Forty-year (1971–2010) semiquantitative observations of visibility-cloud-precipitation in Korea and its implication for aerosol effects on regional climate

References

• Albrecht, B.A. 1989. Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudness. Science 245:1227–30. doi:10.1126/science.245.4923.1227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackerman, A.S., M.P. Kirkpatrick, D.E. Stevens, and O.B. Toon. 2004. The impact of humidity above stratiform clouds on indirect aerosol climate forcing. Nature 432:1014–17. doi:10.1038/nature03174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghim, S.Y., K.C. Moon, S.H. Lee, and Y.P. Kim. 2005. Visibility trends in Korea during the past two decades. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 55:73–82. doi:10.1080/10473289.2005.10464599
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granier, C., B. Bessagnet, T. Bond, A. D’Angiola, H. Denier van der Gon, G. J. Frost, A. Heil, J. W. Kaiser, S. Kinne, Z. Klimont, S. Kloster, J.-F. Lamarque, C. Liousse, T. Masui, F. Meleux, A. Mieville, T. Ohara, J.-C. Raut, K. Riahi, M.G. Schultz, S.J. Smith, A. Thompson, J. van Aardenne, G.R. van der Werf, and D.P. van Vuuren. 2011. Evolution of anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of air pollutants at global and regional scales during the 1980–2010 period. Clim. Change 109(1–2):163–190. doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0154-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holton, J.R., J.A. Curry, and J.A. Pyle. 2002. Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 1. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hsu, H.H., and C.T. Chen. 2002. Observed and projected climate change in Taiwan. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 79:87–104. doi:10.1007/s703-002-8230-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haywood, J., and O. Boucher. 2000. Estimates of the direct and indirect radiative forcing due to tropospheric aerosols: A review. Rev. Geophys. 38(4):513–43. doi:10.1029/1999RG000078
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, H., G. Feingold, and W.R. Cotton. 2002. Simulations of aerosol-cloud-dynamical feedbacks resulting from entrainment of aerosol into the marine boundary layer during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment, J. Geophys. Res. 107:4813. doi:10.1029/2001JD001502
   Google Scholar
• Kim, B.G., S.E. Schwartz, M.A. Miller, and Q. Min. 2003. Effective radius of cloud droplets by ground-based remote sensing: Relationship to aerosol. J. Geophys. Res. 108:4740. doi:10.1029/2003JD003721
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). 2002. Guidance of surface meteorological observation. Seoul, Korea. (in Korean)
   Google Scholar
• Korean Ministry of Environment. 2010. Annual report of air quality in Korea. Gwacheon, Korea: Ministry of Environment and National Institute of Environmental Research.
   Google Scholar
• Lamarque, J.-F., T.C. Bond, V. Eyring, C. Granier, A. Heil, Z. Klimont, D. Lee, C. Liousse, A. Mieville, B. Owen, M.G. Schultz, D. Shindell, S. J. Smith, E. Stehfest, J. Van Aardenne, O.R. Cooper, M. Kainuma, N. Mahowald, J.R. McConnell, V. Naik, K. Riahi, and D.P. van Vuuren. 2010. Historical (1850–2000) gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aerosols: methodology and application. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10(15):7017–39. doi:10.5194/acp-10-7017-2010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebsock, M.D., G.L. Stephens, and C. Kummerow. 2008. Multisensor satellite observations of aerosol effects on warm clouds. J. Geophys. Res. 113:d15205. doi:10.1029/2008JD009876
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S.S., J.E. Penner, and S.M. Saleeby. 2009. Aerosol effects on liquid-water path of thin strato-cumulus clouds. J. Geophys. Res. 114:D07204. doi:10.1029/2008JD010513
   Google Scholar
• Liepert, B. 1997. Recent changes in solar radiation under cloudy conditions. Int. J. Climatol. 17:1581–93. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0088
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liou, K.N., S.C. Ou, and G. Koenig. 1990. An investigation of the climatic effect of contrail cirrus. In Air Traffic And the Environment: Background, Tendencies, and Potential Global Atmospheric Effects, ed. U. Schumann, 154–69. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, S.C., C.H. Wang. C.J. Shiu, H.W. Chang, C.H. Hsiao, and S.H. Liaw. 2002. Reduction in sunshine duration over Taiwan: Causes and implication. Terrestrial Atmos. Oceanic Sci. 13(4):523–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohmann, U., L. Rotstayn, T. Storelvmo, A. Jones, S. Menon, J. Quaas, A.M.L. Ekman, D. Koch, and R. Ruedy. 2010. Total aerosol effect: Radiative forcing or radiative flux perturbation? Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10(7): 3235–46. doi:10.5194/acp-10-3235-2010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery, D.C., E.A. Peck, and G.G. Vining. 2001. Introduction to Linear Regression Analysis, 3rd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Ohara, T., H. Akimoto, J. Kurokawa, N. Horii, K. Yamaji, X. Yan, and T. Hayasaka. 2007. An Asian emission inventory of anthropogenic emission sources for the period 1980–2020. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7(16):4419–44. doi:10.5194/acp-7-4419-2007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quaas, J., O. Boucher, N. Bellouin, and S. Kinne. 2008. Satellite-based estimate of the direct and indirect aerosol climate forcing. J. Geophys. Res. 113:D05204. doi:10.1029/2007JD008962
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quaas, J., Y. Ming, S. Menon, T. Takemura, M. Wang, J.E. Penner, A. Gettelman, U. Lohmann, N. Bellouin, O. Boucher, A.M. Sayer, G.E. Thomas, A. McComiskey, G. Feingold, C. Hoose, J.E. Kristjansson, X. Liu, Y. Balkanski, L.J. Donner, P.A. Ginoux, P. Stier, B. Grandey, J. Feichter, I. Sednev, S.E. Bauer, D. Koch, R.G. Grainger, A. Kirkevag, T. Iversen, O. Seland, R. Easter, S.J. Ghan, P.J. Rasch, H. Morrison, J.-F. Lamarque, M.J. Iacono, S. Kinne, and M. Schulz. 2009. Aerosol indirect effects—General circulation model intercomparison and evaluation with satellite data. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9(22):8697–717. doi:10.5194/acp-9-8697-2009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rebetez, M., and M. Beniston. 1998. Changes in sunshine duration are correlated with changes in daily temperature range this century: An analysis of Swiss climatology data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25:3611–13. doi:10.1029/98GL02810
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld, D., and I.M. Lensky. 1998. Satellite-based insights into precipitation formation processes in continental and maritime convective clouds. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 79:2457. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld, D., U. Lohmann. B.R. Graciela, D.O. Colin, M. Kulmala, S. Fuzzi, A. Reissell, and O.A. Meinrat. 2008. Flood or drought: How do aerosols affect precipitation? Science 321:1309–13. doi:10.1126/science.1160606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, S.E., and A. Slingo. 1996. Enhanced shortwave cloud radiative forcing due to anthropogenic aerosols. In Cloud Chemistry and Climate, ed. by P.J. Crutzen and V. Ramanathan, 191–236. New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Sloan, C.S., and W.H. White. 1986. Visibility: An evolving issue. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20:760–66. doi:10.1021/es00150a600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small, J.D., P.Y. Chuang, G. Feingold, and H. Jiang, 2009: Can aerosol decrease cloud lifetime? Geophys. Res. Lett. 36:L16806. doi:10.1029/2009GL038888
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, B., and G. Feingold. 2009. Untangling aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation in a buffered system. Nature 461:607–13. doi:10.1038/nature08281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twomey, S. 1974. Pollution and the planetary albedo. Atmos. Environ. 8:1251–56. doi:10.1016/0004-6981(74)90004-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twomey, S. 1977. The influence of pollution on the shortwave albedo of clouds. J. Atmos. Sci. 34:1149–52. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Mensbrugghe, D. 2010. Climate change policy options for Asian economies: Findings from an integrated assessment model. Asian Econ. Policy Rev. 5(1):63–83. doi:10.1111/(ISSN)1748-3131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Vuuren, D.P., J. Edmonds, and M. Kainuma. 2011. Representative concentration pathways: An overview. Clim. Change 109:5–31. doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0148-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner, J., and S. Twomey. 1967. The production of cloud nuclei by cane fires and the effects on cloud droplet concentration. J. Atmos. Sci. 24:704–6. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1967)024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren, S.G., C.J. Hahn, J. London, R.M. Chervin, and R. Jenne. 1986. Global distribution of total cloud cover and cloud type amounts over land. NCAR tech. note TN-273 STR. 29pp.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). 1994. Air pollution in the world’s megacities; Environment. 36. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Environment Programme.
   Google Scholar
• World Meteorological Organization (WMO). 1987. International Cloud Atlas, Vol. II. WMO No. 407. Geneva, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• World Meteorological Organization. 2008. Guide to meteorological instruments and methods of observation. WMO No. 8. Geneva, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, B., S. Wang, J. Wang, J.S. Fu, T. Liu, J. Xu, X. Fu, and J. Hao. 2013. Impact of national NOx and SO2 control policies on particulate matter pollution in China. Atmos. Environ. 77:453–63. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.05.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar