Compositions and greenhouse gas emission factors of flared and vented gas in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin

References

• Acharya , T. and Ray , A.K. 2005 . Image Processing: Principles and Applications , Hoboken , NJ : Wiley-Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• BP. 2011. BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2011 www.bp.com/statisticalreview (http://www.bp.com/statisticalreview) (Accessed: 13 August 2011 ).
   Google Scholar
• Dandekar , A.Y. 2006 . Petroleum Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties , Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Elvidge , C.D. , Ziskin , D. , Baugh , K.E. , Tuttle , B.T. , Ghosh , T. , Pack , D.W. , Erwin , E.H. and Zhizhin , M.A. 2009 . Fifteen year record of global natural gas flaring derived from satellite data . Energies , 2 : 595 – 622 . doi: 10.3390/en20300595
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Energy Resources Conservation Board . 2006 . Directive 060: Upstream Petroleum Industry Flaring, Incinerating, and Venting , Calgary , Alberta : Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board .
   Google Scholar
• Energy Resources Conservation Board . 2007 . Directive 007: Volumetric and Infrastructure Requirements , Calgary , Alberta : Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board .
   Google Scholar
• Energy Resources Conservation Board . 2008 . Directive 056: Energy Development Applications and Schedules , Calgary , Alberta : Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board .
   Google Scholar
• Energy Resources Conservation Board . 2010 . ST60B-2010: Upstream Petroleum Industry Flaring and Venting Report , Calgary , Alberta : Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board .
   Google Scholar
• Energy Resources Conservation Board . 2011a . Directive 017: Measurement Requirements for Oil and Gas Operations , Calgary , Alberta : Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board .
   Google Scholar
• Energy Resources Conservation Board . 2011b . Guide 01: 2011 Catalogue: Publications, Maps, and Services , Calgary , Alberta : Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board .
   Google Scholar
• Hansen , J. , Sato , M. , Ruedy , R. , Lacis , A. and Global , O.V. 2000 . Warming in the twenty-first century: An alternative scenario . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , 97 : 9875 – 9880 . doi: 10.1073/pnas.170278997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , M.R. and Coderre , A.R. 2011 . An analysis of flaring and venting activity in the Alberta upstream oil and gas industry . J. Air. Waste Manage. Assoc. , 61 : 190 – 200 . doi: 10.3155/1047–3289.61.2.190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , M.R. and Coderre , A.R. 2012 . Opportunities for CO2 equivalent emmissions reductions via flare and vent mitigation: A Case study for Alberta, Canada . Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control. , 8 : 121 – 131 . doi: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2012.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , M.R. , Devillers , R.W. and Thomson , K.A. 2011 . Quantitative field measurement of soot emission from a large gas flare using sky-LOSA . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 45 : 345 – 350 . doi: 10.1021/es102230y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , M.R. and Kostiuk , L.W. 2000 . Efficiencies of low-momentum jet diffusion flames in crosswinds . Combust. Flame , 123 : 189 – 200 . doi: 10.1016/S0010–2180(00)00151–6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , M.R. and Kostiuk , L.W. 2002 . A parametric model for the efficiency of a flare in crosswind . Proc. Combust. Inst. , 29 : 1943 – 1950 . doi: 10.1016/S1540-7489(02)80236-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , M.R. , Wilson , D.J. and Kostiuk , L.W. 2001 . A fuel stripping mechanism for wake-stabilized jet diffusion flames in crossflow . Combust. Sci. Technol. , 169 : 155 – 174 . doi: 10.1080/00102200108907844
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDaniel , M. 1983 . Flare Efficiency Study , 133 Research Triangle Park , NC : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency .
   Google Scholar
• McEwen , J.D.N. and Johnson , M.R. 2012 . Black carbon particulate matter emission factors for buoyancy driven associated gas flares . J. Air. Waste Manage. Assoc. , 62 ( 3 ) : 307 – 321 . doi: 10.1080/10473289.2011.650040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montzka , S.A. , Dlugokencky , E.J. and Butler , J.H. 2011 . Non-CO2 greenhouse gases and climate change . Nature , 476 : 43 – 50 . doi: 10.1038/nature10322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Energy Board . Canada's Energy Future-Reference Case and Scenarios to 2030 . NE23-15/2007E . 2007 . Calgary, Alberta: National Energy Board
   Google Scholar
• National Energy Board. 2009. Estimated production of Canadian crude oil and equivalent. http://www.neb-one.gc.ca/clf-nsi/rnrgynfmtn/sttstc/crdlndptrlmp rdct/stmtdprdctn-eng.html (http://www.neb-one.gc.ca/clf-nsi/rnrgynfmtn/sttstc/crdlndptrlmp rdct/stmtdprdctn-eng.html) (Accessed: 1 September 2011 ).
   Google Scholar
• Pohl , J.H. , Lee , J. , Payne , R. and Tichenor , B.A. 1986 . Combustion efficiency of flares . Combust. Sci. Technol. , 50 : 217 – 231 . doi: 10.1080/00102208608923934
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prinn , R.G. , Huang , J. , Weiss , R.F. , Cunnold , D.M. , Fraser , P.J. , Simmonds , P.G. , McCulloch , A. , Harth , C. , Reimann , S. , Salameh , P. , Doherty , S. O , Wang , R.H.J. , Porter , L.W. , Miller , B.R. and Krummel , P.B. 2005 . Evidence for variability of atmospheric hydroxyl radicals over the past quarter century . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 32 : 2 – 5 . doi: 10.1029/2004GL022228
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Province of Alberta . 2005 . Pipeline Regulation , Alberta Regulation 91/2005 .
   Google Scholar
• Province of Alberta . 2011 . Oil and Gas Conservation Act , Alberta Regulation 151/71 .
   Google Scholar
• Shindell , D.T. , Faluvegi , G. , Koch , D.M. , Schmidt , G.A. , Unger , N. and Bauer , S.E. 2009 . Improved attribution of climate forcing to emissions . Science , 326 : 716 – 718 . doi: 10.1126/science.1174760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel , K.D. 1980 . Degree of conversion of flare gas in refinery high flares , 192 Germany : Fridericiana University Karlsruhe . Ph.D. dissertationKarlsruhe
   Google Scholar
• Solomon , S. , Qin , D. , Manning , M. , Chen , Z. , Marquis , M. , Averyt , K.B. , Tignor , M. and Miller , H.L. , eds. 2007 . IPCC xxx , 996 Cambridge, UK, and New York , , USA : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada . 2010 . Energy Statistics Handbook , 57 – 601 . XOttawa , ON : Minister of Industry .
   Google Scholar
• Strosher , M.T. 2000 . Characterization of emissions from diffusion flare systems . J. Air. Waste Manage. Assoc. , 50 : 1723 – 1733 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Energy Information Administration . 2008 . International Energy Statistics xx – xx .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , R.F. and Prinn , R.G. 2011 . Quantifying greenhouse-gas emissions from atmospheric measurements: A critical reality check for climate legislation . Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A , 369 : 1925 – 1942 . doi: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Resources Institute . 2011 . Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT). Version 8.0 , Washington , DC : World Resources Institute .
   Google Scholar