Study of PCDD/Fs distribution in fly ash, ash deposits, and bottom ash from a medical waste incinerator in China

References

• Azkona , A. and Tsotsos , D. 2000 . Dangerous substances in waste , Copenhagen , Denmark : European Environment Agency .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , T. , Li , X.D. , Yas , J.H. , Lu , S.Y. , Jin , Y.Q. and Cen , K.F. 2004 . Distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in fly ashes from municipal solid waste incinerators . J. Fuel Chem. Technol. , 32 : 59 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Cobo , M. , álvez , A. G , Conesa , J.A. and Montes De Correa , C. 2009 . Characterization of fly ash from a hazardous waste incinerator in Medellin, Colombia . J. Hazard. Mater. , 168 : 1223 – 1232 . doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gidarakos , E. , Petrantonaki , M. , Anastasiadou , K. and Schramm , K. 2009 . Characterization and hazard evaluation of bottom ash produced from incinerated hospital waste . J. Hazard. Mater. , 172 : 935 – 942 . doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grochowalski , A. 1998 . PCDDs and PCDFs concentration in combustion gases and bottom ash from incineration of hospital wastes in Poland . Chemosphere , 37 : 2279 – 2291 . doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00283-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagberg , J. , Bavei , V.B. and Lothgren , C.J. 2005 . Occurrence and levels of PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs in fly ash from two different incinerators at a hazardous waste treatment plant . Organohalogen Compounds , 67 : 2200 – 2203 .
   Google Scholar
• Huang , H. and Buekens , A. 1995 . On the mechanisms of dioxin formation in combustion processes . Chemosphere , 31 : 4099 – 4117 . doi: 10.1016/0045-6535(95)80011-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , K. , Seo , Y. , Nam , H. , Joung , H. , You , J. , Kim , D. and Seo , Y. 2005 . Characteristics of major dioxin/furan congeners in melted slag of ash from municipal solid waste incinerators . Microchem. J. , 80 : 171 – 181 . doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2004.07.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundin , L. and Marklund , S. 2008 . Distribution of mono to octa-chlorinated PCDD/Fs in fly ash from a municipal solid-waste incinerator . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 42 : 1245 – 1250 . doi: 10.1021/es0717919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsui , M. , Kashima , Y. , Kawano , M. , Matsuda , M. , Ambe , K. , Wakimoto , T. and Doi , R. 2003 . Dioxin-like potencies and extractable organohalogens (EOX) in medical, municipal and domestic waste incinerator ashes in Japan . Chemosphere , 53 : 971 – 980 . doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00587-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mininni , G. , Sbrilli , A. , Maria Braguglia , C. , Guerriero , E. , Marani , D. and Rotatori , M. 2007 . Dioxins, furans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emissions from a hospital and cemetery waste incinerator . Atmos. Environ. , 41 : 8527 – 8536 . doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.07.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulholland , J.A. and Ryu , J.Y. 2001 . Formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins by CuCl2-catalyzed condensation of 2,6 chlorinated phenols . Combust. Sci. Technol. , 169 : 107 – 126 . doi: 10.1080/00102200108907842
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni , M.J. , Du , Y.Z. , Lu , S.Y. , Peng , Z. , Li , X.D. , Yan , J.H. and Cen , K.F. 2012 . Study of ashes from a medical waste incinerator in China: Physical and chemical characteristics on fly ash, ash deposits and bottom ash . Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy. Online. , doi: 10.1002/ep.11649
   Google Scholar
• Olie , K. , Vermeulen , P.L. and Hutzinger , O. 1977 . Chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and chlorodibenzofurans are trace components of fly ash and flue gas of some municipal incinerators in The Netherlands . Chemosphere , 6 : 455 – 459 . doi: 10.1016/0045-6535(77)90035-2
   Google Scholar
• Ryu , J. and Mulholland , J.A. 2005 . Metal-mediated chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (CDD) and dibenzofuran (CDF) formation from phenols . Chemosphere , 58 : 977 – 988 . doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryu , J. , Choi , K. and Mulholland , J.A. 2006 . Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofurna (PCDF) isomer patterns from municipal waste combustion: Formation mechanism fingerprints . Chemosphere , 65 : 1526 – 1536 . doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin , K. and Chang , Y. 1999 . Characterization of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, biphenyls, and heavy metals in fly ash produced from Korean municipal solid waste incinerators . Chemosphere , 38 : 2655 – 2666 . doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00473-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , W. , Qiao , W. and Jin , Y.Y. 2005 . Investigation of dioxin emissions from waste incineration process in China . Organohalogen Compounds , 41 : 1081 – 1084 .
   Google Scholar
• Weber , R. and Hagenmaier , H. 1999 . PCDD/PCDF formation in fluidized bed incineration . Chemosphere , 38 : 2643 – 2654 . doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00472-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wehrmeier , A. , Lenoir , D. , Schramm , K.W. , Zimmermann , R. , Hahn , K. , Henkelmann , B. and Kettrup , A. 1998 . Patterns of isomers of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins as tool for elucidation of thermal formation mechanisms . Chemosphere , 36 : 2775 – 2801 . doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)10236-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wikström , E. 1999 . The Role of Chlorine During Waste Combustion , Umeå , , Sweden : Umeå University .
   Google Scholar
• Wikström , E. , Tysklind , M. and Marklund , S. 1999 . Influence of variation in combustion conditions on the primary formation of chlorinated organic micropollutants during municipal solid waste combustion . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 33 : 4263 – 4269 . doi: 10.1021/es990568b
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , Z.J. , Ni , Y.W. , Zhang , Q. , Chen , J.P. and Liang , X.M. 2004 . Distribution characters of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in fly ash or slag from municipal waste incineration . China Environ. Sci. , 24 : 524 – 527 . CNKI:SUN:ZGHJ.0.2004-05-004
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , W. 2004 . Advanced Course of SPSS Statistical Analysis , Beijing : China Higher Education Press (CHEP) .
   Google Scholar