Particulate matter speciation profiles for light-duty gasoline vehicles in the United States

References

• Andersson, J., M. Keenan, and K. Akerman. 2009. GDI particles—Legislation, current levels and control. RD. 09/99801.1.Presented at the 2009 Cambridge Particle Meeting, March 16.
   Google Scholar
• Ayala, A., S. Zhang, P. Rieger, M. Kamboures, Y. Yu, J. Sandoval, S. Hu, J. Collins, O. Chang, and W. McMahon. 2011. Prospects for low PM and low climate impacts in future advanced clean cars for California. Presented at the 21st CRC Real World Emissions Workshop, March 20–23.
   Google Scholar
• Carroll, J.N., I.A. Khalek, L.R. Smith, E. Fujita, and B. Zielinska. 2011. Collaborative lubricating oil study on emissions. October. NREL/SR-5400-52668. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52668.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Cadle, S.H., P.A. Mulawa, E.C. Hunsanger, K. Nelson, R.A. Ragazzi, R. Barrett, G.L. Gallagher, D.R. Lawson, K.T. Knapp, and R. Snow. 1999. Composition of light-duty motor vehicle exhaust particulate matter in the Denver, Colorado area. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33:2328–39. doi:10.1021/es9810843
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, K.L., L. Ntziachristos, T. Tzamkiozis, J.J. Schauer, Z. Samaras, K.F. Moore, and C. Sioutas. 2010. Emissions of particulate trace elements, metals and organic species from gasoline, diesel, and biodiesel passenger vehicles and their relation to oxidative potential. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 44:500–13. doi:10.1080/02786821003758294
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, K.L., A. Polidori, L. Ntziachristos, T. Tzamkiozis, Z. Samaras, F.R. Cassee, M. Gerlofs, and C. Sioutas. 2009. Chemical characteristics and oxidative potential of particulate matter emissions from gasoline, diesel, and biodiesel cars. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43(16): 6334–40. doi:10.1021/es900819t
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho S.-H., H. Tong, J.K. McGee, R.W. Baldauf, Q.T. Krantz, and M.I. Gilmour. 2009. Comparative toxicity of size-fractionated airborne particulate matter collected at different distances from an urban highway. Environ. Health Perspect. 117(11): 1682–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow, J.C., J.G. Watson, L.C. Pritchett, W.R. Pierson, C.A. Frazier, and R.G. Purcell. 1993. The DRI Thermal/Optical Reflectance carbon analysis system: Description, evaluation and applications in U.S. air quality studies. Atmos. Environ. 27A:1185–201. doi:10.1016/0960-1686(93)90245-T
   Google Scholar
• CAMx v5.40 User’s Guide. 2011. Chemistry Mechanisms. September. http://www.camx.com/camx/files/b6/b65abed0-a7d4-498b-8698-b2cf5c23cbfd.pdf
   Google Scholar
• El-Zanan, H.S, B. Zielinska, L.R. Mazzoleni, and D.A. Hansen. 2009. Analytical determination of the aerosol organic mass-to-organic carbon ratio. J. Air Waste Manage Assoc. 59(1): 58–69. doi:10.3155/1047-3289.59.1.58
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forestieri, S., S. Collier, T. Kuwayama, Q. Zhang, M.J. Kleeman, and C.D. Cappa. 2013. Real-time black carbon emission factor measurements from light duty vehicles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47: 13104–13112. doi:10.1021/es401415a.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujita, E.M., D.E. Campbell, and B. Zielinska, 2006a. Chemical analysis of lubrication oil samples from a study to characterize exhaust emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area. Final report submitted to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL contract no. ACI-5-55528-01, Golden, CO, and the Coordinating Research Council, CRC E-69A, Alpharetta, GA. December 31. http://www.crcao.com/reports/recentstudies2007/E-69a/E-69a_Final_Report.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Fujita, E.M., D.E. Campbell, B. Zielinska, and J.C. Chow. 2006b. Kansas City gasoline vehicle characterization study—Effect of sampling temperature on chemical speciation. ERG NO.; 3491.00.001.001. NREL subcontract number ACI-5-55500-01. NREL project ES04-2. May 31.
   Google Scholar
• Fujita, E.M., B. Zielinska, D.E. Campbell, W.P. Arnott, J.C. Sagebiel, L. Mazzoleni, J.C. Chow, P.A. Gabele, W. Crews, R. Snow, N.N. Clark, W.S. Wayne, and D.R. Lawson. 2007. Variations in speciated emissions from spark-ignition and compression-ignition motor vehicles in California’s South Coast Air Basin. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 57:705–720. doi:10.3155/1047-3289.57.6.705
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulper, C.R., S. Kishan, R.W. Baldauf, M. Sabisch, J. Warila, E.M. Fujita, C. Scarbro, W.S. Crews, R. Snow, P. Gabele, R. Santos, E. Tierney, and B. Cantrell. 2010. Methods of characterizing the distribution of exhaust emissions from light-duty, gasoline-powered motor vehicles in the U.S. fleet. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 60:1376–87. doi:10.3155/1047-3289.60.11.1376
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank, N. 2006. SANDWICH material balance approach for PM2.5 data analysis. Presented at the 2006 National Air Monitoring Conference, Las Vegas, NV, November 6–9.
   Google Scholar
• Hays, M.D., S. Cho, R.W. Baldauf, J.J. Schauer, and M. Shafer. 2011. Particle size distributions of metal and non-metal elements in an urban near-highway environment. Atmos. Environ. 45(4):925–34. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.11.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heck, R.M., R.J. Farrauto, and S.T. Gulati. 2002. Catalytic Air Pollution Control. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Herrington, J.S., M.D. Hays, B.J. George, and R.W. Baldauf. 2012. The effects of operating conditions on semivolatile organic compounds emitted from light-duty, gasoline-powered motor vehicles, Atmos. Environ. 54:53–59. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu, Y., R. Strait, S. Roe, and D. Holoman. 2006. SPECIATE 4.0, Speciation database development documentation. Technical report EPA/600/R-06/161. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/software/speciate/speciate4/documentation/speciatedoc_1206.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Keller, R.W. 1986. Effects of engine oils on silicone oil seal material. SAE Technical Paper Series 860494. doi:10.4271/860494
   Google Scholar
• Kleeman, M.J., S.G. Riddle, M.A. Robert, and C.A. Jakober. 2008. Lubricating oil and fuel contributions to particulate matter emission from light-duty gasoline and heavy-duty diesel vehicles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42:235–42. doi:10.1021/es071054c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lough, G.C., J.J. Schauer, J. Park, M.M. Shafer, J.T. DeMinter, and J.P. Weinstein. 2005. Emissions of metals associated with motor vehicle roadways. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39(3): 826–36. doi:10.1021/es048715f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lough, G.C., C.C. Christenson, J.J. Schauer, J. Tortorelli, E. Bean, D.R. Lawson, N.N. Clark, and P.A. Gabele, 2007. Development of molecular marker source profiles for emissions from on-road gasoline and diesel vehicle fleets. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 57:1190–99. doi:10.3155/1047-3289.57.10.1190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lough, G.C., and J.J. Schauer. 2007. Sensitivity of source apportionment of urban particulate matter to uncertainty in motor vehicle emissions profile. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 57:1200–13. doi:10.3155/1047-3289.57.10.1200
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maricq, M.M., R.E. Chase, and D.H. Podsiadlik. 1999. Vehicle exhaust particle size distributions: A comparison of tailpipe and dilution tunnel measurements. SAE Paper 1999-01-1461. doi:10.4271/1999-01-1461
   Google Scholar
• Maricq, M.M., J.J. Scente, M.J. Loos, and R. Vogt. 2011. Motor vehicle PM emissions measurement at LEV III levels. SAE Int. J. Engines 4(1): 597–609. doi:10.4271/2011-01-0623
   Google Scholar
• May, A.A., N.T. Nguyen, A.A. Presto, T.D. Gordon, E.M. Lipsky, M. Karve, A. Gutierrez, W.H. Robertson, M. Zhang, C. Brandow, et al. 2014. Gas- and particle-phase primary emissions from in-use, on-road gasoline and diesel vehicles. Atmos Environ. 33:247–260.
   Google Scholar
• Moosmüller, H., W.P. Arnott, C.F. Roger, J.L. Bowen, J.A. Gillies, W.R. Pierson, J.F. Collins, T.D. Durbin, and J.M. Norbeck. 2001. Time-resolved characterization of diesel particulate emissions. 2. Instruments for elemental and organic carbon measurements. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35:1935–42. doi:10.1021/es0015242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nam, E., C. Fulper, J. Warila, J. Somers, H. Michaels, R. W. Baldauf, R. Rykowski, and C. Scarbro. 2008. Analysis of Particulate matter emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles in Kansas City. EPA420-R-08-010. http://www.epa.gov/otaq/emission-factors-research/420r08010.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Nam, E., S. Kishan, R. W. Bauldauf, C. R. Fulper, M. Sabisch, and J. Warila. 2010. Temperature effects on particulate matter emissions from light-duty, gasoline-powered motor vehicles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44:4672–77. doi:10.1021/es100219q
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NHTSA. 2006. Vehicle Survivability and Travel Mileage Schedules. DOT HS 809 952, January 2006. http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/809952.PDF
   Google Scholar
• Noll, J., and M.E. Birch. 2008. Effects of sampling artifacts on occupational samples of diesel particulate matter. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42:5223–28.doi:10.1021/es702883k
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neill, A., D. Uy, and M. Jagner. 2006. Characterization of phosphates found in vehicle-aged exhaust gas catalysts: A Raman study. SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-0410. Presented at SAE 2006 World Congress & Exhibition, April 3, Detroit, MI. doi:10.4271/2006-01-0410
   Google Scholar
• Robert, M.A., S. VanBergen, M.J. Kleeman, and C.A. Jakober. 2007. Size and composition distributions of particulate matter emissions: Part 1—Light-duty gasoline vehicles. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 57:1414–28. doi:10.3155/1047-3289.57.12.1414
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reff, A., P.V. Bhave, H. Simon, T.G. Pace, G.A. Pouliot, J.D. Mobley, and M. Houyoux. 2009. Emissions inventory of PM2.5 trace elements across the United States. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43(15): 5790–96. doi:10.1021/es802930x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sappock, A. 2009. The nature of lubricant-derived ash-related emissions and their impact on diesel aftertreatment system performance. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Schauer, J.J., G.C. Lough, M.M. Shafer, W.F. Christensen. M.F. Arndt, J.T. DeMinter, and J.-S. Park. 2006. Characterization of metals emitted from motor vehicles. Health Effects Institute Research Report Number 133. http://pubs.healtheffects.org
   Google Scholar
• Schauer, J.J., M.J. Kleeman, G.R. Cass, and B.R.T. Simoneit. 2002. Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 5. C1–C32 organic compounds from gasoline-powered motor vehicles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36:1169–80. doi:10.1021/es0108077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schauer, J.J., C.G. Christensen, D.B. Kittelson, J.P. Johnson, and W.F. Watts. 2008. Impact of ambient temperatures and driving conditions on the chemical composition of particulate matter emissions from non-smoking gasoline-powered motor vehicles. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 42(3): 210–23. doi:10.1080/02786820801958742
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, H. 2012. CMAQv5.0 PMother speciation. November 15. Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Model Wiki. http://www.airqualitymodeling.org/cmaqwiki/index.php?title=CMAQv5.0_PMother_speciation
   Google Scholar
• Sodeman, D.A., S.M. Toner, and K.A. Prather. 2005. Determination of single particle mass spectral signatures from light-duty vehicle emissions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39(12): 4569–80. doi:10.1021/es0489947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonntag, D.B., C.R. Bailey, C.R. Fulper, and R.W. Baldauf. 2012. Contribution of lubricating oil to particulate matter emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles in Kansas City. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46(7): 4191–99. doi:10.1021/es203747f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strum, M. 2011. Interim approach to develop CMAQ PM_2.5. species from partially-speciated MOVES2010 Exhaust PM_2.5. Appendix D: Memo Describing the Differences in MOVES speciated PM and CMAQ PM. 2007v5 Emissions Platform TSD Appendices. http://epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/2007v5/2007v5_TSD_Appendices_14dec12.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Storey, J., T. Barone, J. Thomas, and S. Huff. 2012. Exhaust particle characterization for lean and stoichiometric DI vehicles operating on ethanol–gasoline blends. SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-0437. Presented at the SAE 2012 World Congress & Exhibition, April 24, Detroit, MI. doi:10.4271/2012-01-0437
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2008. Kansas City PM characterization study. Final report. EPA420-R-08-009. Ann Arbor, MI: Assessment and Standards Division Office of Transportation and Air Quality U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA contract no. GS 10F-0036K, October 27, revised April 2008 by EPA staff. http://www.epa.gov/oms/emission-factors-research/420r08009.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2011. Development of emission rates for light-duty vehicles in the Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES2010). Final report. EPA-420-R-11-011. August. http://www.epa.gov/otaq/models/moves/documents/420r11011.pdf
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2012. Black carbon report to Congress. EPA-450/R-12-001. http://www.epa.gov/blackcarbon/2012report/fullreport.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Schoot, M., S. Bhargava, D. Akolekar, K. Föger, et al. 2001. Deterioration of automotive catalytic converters: Physical catalyst characterization. SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-3691. doi:10.4271/2001-01-3691
   Google Scholar
• Watson, M., and P. Dietz. 2009. A novel technology for the inhibition of ceramic fiber erosion and promotion of substrate retention in catalytic converters. SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-0975. Presented at SAE World Congress & Exhibition, April 20, Detroit, MI.
   Google Scholar
• Zielinska, B., J. Sagebiel, J.D. McDonald, K. Whitney, and D.R. Lawson. 2004. Emission rates and comparative chemical composition from selected in-use diesel and gasoline fueled vehicles. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 54:1138–50. doi:10.1080/10473289.2004.10470973
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar