Mediating role of attitudinal and behavioral loyalty between destination attractiveness and environmentally responsible behavior based on Stimulus-Organism-Response model

References

• Akhshik, A., Rezapouraghdam, H., & Ramkissoon, H. (2022). Industrialization of nature in the time of complexity unawareness: The case of Chitgar Lake, Iran. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 46(3), 583–606. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348020964949
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akter, S., D’Ambra, J., & Ray, P. (2011). Trustworthiness in mHealth information services: An assessment of a hierarchical model with mediating and moderating effects using partial least squares (PLS). Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 62(1), 100–116. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21442
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alrawadieh, Z., Alrawadieh, Z., & Kozak, M. (2019). Exploring the impact of tourist harassment on destination image, tourist expenditure, and destination loyalty. Tourism Management, 73, 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.01.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alrawadieh, Z., Prayag, G., Alrawadieh, Z., & Alsalameen, M. (2019). Self-identification with a heritage tourism site, visitors’ engagement and destination loyalty: The mediating effects of overall satisfaction. The Service Industries Journal, 39(7-8), 541–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2018.1564284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backman, S. J., & Crompton, J. L. (1991). Differentiating between high, spurious, latent, and low loyalty participants in two leisure activities. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 9(2), 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Barclay, D., Higgins, C., & Thompson, R. (1995). The partial least squares (PLS) approach to causal modelling: Personal computer adoption and use as an illustration. Technology Studies, 2(2), 285–309.
   Google Scholar
• Butarbutar, R., & Soemarno, S. (2013). Environmental effects of ecotourism in Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Development Studies, 1(3), 97–107. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jitode.2013.001.03.01
   Google Scholar
• Campos-Soria, J. A., Núñez-Carrasco, J. A., & García-Pozo, A. (2021). Environmental concern and destination choices of tourists: Exploring the underpinnings of country heterogeneity. Journal of Travel Research, 60(3), 532–545. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520933686
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y. S. (2010). The drivers of green brand equity: Green brand image, green satisfaction, and green trust. Journal of Business Ethics, 93(2), 307–319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0223-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y. S., Huang, A. F., Wang, T. Y., & Chen, Y. R. (2020). Greenwash and green purchase behaviour: The mediation of green brand image and green brand loyalty. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 31(1-2), 194–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2018.1426450
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, S. I. (2011). Comparisons of competing models between attitudinal loyalty and behavioral loyalty. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(10), 149–166.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, T. M., Wu, C., & Huang, L. M. (2013). The influence of place attachment on the relationship between destination attractiveness and environmentally responsible behavior for island tourism in Penghu, Taiwan. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(8), 1166–1187. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2012.750329
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, T. M., & Wu, H. C. (2015). How do environmental knowledge, environmental sensitivity, and place attachment affect environmentally responsible behavior? An integrated approach for sustainable island tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(4), 557–576. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2014.965177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, T. M., Wu, H. C., Wang, J. T. M., & Wu, M. R. (2019). Community participation as a mediating factor on residents’ attitudes towards sustainable tourism development and their personal environmentally responsible behaviour. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(14), 1764–1782. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1405383
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chhetri, P., Arrowsmith, C., & Jackson, M. (2004). Determining hiking experiences in nature-based tourist destinations. Tourism Management, 25(1), 31–43. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00057-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu, Y. T. H., Lee, W. I., & Chen, T. H. (2014). Environmentally responsible behavior in ecotourism: Antecedents and implications. Tourism Management, 40, 321–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.06.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coetzee, W. J., & Pourfakhimi, S. (2020). Affective engagement as a contextual dimension for predicting intentions to revisit and recommend events–a multinational comparison. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 12(3), 401–421. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2019.1695345
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor, James, Andrews, Dia Jade, Noack-Lundberg, Kyja, & Wadham, Ben. (2021). Military Loyalty as a Moral Emotion. Armed Forces & Society, 47(3), 530–550. http://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X19880248
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cracolici, M. F., & Nijkamp, P. (2009). The attractiveness and competitiveness of tourist destinations: A study of Southern Italian regions. Tourism Management, 30(3), 336–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.07.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai, Y., Li, A., Lu, W., Chen, K., & Yang, C. (2014). Antecedents of environmentally responsible behavior in heritage tourism: From the viewpoints of authenticity perception, nostalgia emotion, and place attachment. Journal of Outdoor Recreation Study, 27(4), 59–91. https://doi.org/10.6130/JORS.2014.27(4)3
   Google Scholar
• Dolnicar, S., & Leisch, F. (2008). Selective marketing for environmentally sustainable tourism. Tourism Management, 29(4), 672–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.07.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Fossgard, K., & Fredman, P. (2019). Dimensions in the nature-based tourism experiencescape: An explorative analysis. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 28, 100219. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2019.04.001
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, A., Arora, N., Sharma, R., & Mishra, A. (2021). Determinants of tourists’ site-specific environmentally responsible behavior: An eco-sensitive zone perspective. Journal of Travel Research, 61(6), 1267–1286. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472875211030328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2019). Multivariate data analysis. Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Han, J. H., Lee, M. J., & Hwang, Y. S. (2016). Tourists’ environmentally responsible behavior in response to climate change and tourist experiences in nature-based tourism. Sustainability, 8(7), 644. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8070644
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haque, E., Sungsuwan, T., & Sanglimsuwan, S. (2021). Can social media be a tool for increasing tourists ‘environmentally responsible behavior? Geo Journal of Tourism and Geosites, 38(4), 1211–1222. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.38428-762
   Google Scholar
• Hsieh, C. M., Park, S. H., & McNally, R. (2016). Application of the extended theory of planned behavior to intention to travel to Japan among Taiwanese youth: Investigating the moderating effect of past visit experience. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(5), 717–729. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2016.1167387
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, Y., & Ritchie, J. B. (1993). Measuring destination attractiveness: A contextual approach. Journal of Travel Research, 32(2), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759303200204
   Google Scholar
• Imamović, I, Azevedo, A, J, & Sousa, B, M. (2022). The urban sensescapes and sensory destination branding. In M. Valeri (Ed.), New governance and management in touristic destinations (pp. 276–293). IGI Global.
   Google Scholar
• Jin, X., Weber, K., & Bauer, T. (2012). Impact of clusters on exhibition destination attractiveness: Evidence from Mainland China. Tourism Management, 33(6), 1429–1439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.01.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, E. J., Scott, N., Lee, T. J., & Ballantyne, R. (2012). Benefits of visiting a ‘dark tourism’ site: The case of the Jeju April 3rd Peace Park, Korea. Tourism Management, 33(2), 257–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.03.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, D., & Perdue, R. R. (2011). The influence of image on destination attractiveness. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 28(3), 225–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2011.562850
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, M., & Thapa, B. (2018). Perceived value and flow experience: Application in a nature-based tourism context. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 8, 373–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2017.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T. H., & Hsieh, H. P. (2016). Indicators of sustainable tourism: A case study from a Taiwan’s wetland. Ecological Indicators, 67, 779–787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.03.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T. H., Jan, F. H., & Huang, G. W. (2015). The influence of recreation experiences on environmentally responsible behavior: The case of Liuqiu Island, Taiwan. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(6), 947–967. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1024257
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T. H., Jan, F. H., & Yang, C. C. (2013). Environmentally responsible behavior of nature-based tourists: A review. International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 2(1), 100–115.
   Google Scholar
• Li, J., Dai, G., Tang, J., & Chen, Y. (2020). Conceptualizing festival attractiveness and its impact on festival hosting destination loyalty: A mixed method approach. Sustainability, 12(8), 3082. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083082
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, S., Liu, M., & Wei, M. (2021). Host sincerity and tourist environmentally responsible behavior: The mediating role of tourists’ emotional solidarity with hosts. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 19, 100548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100548
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, Y., Tran, M., & Yang, T. (2013). Exploring the effect of authenticity on loyalty in culture heritage tourism. The Journal of Regional and Social Development Research, 4, 317–335.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, Y. H., & Lee, T. H. (2020). How do recreation experiences affect visitors’ environmentally responsible behavior? Evidence from recreationists visiting ancient trails in Taiwan. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(5), 705–726. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1701679
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J., Wu, J. S., & Che, T. (2019). Understanding perceived environment quality in affecting tourists’ environmentally responsible behaviours: A broken windows theory perspective. Tourism Management Perspectives, 31, 236–244. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.05.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lv, X., & McCabe, S. (2020). Expanding theory of tourists’ destination loyalty: The role of sensory impressions. Tourism Management, 77, 104026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.104026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mair, J. (2011). Exploring air travellers’ voluntary carbon-offsetting behaviour. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(2), 215–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2010.517317
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J. A. (1974). An approach to environmental psychology. MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Middleton, V. T. (1989). Marketing implications for attractions. Tourism Management, 10(3), 229–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(89)90080-0
   Google Scholar
• Mikulić, J., Krešić, D., Prebežac, D., Miličević, K., & Šerić, M. (2016). Identifying drivers of destination attractiveness in a competitive environment: A comparison of approaches. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 5(2), 154–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nantou County Government. (2022). Statistics of tourist arrivals in Nantou County. Retrieved 14th February from https://www.nantou.gov.tw/big5/downloaddetail.asp?mcid=125695#
   Google Scholar
• Nasir, M., Mohamad, M., Ghani, N., & Afthanorhan, A. (2020). Testing mediation roles of place attachment and tourist satisfaction on destination attractiveness and destination loyalty relationship using phantom approach. Management Science Letters, 10(2), 443–454. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.8.026
   Google Scholar
• Nilplub, C., Khang, D. B., & Krairit, D. (2016). Determinants of destination loyalty and the mediating role of tourist satisfaction. Tourism Analysis, 21(2-3), 221–236. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354216X14559233984818
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunkoo, R., & Ramkissoon, H. (2016). Stakeholders’ views of enclave tourism: A grounded theory approach. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 40(5), 557–558. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348013503997
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oppermann, M. (2000). Tourism destination loyalty. Journal of Travel Research, 39(1), 78–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728750003900110
   Google Scholar
• Pan, Y., & Liu, J. G. (2018). Antecedents for college students’ environmentally responsible behavior: Implications for collective impact and sustainable tourism. Sustainability, 10(6), 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10062024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patwardhan, V., Ribeiro, M. A., Payini, V., Woosnam, K. M., Mallya, J., & Gopalakrishnan, P. (2020). Visitors’ place attachment and destination loyalty: Examining the roles of emotional solidarity and perceived safety. Journal of Travel Research, 59(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287518824157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrick, J. F. (2004). Are loyal visitors desired visitors? Tourism Management, 25(4), 463–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00116-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramkissoon, H. (2015). Authenticity, satisfaction, and place attachment: A conceptual framework for cultural tourism in African island economies. Development Southern Africa, 32(3), 292–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2015.1010711
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramkissoon, H., Mavondo, F., & Uysal, M. (2018). Social involvement and park citizenship as moderators for quality-of-life in a national park. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(3), 341–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1354866
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramkissoon, H., Smith, L. D. G., & Weiler, B. (2013). Relationships between place attachment, place satisfaction and pro-environmental behaviour in an Australian national park. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(3), 434–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2012.708042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramkissoon, H., & Sowamber, V. (2020). Local support in tourism in Mauritius. In M. Novelli, M. E. Adu-Among, & A. Ribeiro (Eds.), Routledge handbook of tourism in Africa (pp. 417–428). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Reitsamer, B. F., Brunner-Sperdin, A., & Stokburger-Sauer, N. E. (2016). Destination attractiveness and destination attachment: The mediating role of tourists’ attitude. Tourism Management Perspectives, 19, 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2016.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selnes, F. (1993). An examination of the effect of product performance on brand reputation, satisfaction and loyalty. European Journal of Marketing, 27(9), 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090569310043179
   Google Scholar
• Senbeto, D. L., & Hon, A. H. Y. (2019). A Dualistic model of tourism seasonality: Approach–avoidance and regulatory focus theories. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 43(5), 734–753. http://doi.org/10.1177/1096348019828446
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith-Sebasto, N. J., & D’Costa, A. (1995). Designing a Likert-type scale to predict environmentally responsible behavior in undergraduate students: A multistep process. The Journal of Environmental Education, 27(1), 14–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.1995.9941967
   Google Scholar
• Steg, L., & Vlek, C. (2009). Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: An integrative review and research agenda. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(3), 309–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2008.10.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoffelen, A., Adiyia, B., Vanneste, D., & Kotze, N. (2020). Post-apartheid local sustainable development through tourism: An analysis of policy perceptions among ‘responsible’ tourism stakeholders around Pilanesberg National Park, South Africa. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(3), 414–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1679821
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, L., Hsu, M. K., & Boostrom Jr, R. E. (2020). From recreation to responsibility: Increasing environmentally responsible behavior in tourism. Journal of Business Research, 109, 557–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.12.055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, L., & Swanson, S. R. (2017). The effect of destination social responsibility on tourist environmentally responsible behavior: Compared analysis of first-time and repeat tourists. Tourism Management, 60, 308–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.12.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suhartanto, D., Brien, A., Primiana, I., Wibisono, N., & Triyuni, N. N. (2020). Tourist loyalty in creative tourism: The role of experience quality, value, satisfaction, and motivation. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(7), 867–879. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1568400
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, X., Chi, C. G. Q., & Xu, H. (2013). Developing destination loyalty: The case of Hainan Island. Annals of Tourism Research, 43, 547–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, Y., Luo, B., Wang, S., & Fang, W. (2021). What you see is meaningful: Does green advertising change the intentions of consumers to purchase eco-labeled products? Business Strategy and the Environment, 30(1), 694–704. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2648
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tourism Bureau, Republic of China. (2022). Xitou nature education area. Retrieved 14th February from https://www.taiwan.net.tw/m1.aspx?sNo=0001016&id=2101
   Google Scholar
• Uysal, M., Berbekova, A., & Kim, H. (2020). Designing for quality of life. Annals of Tourism Research, 83, 102944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102944
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vigolo, V. (2015). Investigating the attractiveness of an emerging long-haul destination: Implications for loyalty. International Journal of Tourism Research, 17(6), 564–576. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vining, J., & Ebreo, A. (2002). Emerging theoretical and methodological perspectives on conservation behavior. In R. B. Bechtel, & A. Churchman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 551–558). John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. C., Liu, C. R., Huang, W. S., & Chen, S. P. (2020). Destination fascination and destination loyalty: Subjective well-being and destination attachment as mediators. Journal of Travel Research, 59(3), 496–511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519839777
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, H. C., Lin, S. Y., & Wang, C. L. (2006). A study of visitor’s perceptions on environmental setting attributes and loyalty in the forest recreation area. Journal of Sport and Recreation Management, 3(1), 42–56. https://doi.org/10.6214/JSRM.200606_3(1).0003
   Google Scholar
• Xitou Nature Education Area. (2022). Introduction of Xitou Nature Education Area. Retrieved 14th February from https://www.exfo.ntu.edu.tw/xitou/page.php?id=1
   Google Scholar
• Xu, Z., & Zhang, J. (2016). Antecedents and consequences of place attachment: A comparison of Chinese and Western urban tourists in Hangzhou, China. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 5(2), 86–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin, J., Cheng, Y., Bi, Y., & Ni, Y. (2020). Tourists perceived crowding and destination attractiveness: The moderating effects of perceived risk and experience quality. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 18, 100489. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100489
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yolal, M., Chi, C. G. Q., & Pesämaa, O. (2017). Examine destination loyalty of first-time and repeat visitors at all-inclusive resorts. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(7), 1834–1853. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-06-2015-0293
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhai, X., Wang, M., & Ghani, U. (2020). The SOR (stimulus-organism-response) paradigm in online learning: An empirical study of students’ knowledge hiding perceptions. Interactive Learning Environments, 28(5), 586–601. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2019.1696841
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, H., Fu, X., Cai, L. A., & Lu, L. (2014). Destination image and tourist loyalty: A meta-analysis. Tourism Management, 40, 213–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.06.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar