1,029
Views
18
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Technical Papers

Heavy-duty, off-road diesel engine low-load particle number emissions and particle control

, , , , &
Pages 1186-1194 | Received 06 Mar 2014, Accepted 16 Jun 2014, Published online: 16 Sep 2014

References

  • Abdul-Khalek, I. S., D. B. Kittelson, B. R. Graskow, Q. Wei, and F. Brear. 1998a. Diesel exhaust particle size: Measurement issues and trends. SAE Technical Paper Series 980525.
  • Abdul-Khalek, I., D. Kittelson, and F. Brear. 1998b. Diesel trap performance: Particle size measurements and trends. SAE Technical Paper Series 982599.
  • Bielaczyc, P., J. Keskinen, J. Dzida, R. Sala, T. Ronkko, T. Kinnunen, P. Matilainen, P. Karjalainen, and M. Happonen. 2012. Performance of particle oxidation catalyst and particle formation studies with sulphur containing fuels. SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubricants 5:611–19. doi:10.4271/2012-01-0366
  • Burtscher, H., U. Baltensperger, N. Bukowiecki, P. Cohn, C. Häglin, M. Mohr, U. Matter, S. Nyeki, V. Schmatloch, N. Streit, and E. Weingartner. 2001. Separation of volatile and non-volatile aerosol fractions by thermodesorption: instrumental development and applications. Journal of Aerosol Science 32(4):427–442.
  • Lehtoranta, K., P. Matilainen, T.-J. J. Kinnunen, J. Heikkilä, T. Rönkkö, J. Keskinen, T. Murtonen. 2009. Diesel particle emission reduction by a particle oxidation catalyst. SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-2705. doi:10.4271/2009-01-2705
  • Brodrick, C.-J., H. A. Dwyer, M. Farshchi, D. B. Harris, and F. G. King. 2002. Effects of engine speed and accessory load on idling emissions from heavy-duty diesel truck engines. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 52(9): 1026–31. doi:10.1080/10473289.2002.10470838
  • Chen, D. R., D. Y. H. Pui, D. Hummes, H. Fissan, F. R. Quant, and G. J. Sem. 1998. Design and evaluation of a nanometer aerosol differential mobility analyzer (nano-dma). Journal of Aerosol Science 29(5–6):497–509.
  • D’Alessio, A., A. C. Barone, R. Cau, A. D’Anna, and P. Minutolo. 2005. Surface deposition and coagulation efficiency of combustion generated nanoparticles in the size range from 1 to 10 nm. Proc. Combustion Inst. 30(2): 2595–603. doi:10.1016/j.proci.2004.08.267
  • De Filippo, A., and M. M. Maricq. 2008. Diesel nucleation mode particles: Semivolatile or solid? Environ. Sci. Technol. 42(21): 7957–62. doi:10.1021/es8010332
  • Fuchs, N. A. 1963. On the stationary charge distribution on aerosol particles in a bipolar ionic atmosphere. Pure Appl. Geophys. 56(1): 185–93. doi:10.1007/BF01993343
  • Heikkilä, J., T. Rönkkö, T. Lähde, M. Lemmetty, A. Arffman, A. Virtanen, J. Keskinen, L. Pirjola, and D. Rothe. 2009. Effect of open channel filter on particle emissions of modern diesel engine. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 59:1148–54. doi:10.3155/1047-3289.59.10.1148
  • Heywood, J. B. 1989. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Hoppel, W. A. and G. M. Frick. 1986. Ion-aerosol attachment coefficients and the steady-state charge distribution on aerosols in a bipolar environment. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 5(1): 1–21. doi:10.1080/02786828608959073
  • Keskinen, J., K. Pietarinen, M. Lehtimäki. 1992. Electrical low pressure impacto. Journal of Aerosol Science 23: 353–360.
  • Khan, A. B. M. S., N. N. Clark, G. J. Thompson, W. S. Wayne, M. Gautam, D. W. Lyon, and D. Hawelti. 2006. Idle emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles: Review and recent data. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 56(10): 1404–19. doi:10.1080/10473289.2006.10464551
  • Kinsey, J. S., D. C. Williams, Y. Dong, and R. Logan. 2007. Characterization of fine particle and gaseous emissions during school bus idling. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41(14): 4972–79. doi:10.1021/es0625024
  • Kittelson, D. B., W. F. Watts, and J. P. Johnson. 2006. On-road and laboratory evaluation of combustion aerosols, Part 1: Summary of diesel engine results. J. Aerosol Sci. 37(8): 913–30. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2005.08.005
  • Lähde, T., T. Rönkkö, M. Happonen, C. Söderström, A. Virtanen, A. Solla, M. Kytö, D. Rothe, and J. Keskinen. 2011. Effect of fuel injection pressure on a heavy-duty diesel engine nonvolatile particle emission. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45(6): 2504–09. doi:10.1021/es103431p
  • Lee, D., A. Miller, K. Park, and M. R. Zachariah. 2006. Effects of trace metals on particulate matter formation in a diesel engine: Metal contents from ferrocene and lube oil. Int. J. Automotive Technol. 7(6): 667–73.
  • Lehtoranta, K., P. Matilainen, T-J. J. Kinnunen J., Heikkilä, T. Rönkkö, J. Keskinen, T. Murtonen. 2009. Diesel particle emission reduction by a particle oxidation catalyst. SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-2705.
  • Lemmetty, M., L. Pirjola, J. M. Mäkelä, T. Rönkkö, and J. Keskinen. 2006. Computation of maximum rate of water-sulphuric acid nucleation in diesel exhaust. J. Aerosol Sci. 37(11): 1596–604. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2006.04.003
  • Li, X. L., Z. Huang, J.-S. Wang, and J.-H. Wu. 2008. Characteristics of ultrafine particles emitted from a dimethyl ether (DME) engine. Chin. Sci. Bull. 53(2): 304–12. doi:10.1007/s11434-008-0011-4
  • Lindgren, M., K. Arrhenius, G. Larsson, L. Bäfver, H. Arvidsson, C. Wetterberg, P.-A. Hansson, and. Rosell. 2011. Analysis of unregulated emissions from an off-road diesel engine during realistic work operations. Atmos. Environ. 45 (30): 5394–98. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.046
  • Maricq, M. M. 2006. On the electrical charge of motor vehicle exhaust particles. J. Aerosol Sci. 37(7): 858–74. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2005.08.003
  • Merritt, P. M., V. Ulmet, R. L. McCormick, W. E. Mitchell, and K. J. Baumgard. 2005. Regulated and unregulated exhaust emissions comparison for three Tier II non-road diesel engines operating on ethano–diesel blends. SAE Technical Paper Series 2005-01-2193. doi:10.4271/2005-01-2193
  • Mikkanen, P., M. Moisio, J. Keskinen, J. Ristimäki, and M. Marjamäki. 2001. Sampling method for particle measurements of vehicle exhaust. SAE Trans. 2001-01-0219. doi:10.4271/2001-01-0219
  • Merrill, C. J., J. S. Lighty, E. G. Eddings, and A. F. Sarofim. 2004. Investigation of the oxidation and fragmentation of soot in a two-stage flat flame burner system utilizing a scanning mobility particle sizer. Abstract. Western States Section of the Combustion Institute Meeting 04S-40.
  • Miller, A., G. Ahlstrand, D. Kittelson, and M. Zachariah. 2007. The fate of metal (Fe) during diesel combustion: Morphology, chemistry, and formation pathways of nanoparticles. Combust. Flame 149(1–2): 129–43. doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2006.12.005
  • Neoh, K. G., J. B. Howard, and A. F. Sarofim. 1985. Effect of oxidation on the physical structure of soot. Symp. (Int.) Combust. 20(1): 951–57. doi:10.1016/S0082-0784(85)80584-1
  • Park, D., Y. Yoon, S.-B. Kwon, W. Jeong, Y. Cho, and K. Lee. 2012. The effects of operating conditions on particulate matter exhaust from diesel locomotive engines. Sci. Total Environ. 419(0): 76–80. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.01.002
  • Rasdorf, W., C. Frey, P. Lewis, K. Kim, S. Pang, and S. Abolhassani. 2010. Field procedures for real-world measurements of emissions from diesel construction vehicles. J. Infrastruct. Systems 16(3): 216–25. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000027
  • Reischl, G. P. J. M. Mäkelä, R. Karch, J. Necid. 1996. Bipolar charging of ultrafine particles in the size range below 10 nm. Journal of Aerosol Science 27: 931–949.
  • Rönkkö, T., A. Virtanen, J. Kannosto, J. Keskinen, M. Lappi, and L. Pirjola. 2007. Nucleation mode particles with a nonvolatile core in the exhaust of a heavy-duty diesel vehicle. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41(18): 6384–89. doi:10.1021/es0705339
  • Sgro, L. A., A. D’Anna, and P. Minutolo. 2011. Charge fraction distribution of nucleation mode particles: New insight on the particle formation mechanism. Combust. Flame 158(7): 1418–25. doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.r11.010
  • Sgro, L. A., P. Sementa, B. M. Vaglieco, G. Rusciano, A. D’Anna, and P. Minutolo. 2012. Investigating the origin of nuclei particles in GDI engine exhausts. Combust. Flame 159(4): 1687–92. doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.12.013
  • Storey, J. M. E., J. E. Parks, S. A. Lewis, W. K. Kahl, R. L. Miller, and W. T. Davis. 2006. Characterization of heavy-duty truck air quality impacts by ambient air monitoring at the Watt Road Environmental Laboratory. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
  • Tang, U. W., and Z. Wang. 2006. Determining gaseous emission factors and driver’s particle exposures during traffic congestion by vehicle-following measurement techniques. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 56(11): 1532–39. doi:10.1080/10473289.2006.10464567
  • Tong, H. Y., W. T. Hung, and C. S. Cheung. 2000. On-road motor vehicle emissions and fuel consumption in urban driving conditions. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 50(4): 543–54. doi:10.1080/10473289.2000.10464041
  • Vaaraslahti, K., A. Virtanen, J. Ristimaki, and J. Keskinen. 2004. Nucleation mode formation in heavy-duty diesel exhaust with and without a particulate filter. Environ. Science & Technol. 38(18): 4884–90. doi:10.1021/es0353255
  • Vakkilainen, A., and R. Lylykangas. 2004. Particle oxidation catalyst (POC) for diesel vehicles. SAE Technical Paper Series 2004-28-0047. doi:10.4271/2004-28-0047
  • Wang, S. C., and R. C. Flagan. 1989. Scanning electrical mobility spectrometer. J. Aerosol Sci. 20(8): 1485–88. doi:10.1016/0021-8502(89)90868-9
  • Weijers, E. P., A. Y. Khlystov, G. P. A. Kos, and J. W. Erisman. 2004. Variability of particulate matter concentrations along roads and motorways determined by a moving measurement unit. Atmos. Environ. 38(19): 2993–3002. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.045
  • Wheatley, A. D., and S. Sadhra. 2004. Occupational exposure to diesel exhaust fumes. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 48(4): 369–76. doi:10.1093/annhyg/meh018

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.