Changes in residents’ attitudes toward tourism and perceptions of tourism contribution pre- and peri-Covid-19 pandemic: role of perceived gratitude and damage

References

• Agrawal, N., Han, D., & Duhachek, A. (2013). Emotional agency appraisals influence responses to preference inconsistent information. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 120(1), 87–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.10.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albarracín, D., & Kumkale, G. T. (2003). Affect as information in persuasion: A model of affect identification and discounting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(3), 453–469. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Algoe, S. B. (2012). Find, remind, and bind: The functions of gratitude in everyday relationships. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6(6), 455–469. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00439.x
   Google Scholar
• Algoe, S. B., Haidt, J., & Gable, S. L. (2008). Beyond reciprocity: Gratitude and relationships in everyday life. Emotion, 8(3), 425–429. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.8.3.425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, C. T., Machleit, K. A., Kleine, S. S., & Notani, A. S. (2005). A place for emotion in attitude models. Journal of Business Research, 58(4), 494–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(03)00139-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andereck, K. L., Valentine, K. M., Knopf, R. C., & Vogt, C. A. (2005). Residents’ perceptions of community tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(4), 1056–1076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2005.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ap, J. (1992). Residents’ perceptions on tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(4), 665–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(92)90060-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argyriou, E., & Melewar, T. C. (2011). Consumer attitudes revisited: A review of attitude theory in marketing research. International Journal of Management Reviews, 13(4), 431–451. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2011.00299.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartlett, M. Y., & DeSteno, D. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behavior. Psychological Science, 17(4), 319–325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01705.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartsch, A., & Kloß, A. (2019). Personalized charity advertising. Can personalized prosocial messages promote empathy, attitude change, and helping intentions toward stigmatized social groups? International Journal of Advertising, 38(3), 345–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2018.1482098
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, L. C. (2014). Reciprocity. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315780719.
   Google Scholar
• Bohner, G., & Dickel, N. (2011). Attitudes and attitude change. Annual Review of Psychology, 62(1), 391–417. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, G., Szili, G., & Huang, H. (2022). Cultural heritage tourism development in panyu district, guangzhou: Community perspectives on pride and preservation, and concerns for the future. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 17(1), 56–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2021.1881524
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cancino-Montecinos, S., Björklund, F., & Lindholm, T. (2018). Dissonance reduction as emotion regulation: Attitude change is related to positive emotions in the induced compliance paradigm. Plos One, 13(12), e0209012. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catungal, J. P. (2021). Essential workers and the cultural politics of appreciation: Sonic, visual and mediated geographies of public gratitude in the time of COVID-19. Cultural Geographies, 28(2), 403–408. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474474020978483
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, R., & Little, T. D. (2018). Innovations for evaluation research: Multiform protocols, visual analog scaling, and the retrospective pretest–posttest design. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 41(2), 246–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163278718759396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, H. C., & Murray, I. (2010). Resident attitudes toward sustainable community tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(4), 575–594. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580903524852
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clore, G. L., & Schnall, S. (2005). The influence of affect on attitude. Routledge Handbooks Online. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410612823.ch11.
   Google Scholar
• Cramer, M. E., Atwood, J. R., & Stoner, J. A. (2006). Measuring community coalition effectiveness using the ICEc instrument. Public Health Nursing, 23(1), 74–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0737-1209.2006.230111.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day, G., Robert, G., Leedham-Green, K., & Rafferty, A. M. (2022). An outbreak of appreciation: A discursive analysis of tweets of gratitude expressed to the national health service at the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Health Expectations, 25(1), 149–162. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.13359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dogru, T., & Bulut, U. (2018). Is tourism an engine for economic recovery? Theory and empirical evidence. Tourism Management, 67, 425–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.06.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Awaisi, A., O’Carroll, V., Koraysh, S., Koummich, S., & Huber, M. (2020). Perceptions of who is in the healthcare team? A content analysis of social media posts during COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 34(5), 622–632. https://doi.org/10.1080/13561820.2020.1819779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2004). The psychology of gratitude. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150100.001.0001.
   Google Scholar
• Fabrigar, L. R., MacDonald, T. K., & Wegener, D. T. (2005). The Structure of attitudes. Routledge Handbooks Online. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410612823.ch3.
   Google Scholar
• Fakfare, P., & Wattanacharoensil, W. (2021). Impacts of community market development on the residents’ well-being and satisfaction. Tourism Review, 76(5), 1123–1140. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-02-2020-0071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filep, S., Macnaughton, J., & Glover, T. (2017). Tourism and gratitude: Valuing acts of kindness. Annals of Tourism Research, 66, 26–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.05.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., & Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 365–376. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garau-Vadell, J. B., Gutierrez-Taño, D., & Diaz-Armas, R. (2018). Economic crisis and residents’ perception of the impacts of tourism in mass tourism destinations. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 7, 68–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.08.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, A. M., & Gino, F. (2010). A little thanks goes a long way: Explaining why gratitude expressions motivate prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(6), 946–955. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, S., Lerner, J. S., & Keltner, D. (2007). Feelings and consumer decision making: The Appraisal-Tendency framework. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17(3), 158–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1057-7408(07)70023-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinton, P. R., Brownlow, C., McMurray, I. I., & Cozens, B. (2004). Spss explained. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hintze, A., Olson, R. S., Adami, C., & Hertwig, R. (2015). Frugivorous bird guild seasonal patterns in semiarid chaco forests are linked to habitat seasonality but reveal phylogenetic signature. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 5(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.9734/JSRR/2015/14076
   Google Scholar
• Ho, M. C., Shaw, D., Lin, S., & Chiu, Y. C. (2008). How do disaster characteristics influence risk perception? Risk Analysis, 28(3), 635–643. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01040.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard, G. S., Ralph, K. M., Gulanick, N. A., Maxwell, S. E., Nance, D. W., & Gerber, S. K. (1979). Internal invalidity in pretest-posttest self-report evaluations and a Re-evaluation of retrospective pretests. Applied Psychological Measurement, 3(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167900300101
   Google Scholar
• Hubei Statistical Bureau. (2021, February 2). Tabulation on the 2020 population census of Wuhan. http://tjj.hubei.gov.cn/tjsj/sjkscx/tjnj/gsztj/whs/.
   Google Scholar
• Joo, D., Xu, W., Lee, J., Lee, C. K., & Woosnam, K. M. (2021). Residents’ perceived risk, emotional solidarity, and support for tourism amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 19, 100553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100553
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judd, C. M., Kenny, D. A., & McClelland, G. H. (2001). Estimating and testing mediation and moderation in within-subject designs. Psychological Methods, 6(2), 115–134. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.6.2.115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamata, H. (2022). Tourist destination residents’ attitudes towards tourism during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Current Issues in Tourism, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1881452.
   Google Scholar
• Keshky, E., El Sayed, M., Basyouni, S. S., & Al Sabban, A. M. (2020). Getting through COVID-19: The pandemic’s impact on the psychology of sustainability, quality of life, and the global economy – A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 3188. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.585897
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. Y. (2013). Statistical notes for clinical researchers: Assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis. Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, 38(1), 52–54. https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2013.38.1.52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim, K., Tulachan, B. P., Cho, Y. H., & Kim, T. H. (2020). Gratitude enhances work engagement through reduced perception of damage: A case study in nepals’ earthquake disaster. The Open Psychology Journal, 13(1), 206–212. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874350102013010206
   Google Scholar
• Kolyesnikova, N., Dodd, T. H., & Laverie, D. A. (2007). Gratuity purchasing at wineries: An investigation of the determining factors. International Journal of Wine Business Research, 19(4), 239–256. https://doi.org/10.1108/17511060710837409
   Google Scholar
• Komter, A. E. (2004). Gratitude and gift exchange. In R. A. Emmons, & M. E. McCullough (Eds.), The psychology of gratitude (pp. 195–212). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lerner, J. S., & Keltner, D. (2000). Beyond valence: Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgement and choice. Cognition & Emotion, 14(4), 473–493. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999300402763
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner, J. S., & Keltner, D. (2001). Fear, anger, and risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 146–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little, T. D., Chang, R., Gorrall, B. K., Waggenspack, L., Fukuda, E., Allen, P. J., & Noam, G. G. (2020). The retrospective pretest–posttest design redux: On its validity as an alternative to traditional pretest–posttest measurement. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 44(2), 175–183. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025419877973
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, A., Wang, W., & Wu, X. (2020). Understanding the relation between self-compassion and suicide risk among adolescents in a post-disaster context: Mediating roles of gratitude and posttraumatic stress disorder. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1541. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu-Lastres, B., Mariska, D., Tan, X., & Ying, T. (2020). Can post-disaster tourism development improve destination livelihoods? A case study of aceh, indonesia. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 18, 100510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100510
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lwin, M. O., Lu, J., Sheldenkar, A., Schulz, P. J., Shin, W., Gupta, R., & Yang, Y. (2020). Global sentiments surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic on twitter: Analysis of twitter trends. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 6(2), e19447. https://doi.org/10.2196/19447
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Madrigal, R. (1995). Residents’ perceptions and the role of government. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(1), 86–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(94)00070-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magno, F., & Dossena, G. (2020). Pride of being part of a host community? Medium-term effects of mega-events on citizen quality of life: The case of the world expo 2015 in milan. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 15, 100410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mair, J., Ritchie, B. W., & Walters, G. (2016). Towards a research agenda for post-disaster and post-crisis recovery strategies for tourist destinations: A narrative review. Current Issues in Tourism, 19(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2014.932758
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCanlies, E. C., Gu, J. K., Andrew, M. E., & Violanti, J. M. (2018). The effect of social support, gratitude, resilience and satisfaction with life on depressive symptoms among police officers following hurricane katrina. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 64(1), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764017746197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. A. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 112–127. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGaugh, J. L. (2018). Emotional arousal regulation of memory consolidation. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 19, 55–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meleady, R., Hodson, G., & Earle, M. (2021). Person and situation effects in predicting outgroup prejudice and avoidance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Personality and Individual Differences, 172, 110593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110593
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montoya, A. K., & Hayes, A. F. (2017). Two-condition within-participant statistical mediation analysis: A path-analytic framework. Psychological Methods, 22(1), 6–27. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales, A. C. (2005). Giving firms an “E” for effort: Consumer responses to high-effort firms. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(4), 806–812. https://doi.org/10.1086/426615
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, P. E. (2013). Tourism: A community approach (RLE tourism). Methuen, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203068533
   Google Scholar
• Naidoo, P., & Sharpley, R. (2016). Local perceptions of the relative contributions of enclave tourism and agritourism to community well-being: The case of Mauritius. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 5(1), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.11.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunkoo, R., & Gursoy, D. (2012). Residents’ support for tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(1), 243–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.05.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunkoo, R., & Ramkissoon, H. (2011). Developing a community support model for tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(3), 964–988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.01.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunkoo, R., Smith, S. L., & Ramkissoon, H. (2013). Residents’ attitudes to tourism: A longitudinal study of 140 articles from 1984 to 2010. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(1), 5–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2012.673621
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onuma, H., Shin, K. J., & Managi, S. (2017). Household preparedness for natural disasters: Impact of disaster experience and implications for future disaster risks in Japan. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 21, 148–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onur Bodur, H., Brinberg, D., & Coupey, E. (2000). Belief, affect, and attitude: Alternative models of the determinants of attitude. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 9(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327663jcp0901_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouyang, Z., Gursoy, D., & Sharma, B. (2017). Role of trust, emotions and event attachment on residents’ attitudes toward tourism. Tourism Management, 63, 426–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.06.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozturk, A. B., Ozer, O., & Çaliskan, U. (2015). The relationship between local residents’ perceptions of tourism and their happiness: A case of kusadasi, turkey. Tourism Review, 70(3), 232–242. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-09-2014-0053
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmatier, R. W., Jarvis, C. B., Bechkoff, J. R., & Kardes, F. R. (2009). The role of customer gratitude in relationship marketing. Journal of Marketing, 73(5), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.73.5.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raggio, R. D., & Folse, J. A. G. (2009). Gratitude works: Its impact and the mediating role of affective commitment in driving positive outcomes. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 37(4), 455–469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-009-0144-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raggio, R. D., Walz, A. M., Godbole, M. B., & Folse, J. A. G. (2014). Gratitude in relationship marketing. European Journal of Marketing, 48(1/2), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-08-2009-0355
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramkissoon, H. (2020). Perceived social impacts of tourism and quality-of-life: A new conceptual model. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1858091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rastegar, R., Higgins-Desbiolles, F., & Ruhanen, L. (2021). COVID-19 and a justice framework to guide tourism recovery. Annals of Tourism Research, 91, 103161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saladino, V., Algeri, D., & Auriemma, V. (2020). The psychological and social impact of COVID-19: New perspectives of well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2550. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577684
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schimmack, U., & Crites Jr., S. L. (2005). The Structure of affect. In Dolores Albarracin, Blair T. Johnson, & Mark P. Zanna (Eds.), The handbook of attitudes (pp. 397–435). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (2003). Mood as information: 20 years later. Psychological Inquiry, 14(3-4), 296–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2003.9682896
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Septianto, F., & Garg, N. (2021). The impact of gratitude (vs pride) on the effectiveness of cause-related marketing. European Journal of Marketing, 55(6), 1594–1623. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-11-2019-0829
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, B., Dyer, P., Carter, J., & Gursoy, D. (2008). Exploring residents’ perceptions of the social impacts of tourism on the sunshine coast, Australia. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 9(3), 288–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480802096092
   Google Scholar
• Smith, A. (2000). The theory of moral sentiments. Prometheus Books.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1985). Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(4), 813–838. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.48.4.813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, E., Lee, J. E., & Kwon, S. (2021). Effect of public empathy with infection-control guidelines on infection-prevention attitudes and behaviors: Based on the case of COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 13408. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprangers, M., & Hoogstraten, J. (1989). Pretesting effects in retrospective pretest^posttest designs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(2), 265–272. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.74.2.265
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stellar, J. E., Gordon, A. M., Piff, P. K., Cordaro, D., Anderson, C. L., Bai, Y., Maruskin, L. A., & Keltner, D. (2017). Self-transcendent emotions and their social functions: Compassion, gratitude, and awe bind US to others through prosociality. Emotion Review, 9(3), 200–207. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073916684557
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tannenbaum, M. B., Hepler, J., Zimmerman, R. S., Saul, L., Jacobs, S., Wilson, K., & Albarracin, D. (2015). Appealing to fear: A meta-analysis of fear appeal effectiveness and theories. Psychological Bulletin, 141(6), 1178–1204. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong, E. M., & Oh, V. (2020). The blockade of store-operated calcium channels improves decompression sickness in rats. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 1616. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UN. (2021, December). UN comprehensive response to COVID-19. https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/un-comprehensive-response-covid-19-2021.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Uysal, M., Sirgy, M. J., Woo, E., & Kim, H. L. (2016). Quality of life (QOL) and well-being research in tourism. Tourism Management, 53, 244–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.07.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., & Pfister, R. E. (2008). Residents’ attitudes toward tourism and perceived personal benefits in a rural community. Journal of Travel Research, 47(1), 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507312402
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins, P. C., Cruz, L., Holben, H., & Kolts, R. L. (2008). Taking care of business? Grateful processing of unpleasant memories. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3(2), 87–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760701760567
   Google Scholar
• Wells, C. R., & Galvani, A. P. (2021). The interplay between COVID-19 restrictions and vaccination. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 21(8), 1053–1054. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00074-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (2020). Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): situation report, 1. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200121-sitrep-1-2019-ncov.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson-Genderson, M., Heid, A. R., & Pruchno, R. (2018). Long-term effects of disaster on depressive symptoms: Type of exposure matters. Social Science & Medicine, 217, 84–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.09.062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, J. W. C., & Lai, I. K. W. (2021). Effect of government enforcement actions on resident support for tourism recovery during the COVID-19 crisis in macao, China. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 26(9), 973–987. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2021.1940224
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Gillett, R., Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2008). The role of gratitude in the development of social support, stress, and depression: Two longitudinal studies. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(4), 854–871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2007.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woosnam, K. M., Russell, Z., Ribeiro, M. A., Denley, T. J., Rojas, C., Hadjidakis, E., Barr, J., & Mower, J. (2022). Residents’ pro-tourism behaviour in a time of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1858–1877. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1985128
   Google Scholar
• Wright, D., & Sharpley, R. (2018). Local community perceptions of disaster tourism: The case of L'Aquila, italy. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(14), 1569–1585. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2016.1157141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wuhan Culture and Tourism Bureau. (2020, October 9). Overview of the cultural and tourism market in Wuhan during the Golden Week. http://wlj.wuhan.gov.cn/zwgk_27/zwdt/jdxw/202010/t20201009_1461459.shtml.
   Google Scholar
• Wuhan Government. (2022, January 2). Coronavirus Statistics in Wuhan. http://www.wuhan.gov.cn/zwgk/tzgg/202201/t20220104_1887527.shtml.
   Google Scholar
• Zajonc, R. B. (1984). On the primacy of affect. American Psychologist, 39(2), 117–123. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.39.2.117
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zenker, S., & Kock, F. (2020). The coronavirus pandemic – A critical discussion of a tourism research agenda. Tourism Management, 81, 104164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., Byon, K. K., Tsuji, Y., & Pedersen, P. M. (2020). Co-created value influences residents’ support toward the sporting event through the mediating mechanism of gratitude. European Sport Management Quarterly, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2020.1836011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, D., Ritchie, B. W., & Benckendorff, P. J. (2021). Beyond cost–benefit analysis: Resident emotions, appraisals and support toward tourism performing arts developments. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(5), 668–684. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1732881
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, Y., Cheng, E. W., Shen, F., & Walker, R. M. (2022). An Eye for an Eye? An integrated model of attitude change toward protest violence. Political Communication, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2022.2053915
   Google Scholar