourism industry. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 38(2), 155–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2021.1887055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang, C.-F., & Jang, S. S. (2007). The effects of perceived price and brand image on value and purchase intention: Leisure travelers’ attitudes toward online hotel booking. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 15(3), 49–69. https://doi.org/10.1300/J150v15n03_04
   Google Scholar
• Chin, W. W., & Marcoulides, G.. (1998). Modern Methods for Business Research (Vol. 8, pp. 295–336).
   Google Scholar
• Choi, M., Law, R., & Heo, C. Y. (2016). Shopping destinations and trust – tourist attitudes: Scale development and validation. Tourism Management, 54, 490–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.01.005. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026151771630005X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Churchill, G. A. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), 12–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224377901600110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coren, N., & Gray, T. (2012). Commodification of volunteer tourism: A comparative study of volunteer tourists in Vietnam and in Thailand. International Journal of Tourism Research, 14(3), 222–234. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.848
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cossens, J., & Gin, S. (1994). Tourism and AIDS: The perceived risk of HIV infection on destination choice. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 3(4), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v03n04_01
   Google Scholar
• Crotts, J. C., Aziz, A., & Raschid, A. (1998). Antecedents of supplier's commitment to wholesale buyers in the international travel trade. Tourism Management, 19(2), 127–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(97)00104-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Ruyter, K., Moorman, L., & Lemmink, J. (2001). Antecedents of commitment and trust in customer–supplier relationships in high technology markets. Industrial Marketing Management, 30(3), 271–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019-8501(99)00091-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deutsch, M. (1958). Trust and suspicion. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2(4), 265–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200275800200401
   Google Scholar
• Devellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications (2nd ed.). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Dornas, K. B. H., Mesquita, J. M. C. D., & Patrocínio, R. F. D.. (2015). The relationship between trust, value and loyalty in the internet era: A study in the tourism market. In Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10951-0_39.
   Google Scholar
• Filieri, R., Alguezaui, S., & McLeay, F. (2015). Why do travelers trust TripAdvisor? Antecedents of trust towards consumer-generated media and its influence on recommendation adoption and word of mouth. Tourism Management, 51, 174–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.05.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fodness, D., & Murray, B. (1997). Tourist information search. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(3), 503–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00009-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fodness, D., & Murray, B. (1999). A model of tourist information search behavior. Journal of Travel Research, 37(3), 220–230. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759903700302
   Google Scholar
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 24(2), 337–346. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800312
   Google Scholar
• Fukuyama, F. (1997). Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. Foreign Affairs, 60(3), 369–373. https://doi.org/10.2307/20047503
   Google Scholar
• Gallarza, M. G., & Saura, I. G. (2006). Value dimensions, perceived value, satisfaction and loyalty: An investigation of university students’ travel behaviour. Tourism Management, 27(3), 437–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gefen, D. (2000). E-commerce: The role of familiarity and trust. Omega, 28(6), 725–737. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-0483(00)00021-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Getz, D. (2008). Event tourism: Definition, evolution, and research. Tourism Management, 29(3), 403–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.07.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hallikainen, H., & Laukkanen, T. (2018). National culture and consumer trust in e-commerce. International Journal of Information Management, 38(1), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2017.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handler, I. (2016). The impact of the Fukushima disaster on Japan's travel image: An exploratory study on Taiwanese travellers. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 27, 12–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.01.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harman, H. H. (1976). Modern factor analysis (3rd rev. ed.). University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• He, X., Hu, D., Swanson, S. R., Su, L., & Chen, X. (2018). Destination perceptions, relationship quality, and tourist environmentally responsible behavior. Tourism Management Perspectives, 28, 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2018.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holbrook, M. B. (1995). Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being (2nd edn). Journal of Retailing & Consumer Services, 2(4), 265–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-6989(99)80021-6
   Google Scholar
• Hutchinson, J., Lai, F., & Wang, Y. (2009). Understanding the relationships of quality, value, equity, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions among golf travelers. Tourism Management, 30(2), 298–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.07.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsen, J. K. S. (2002). Southern comfort: A study of holiday style patterns of northerners in coastal Mallorca. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality & Tourism, 2(1), 49–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/150222502760347536
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsen, J. K. S., & Munar, A. M. (2012). Tourist information search and destination choice in a digital age. Tourism Management Perspectives, 1, 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2011.12.005
   Google Scholar
• Jianmin, S., & Haitao, J. (2012). Workplace friendship in Chinese context. Business and Management Journal, 34(12), 62–70. https://doi.org/10.19616/j.cnki.bmj.2012.12.009
   Google Scholar
• Jianyi, L., Lishan, X., & Xinhua, G. (2016). Scale development and validation of tourism public service quality. Tourism Tribune, 31(11), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-5006.2016.11.017
   Google Scholar
• John, E. (2020). Do tourists behave in a sustainable manner at destinations? Empirical evidence from Munnar. Materials Today: Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.399
   Google Scholar
• Kim, M. J., Chung, N., & Lee, C. K. (2011). The effect of perceived trust on electronic commerce: Shopping online for tourism products and services in South Korea. Tourism Management, 32(2), 256–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.01.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kozak, M., & Tasci, A. D. A. (2006). Intentions and consequences of tourist complaints. Tourism Analysis, 11(4), 231–239. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354206778814682
   Google Scholar
• Ladhari, R., & Michaud, M. (2015). eWOM effects on hotel booking intentions, attitudes, trust, and website perceptions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 46, 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.01.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law, R., & Ting, J. (2011). The impact of visitor behavior on the environmental protection of tourist farms in Guangdong. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 16(3), 307–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2011.573244
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson, S., & Jaworski, A. (2007). Shopping and chatting: Reports of tourist–host interaction in the Gambia. Multilingua – Journal of Cross Cultural & Interlanguage Communication, 26(1), 67–93. https://doi.org/10.1515/MULTI.2007.003
   Google Scholar
• Little, T. D. (1997). Mean and covariance structures (MACS) analyses of cross-cultural data: Practical and theoretical issues. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 32(1), 53–76. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3201_3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J., An, K., & Jang, S. (2020). A model of tourists’ civilized behaviors: Toward sustainable coastal tourism in China. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 16, Article 100437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100437
   Google Scholar
• Liu, J., Wang, C., Fang, S., & Zhang, T. (2019). Scale development for tourist trust toward a tourism destination. Tourism Management Perspectives, 31(1), 383–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.07.001. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211973619300728
   Google Scholar
• Loureiro, Sandra María Correia, & González, Francisco Javier Miranda. (2008). The importance of quality, satisfaction, trust, and image in relation to rural tourist loyalty. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 25(2), 117–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10548400802402321
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loureiro, S. M. C., & Gonzalez, F. J. M. (2008). The importance of quality, satisfaction, trust, and image in relation to rural tourist loyalty. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 25(2), 117–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548400802402321
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, W., Tang, P., Jiang, L., & Su, M. M. (2020). Influencing mechanism of tourist social responsibility awareness on environmentally responsible behavior. Journal of Cleaner Production, 271, Article 122565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122565
   Google Scholar
• Marinao, E., Chasco, C., & Torres, E. (2012). Trust in tourist destinations. The role of local inhabitants and institutions. Academia. Revista Latinoamericana de Administración, 51, 27–47. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=71625040003
   Google Scholar
• Marinao Artigas, E., Yrigoyen, C. C., Moraga, E. T., & Villalón, C. B. (2017). Determinants of trust towards tourist destinations. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 6(4), 327–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2017.03.003. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212571X17300896
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min, Q., Han, Q., & Lianghuang, C. (2015). Online user contribution behavior in enterprise-hosted open innovation communities-based on complex adaptive system: An example of Chinese famous enterprise-hosted community. Management Review, 27(1), 126–137. https://doi.org/10.14120/j.cnki.cn11-5057/f.2015.01.012
   Google Scholar
• Moscardo, G. (2004). Shopping as a destination attraction: An empirical examination of the role of shopping in tourists’ destination choice and experience. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(4), 294–307. https://doi.org/10.1177/135676670401000402
   Google Scholar
• Muhdi, L., & Boutellier, R. (2011). Motivational factors affecting participation and contribution of members in two different Swiss innovation communities. International Journal of Innovation Management, 15(3), 543–562. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919611003477
   Google Scholar
• Munar, A. M., & Jacobsen, J. K. S. (2014). Motivations for sharing tourism experiences through social media. Tourism Management, 43, 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.01.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mustonen, P. (2007). Volunteer tourism – altruism or mere tourism? Anatolia, 18(1), 97–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2007.9687038
   Google Scholar
• Neuhofer, B. (2016). Value co-creation and co-destruction in connected tourist experiences. In Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2016. (pp. 779–792). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28231-2_56
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen, I. K., Jex, S. M., & Adams, G. A. (2000). Development and validation of scores on a two-dimensional workplace friendship scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60(4), 628–643. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131640021970655
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Park, S. (2020). Multifaceted trust in tourism service robots. Annals of Tourism Research, 81, Article 102888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102888
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, P. L. (1984). Tourist-guide interaction. Annals of Tourism Research, 11(1), 129–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(84)90100-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce, P. L., & Gretzel, U. (2012). Tourism in technology dead zones: Documenting experiential dimensions. International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 12(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15980634.2012.11434656
   Google Scholar
• Pizam, A. (1999). The American group tourist as viewed by British, Israeli, Korean, and Dutch tour guides. Journal of Travel Research, 38(2), 119–126. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759903800204
   Google Scholar
• Ponte, E. B., Carvajaltrujillo, E., & Escobarrodriguez, T. (2015). Influence of trust and perceived value on the intention to purchase travel online: Integrating the effects of assurance on trust antecedents. Tourism Management, 47, 286–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.10.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prebensen, N. K., Woo, E., Chen, J. S., & Uysal, M. (2013). Motivation and involvement as antecedents of the perceived value of the destination experience. Journal of Travel Research, 52(2), 253–264. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287512461181
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proyrungroj, R. (2014). Orphan volunteer tourism in Thailand: Volunteer tourists’ motivations and on-site experiences. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348014525639
   Google Scholar
• Roehl, W. S., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (1992). Risk perceptions and pleasure travel: An exploratory analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 30(4), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759203000403
   Google Scholar
• Roodurmun, J., & Juwaheer, T. D. (2010, August). Influence of trust on destination loyalty – an empirical analysis – the discussion of the research approach.In International research symposium in service management (Vol. 7, pp. 1–23). Le Meridien Hotel.
   Google Scholar
• Shahzalal, M., & Font, X. (2018). Influencing altruistic tourist behaviour: Persuasive communication to affect attitudes and self-efficacy beliefs. International Journal of Tourism Research, 20(3), 326–334. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2184
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, K. (2004). “Doing development”: The gap year, volunteer-tourists and a popular practice of development. Journal of International Development, 16(5), 681–692. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1120
   Google Scholar
• Sirdeshmukh, D., Singh, J., & Sabol, B. (2002). Consumer trust, value, and loyalty in relational exchanges. Journal of Marketing, 66(1), 15–37. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.66.1.15.18449
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparks, Beverley A., & Browning, Victoria. (2011). The impact of online reviews on hotel booking intentions and perception of trust. Tourism Management, 32(6), 1310–1323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.12.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, P. C. (2000). Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 407–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00175
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., Abel, T., Guagnano, G. A., & Kalof, L. (1999). A value belief norm theory of support for social movements: The case of environmental concern. Human Ecology Review, 6(8), 1–97. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24707060
   Google Scholar
• Su, L., Hsu, M. K., & Marshall, K. P. (2014). Understanding the relationship of service fairness, emotions, trust, and tourist behavioral intentions at a city destination in China. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 31(8), 1018–1038. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2014.892466
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, L., Lian, Q., & Huang, Y. (2020). How do tourists’ attribution of destination social responsibility motives impact trust and intention to visit? The moderating role of destination reputation. Tourism Management, 77, Article 103970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.103970. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261517719301682
   Google Scholar
• Su, L., & Swanson, S. R. (2017). The effect of destination social responsibility on tourist environmentally responsible behavior: Compared analysis of first-time and repeat tourists. Tourism Management, 60, 308–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.12.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson, M., Macinnis, D. J., & Park, C. W. (2005). The ties that bind: Measuring the strength of consumers’ emotional attachments to brands. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 15(1), 77–91. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327663jcp1501_10
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsaur, S.-H., Yen, C.-H., & Chen, C.-L. (2010). Independent tourist knowledge and skills. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(4), 1035–1054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tse, S., & Tung, V. (2021). Measuring the valence and intensity of residents’ behaviors in host–tourist interactions: Implications for destination image and destination competitiveness. Journal of Travel Research, 1. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287521997576
   Google Scholar
• Tse, W. T. S., & Tung, V. W. S. (2020). Assessing explicit and implicit stereotypes in tourism: Self-reports and implicit association test. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1860995
   Google Scholar
• Tung, V. (2019). Helping a lost tourist: The effects of metastereotypes on resident prosocial behaviors. Journal of Travel Research, 58(5), 837–848. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287518778150
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, L. W., & Reisinger, Y. (2000). Shopping satisfaction for domestic tourists. Journal of Retailing & Consumer Services, 8(1), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-6989(00)00005-9
   Google Scholar
• Tussyadiah, I. P., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2009). Mediating tourist experiences: Access to places via shared videos. Annals of Tourism Research, 36(1), 24–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.10.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tussyadiah, I. P., Zach, F. J., & Wang, J. (2020). Do travelers trust intelligent service robots? Annals of Tourism Research, 81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102886
   Google Scholar
• Vallaster, C., Von Wallpach, S., & Zenker, S. (2018). The interplay between urban policies and grassroots city brand co-creation and co-destruction during the refugee crisis: Insights from the city brand Munich (Germany). Cities, 80, 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.07.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veasna, S., Wu, W. Y., & Huang, C. H. (2013). The impact of destination source credibility on destination satisfaction: The mediating effects of destination attachment and destination image. Tourism Management, 36, 511–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.09.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt, C. A., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (1995). Tourists and retailers’ perceptions of services. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(4), 763–780. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(95)00039-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., Liu-Lastres, B., Ritchie, B. W., & Pan, D.-Z. (2019). Risk reduction and adventure tourism safety: An extension of the risk perception attitude framework (RPAF). Tourism Management, 74, 247–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.03.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watchara Yeesoontes, K. W. (2017, January 8–9). Factors influencing Chinese tourists to travel to Thailand [Paper presentation]. The International Conference on Education, Business and Management (ICEBM-2017) Bali, Indonesia.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, J., & Law, R. (2003). Difference in shopping satisfaction levels: A study of tourists in Hong Kong. Tourism Management, 24(4), 401–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00114-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, H. C., Li, T., & Li, M.-Y. (2016). A study of behavioral intentions, patient satisfaction, perceived value, patient trust and experiential quality for medical tourists. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 17(2), 114–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2015.1042621
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, J., & Chang, Y. (2005). Towards understanding members’ interactivity, trust, and flow in online travel community. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 105(7), 937–954. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635570510616120
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yau, M. K.-S., McKercher, B., & Packer, T. L. (2004). Traveling with a disability: More than an access issue. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(4), 946–960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.03.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yüksel, A., & Yüksel, F. (2007). Shopping risk perceptions: Effects on tourists’ emotions, satisfaction and expressed loyalty intentions. Tourism Management, 28(3), 703–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.04.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zohar, D. (1980). Safety climate in Industrial organizations: Theoretical and applied implications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65(1), 96–102. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.65.1.96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar