C5–C12 volatile organic compounds at roadside, residential, and background locations in Ankara, Turkey: Temporal and spatial variations and sources

References

• Atkinson , R. 1990 . Gas phase tropospheric chemistry of organic compounds: review . Atmos. Environ. 24A , doi: 10.1016/0960-1686(90)90438-S
   Google Scholar
• Barletta , B. , Meinardi , S. , Simpson , I.J. , Khwaja , H.A. , Blake , D.R. and Rowland , F.S. 2002 . Mixing ratios of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere of Karachi, Pakistan . Atmos. Environ. , 36 : 3429 – 3443 . doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00302-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borbon , A. , Fontaine , H. , Veillerot , M. , Locoge , N. , Galloo , J.C. and Guillermo , R. 2001 . An investigation into the traffic-related fraction of isoprene at an urban location . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : 3749 – 3760 . doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00170-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borbon , A. , Locoge , N. , Veillerot , M. , Galloo , J.C. and Guillermo , R. 2002 . Characterization of NMHCs in a French urban atmosphere: overview of the main sources . Sci. Total Environ. , 292 : 177 – 191 . doi: 10.1016/S0048-9697(01)01106-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bravo , H. , Sosa , R. , Sanchez , P. , Bueno , E. and Gonzalez , L. 2002 . Concentrations of benzene and toluene in the atmosphere of the south western area at the Mexico City Metropolitan Zone . Atmos. Environ. , 36 : 3843 – 3849 . doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00292-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzcu , B. and Fraser , M. P. 2006 . Source identification and apportionment of volatile organic compounds in Houston, TX . Atmos. Environ. , 40 : 2385 – 2400 . doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.12.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Çetin , E. , Odabaşı , M. and Seyfioğlu , R. 2003 . Ambient volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations around a petrochemical complex and a petroleum refinery . Sci. Total Environ. , 312 : 103 – 112 . doi: 10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00197-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan , C.Y. , Chan , L.Y. , Wang , X.M. , Liu , Y.M. , Lee , S.C. , Zou , S.C. , Sheng , G.Y. and Fu , J.M. 2002 . Volatile organic compounds in roadside microenvironments of metropolitan Hong Kong . Atmos. Environ. , 36 : 2039 – 2047 . doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00097-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , L. , Fu , L. , Angle , R.P. , Sandhu , H.S. and 7 , doi:10.1016/1352-2310(96)00170- . 1997 . Seasonal variations of volatile organic compounds in Edmonton, Alberta . Atmos. Environ. , 31 : 239 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Civan , M.Y. , Kuntasal , Ö.O. and Tuncel , G. 2011 . Source apportionment of ambient volatile organic compounds in Bursa, a heavily industrialized city in Turkey . Environ. Forens. , 12 : 357 – 370 . doi: 10.1080/15275922.2011.622345
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conner , T.L. , Lonneman , W.A. and Seila , R.L. 1995 . Transportation related volatile hydrocarbon source profiles measured in Atlanta . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc , 45 : 383 – 394 . doi: 10.1080/10473289.1995.10467370
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demir , S. , Saral , A. , şık , D. I , Akyildiz , A. , Kuzu , S.L. , Mert , S. , Demir , G. and Goncaloglu , B. I. Characterization of ambient volatile organic compounds and their diurnal variations in istanbul, Turkey . Fresenius Environ. Bull. , 20 ( 11 ) 2951 – 2958 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derwent , R.G. , Davies , T.J. , Delaney , M. , Dollard , G.J. , Field , R.A. , Dumitrean , P. , Nason , P.D. , Jones , B.M.R. and Pepler , S.A. 2000 . Analysis and interpretation of the continuous hourly monitoring data for C2–C8 hydrocarbons at 12 United Kingdom sites during 1996 . Atmos. Environ. , 34 : 297 – 312 . doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00203-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derwent , R.G. , Middleton , D.R. , Field , R.A. , Goldstone , M.E. , Lester , J.N. and Perry , R. 1995 . Analysis and interpretation of air quality data from an urban roadside locations in central London over the period from July 1991 to July 1992 . Atmos. Environ. , 29 : 923 – 946 . doi: 10.1016/1352-2310(94)00219-B
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doskey , P.V. , Fukui , Y. , Sultan , M. , Maghraby , A.A. and Taher , A. 1999 . Source profiles for non-methane organic compounds in the atmosphere of Cairo. Egypt . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 49 : 814 – 822 . doi: 10.1080/10473289.1999.10463850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards , R.D. , Jurvelin , J. , Saarela , K. and Jantunen , M. 2001 . VOC concentrations measured in personal samples and residential indoor, outdoor and workplace microenvironments in EXPOLIS-Helsinki, Finland . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : 4531 – 4543 . doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00230-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbir , T. , Cetin , B. , Cetin , E. , Bayram , A. and Odabasi , M. 2007 . Characterization of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their sources in the air of Izmir, Turkey . Environ. Monit. Assess. , 133 : 149 – 160 . doi: 10.1007/s10661-006-9568-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finlayson-Pitts , B.J. and Pitts , J.N. 1993 . atmospheric chemistry of tropospheric ozone formation: Scientific and regulatory implications . J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 43 : 1091 – 1100 . doi: 10.1080/1073161X.1993.10467187
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gee , I.L. and Sollars , C.J. 1998 . Ambient air levels of volatile organic compounds in Latin American and Asian cities . Chemosphere , 36 : 2497 – 2506 . doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)10217-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genc , D. D. , Yesilyurt , C. and Tuncel , G. 2010 . Air pollution forecasting in Ankara, Turkey using air pollution index and its relation to assimilative capacity of the atmosphere . Environ. Monit. Assess. , 166 ( 1–4 ) : 11 – 27 . doi: 10.1007/s10661-009-0981-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyal , S. K. and Rao , C. C. V. 2007 . Assessment of atmospheric assimilation potential for industrial development in an urban environment: Kochi (India) . Sci. Total Environ. 376(1–3) , : 27 – 39 . doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.01.067
   Google Scholar
• Guenther , A. , Geron , C. , Pierce , T. , Lamb , B. , Harley , P. and Fall , R. 2000 . Natural emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen from North America . Atmos. Environ. , 34 : 2205 – 2230 . doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00465-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh , L.T. , Wang , Y.F. , Yang , H.H. and Mi , H.H. 2011 . Measurements and Correlations of MTBE and BETX in Traffic Tunnels . Aerosol Air Qual. Res. , 11 : 763 – 775 . doi: 10.4209/aaqr.2011.03.0035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavouras , G.I. and Zielinska , B. 2012 . The effects of fuel evaporation and biomass burning on toluene concentrations in an urban area . Water Air Soil Pollut. , 223 : 5931 – 5940 . doi: 10.1007/s11270-012-1329-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuczkowski , K.M. 2006 . Mothballs and obstetric anesthesia . Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. , 25 : 464 – 465 . doi: 10.1016/j.annfar.2005.11.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuntasal , O.O. 2005 . Organic composition of particles and gases in the Ankara atmosphere , Ankara : Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, METU .
   Google Scholar
• Kuntasal , O. O. , Karman , D. , Wang , D. , Tuncel , S.G. and Tuncel , G. 2005 . Determination of volatile organic compounds in different microenvironments by multibed adsorption and short-path thermal desorption followed by GC-MS analysis . J. Chromatogr. A , 1099 : 43 – 54 . doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.08.093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippmann , M. 1991 . Health effects of tropospheric ozone . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 25 : 1954 – 1962 . doi: 10.1021/es00024a001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , C. , Xu , Z. , Du , Y. and Guo , H. 2000 . Analyses of volatile organic compounds concentrations and variation trends in the air of Changchun, the northeast of China . Atmos. Environ. , 34 : 4459 – 4466 . doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00102-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , Y. , Shao , M. and Tang , D. 2008 . Source profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measured in China: Part I . Atmos. Environ. , 42 : 6247 – 6260 . L. FuS. LuL. Zengdoi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.01.070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastral , A.M. , Callen , M.S. , Lopez , J.M. , Murillo , R. , Garcia , T. and Navarro , M.V. 2003 . Critical review on atmospheric PAH: Assessment of reported data in the Mediterranean basin . Fuel Process. Technol. , 80 : 183 – 193 . doi: 10.1016/S0378-3820(02)00249-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , L. , Xu , X. , Wheeler , A. , Atari , D.O. , Mannion , A. and Luginaah , I. 2011 . Spatial variability and application of ratios between BTEX in two Canadian cities . Sci. World J. , 11 : 2536 – 2549 . doi: 10.1100/2011/167973
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , L. , Xu , X. , Mannion , A. , Brook , J. and Wheeler , A. 2012 . Multi-season, multi-year concentrations and correlations amongst the BTEX group of VOCs in an urbanized industrial city . Atmos. Environ. , 61 : 305 – 315 . doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millet , D. , Goldstein , A.H. , Allan , J.D. , Bates , T.S. , Boudries , H. , Bower , K.N. , Coe , H. , Ma , Y. , McKay , M. , Quinn , P.K. , Sullivan , A. , Weber , R.J. and Worsnop , D.R. 2004 . Volatile organic compound measurements at Trinidad Head, California, during ITCT 2K2: Analysis of sources, atmospheric composition, and aerosol residence times . J. Geophys. Res. , 109 ( D23 ) : 1 – 16 . doi: 10.1029/2003JK004026
   Google Scholar
• Monod , A. , Sive , B.C. , Avino , P. , Chen , T. , Blake , D.B. and Rowland , F.S. 2001 . Monoaromatic compounds in ambient air of various cities: a focus on correlations between the xylenes and ethylbenzene . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : 135 – 149 . doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00274-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müezzinoğlu , A. , Odabaşı , M. and Onat , L. 2001 . Volatile organic compounds in the air of Izmir, Turkey . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : 753 – 760 . doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00420-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Na , K. and Kim , Y.P. 2001 . Seasonal characteristics of ambient volatile organic compounds in Seoul, Korea . Atmos. Environ. , 35 : 2603 – 2614 . doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00464-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Na , K. , Kim , Y.P. and Moon , K.C. 2003 . Diurnal characteristics of volatile organic compounds in the Seoul atmosphere . Atmos. Environ. , 37 : 733 – 742 . doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00956-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Na , K. , Kim , Y.P. , Moon , I. , Moon , K.C. and 010 , doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.01. 2004 . Chemical composition of VOC major emission sources in the Seoul atmosphere . Chemosphere , 55 : 585 – 594 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazaroff , W. and Weschler , C.J. 2004 . Cleaning products and air fresheners: Exposure to primary and secondary air pollutants . Atmos. Environ. , 38 : 2841 – 2865 . doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , P.F. and Quigley , S.M. 1983 . The m,p-xylene:ethylbenzene ratio. A technique for estimating hydrocarbon age in ambient atmosphere . Atmos. Environ. , 17 : 659 – 662 . doi: 10.1016/0004-6981(83)90141-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pankow , J.F. , Luo , W. , Bender , D.A. , Isabelle , L.M. , Hollingsworth , J.S. , Chen , C. , Asher , W.E. and Zogorski , J.S. 2003 . Concentrations and co-occurrence correlations of 88 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the ambient air of 13 semi-rural to urban locations in the United States . Atmos. Environ. , 37 : 5023 – 5046 . doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.08.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasquill , F. 1974 . Atmospheric diffusion , 2nd , New York , NY : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Paul , J. September 1997 . Improved air quality on Turkish roads: Fuels and exhaust gas treatment. Paper presented at the 10th regional IUAPPA conference , September , 23 – 26 . Istanbul , , Turkey : Environmental Research Forum . 1997
   Google Scholar
• Sagebiel , J.C. , Zielinska , B. , Pierson , W.R. and Gertler , A.W. 1996 . Real-world emissions and calculated reactivities of organic species from motor vehicles . Atmos. Environ. , 30 : 2287 – 2296 . doi: 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00117-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheff , C.W. and Wadden , R.A. 1993 . Receptor modeling of volatile organic compounds. 1. Emission inventory and validation . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 27 : 617 – 625 . doi: 10.1021/es00041a005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheff , P.A. , Wadden , R.S. , Bates , B.A. and Aronian , P.F. 1989 . Source fingerprints for receptor modeling of volatile organics . J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. , 39 : 469 – 478 . doi: 10.1080/08940630.1989.10466546
   Google Scholar
• Srivastava , A. , Joseph , A.E. , Patil , S. , More , A. , Dixit , R.C. and Prakash , M. 2005 . Air toxics in ambient air of Delhi . Atmos. Environ. , 39 : 59 – 71 . doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.09.053
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• State Statistical Institute . 1998 . Energy consumption in residences , Ankara , , Turkey : State Statistical Institute .
   Google Scholar
• State Statistical Institute . 2004 . Statistical book of motor vehicles , Ankara , , Turkey : State Statistical Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Tiwari , V. , Hanai , Y. and Masunaga , S. 2010 . Ambient levels of volatile organic compounds in the vicinity of petrochemical industrial area of Yokohama, Japan . Air Qual. Atmos. Health , 3 : 65 – 75 . doi: 10.1007/s11869-009-0052-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1990 . “ Cancer risk from outdoor exposure to air toxics. Vol. 1 Final report ” . In Research Triangle Park , NC , U.S : Environmental Protection Agency . Office of air Quality Planning and Standards Research. EPA 450/1-90-004a
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1999 . “ PCRAMMET user's guide ” . In Research Triangle Park , NC , U.S : Environmental Protection Agency . Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Emissions, Monitoring, and Analysis Division Research. EPA-454/B-96-001
   Google Scholar
• Wang , D. , Fuentes , J.D. , Travers , D. , Dann , T. and Connolly , T. 2005 . Non-methane hydrocarbons and carbonyls in the Lower Fraser Valley during PASIFIC 2001 . Atmos. Environ. , 39 : 5261 – 272 . doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.05.035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , X.M. , Sheng , G.Y. , Fu , J.M. , Chan , C.Y , Lee , S.C. , Chan , L.Y. and Wang , Z.S. 2002 . Urban roadside aromatic hydrocarbons in three cities of the Pearl River Delta, People's Republic of China . Atmos. Environ. , 36 : 5141 – 5148 . doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00640-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson , J.G. , Chow , J.C. and Fujita , E.M. 2001 . Review of volatile organic compound source apportionment by chemical mass balance . Atmos. Environ , 35 : 1567 – 1584 . doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00461-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , K.L. , Ting , C.C. , Wang , J.L. , Wingenter , O.W. and Chan , C.C. 2005 . Diurnal and seasonal cycles of ozone precursors observed from continuous measurement at an urban site in Taiwan . Atmos. Environ. , 39 : 3221 – 3230 . doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.02.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yatın , M. , Tuncel , S. , Aras , N.K. , Olmez , I. , Aygun , S. and Tuncel , G. 2000 . Atmospheric trace elements in Ankara, Turkey: 1. Factors affecting chemical composition of fine particles . Atmos. Environ. , 34 : 1305 – 1318 . doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00297-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yurdakul , S. , Civan , M. and Tuncel , G. 2012 . Volatile organic compounds in suburban Ankara atmosphere, Turkey: Sources and variability . Atmos. Res. , 120–121 : 298 – 311 . doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.09.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar