Results from a blind comparison of chloride measurements by accredited laboratories and the implications for enforcing increasingly stringent HCl emission limits in EU legislation

References

• Coleman, M. D., M. Ellison, R. A. Robinson, T. D. Gardiner, and T. O. M. Smith. 2019a. Uncertainty requirements of the European Union’s Industrial Emissions Directive for monitoring sulfur dioxide emissions: Implications from a blind comparison of sulfate measurements by accredited laboratories. JA&WMA 69 (9):1070–78 doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2019.1604449.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, M. D., R. A. Robinson, M. B. Williams, M. J. Clack, and D. M. Butterfield. 2013. State of UK emissions monitoring of stacks and flues: An evaluation of proficiency testing data for SO2, NO and particulates. Accred. Qual. Assur. 18 (6):517–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00769-013-1011-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, M. D., S. Render, C. Dimopoulos, A. Lilley, R. A. Robinson, T. O. M. Smith, R. Camm, and R. Standring. 2015. Testing equivalency of an alternative method based on portable FTIR to the European standard reference methods for monitoring emissions to air of CO, NOx, SO2, HCl, and H2O. JA&WMA 65 (8):1011–19 doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2015.1058868.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, M. D., T. O. M. Smith, R. A. Robinson, B. Stoffels, and D. Wildanger. 2019b. Combining UK and German emissions monitoring proficiency testing data based on stack simulator facilities to determine whether increasingly stringent EU emission limits are enforceable. Accred. Qual. Assur. 24 (2):127–36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00769-018-1354-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comité Européen de Normalisation. 2007a. Air quality—Certification of automated measuring systems—Part 3: Performance criteria and test procedures for automated measuring systems for monitoring emissions from stationary sources. EN 15267–3. http://www.cen.eu.
   Google Scholar
• Comité Européen de Normalisation. 2007b. Air quality—Measurement of stationary source emissions—Requirements for measurement sections and sites and for the measurement objective, plan and report. EN 15259. http://www.cen.eu/.
   Google Scholar
• Comité Européen de Normalisation. 2010. Stationary source emissions—Determination of mass concentration of gaseous chlorides expressed as HCl—Standard reference method. EN 1911. http://www.cen.eu/.
   Google Scholar
• Comité Européen de Normalisation. 2014. Stationary source emissions—Quality assurance of automated measuring systems. EN 14181. http://www.cen.eu/.
   Google Scholar
• Comité Européen de Normalisation. 2017. Stationary source emissions—Determination of mass concentration of sulphur dioxide—Standard reference method. EN 14791. http://www.cen.eu/.
   Google Scholar
• Comité Européen de Normalisation. 2020. Stationary source emissions—Determination of mass concentration of fluorinated compounds expressed as HF—Standard reference method. CEN/TS 17340. http://www.cen.eu/.
   Google Scholar
• Cordes, J., B. Stoffels, and D. Wildanger. 2015. The question of homogeneity inside a chimney: Application of ISO 13528 to stack emission proficiency tests. Accred. Qual. Assur. 20 (4):287–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00769-015-1139-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Environment Agency for England. 2018. Personnel competency standard for manual stack-emission monitoring. Version 11. http://www.gov.uk/.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2000. Directive 2000/76/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 December 2000 on the incineration of waste. Off. J. Eur. Commun. L332, 91–111.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2006. Regulation (EC) No 166/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18th January 2006 Concerning the establishment of a European pollutant release and transfer register and amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC. Off. J. Eur. Union L33, 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2010. Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control). Off. J. Eur. Commun. L334, 17–119.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2016. COMMISSION IMPLE-MENTING DECISION (EU) 2016/1032 of 13 June 2016 establishing best available techniques (BAT) conclusions, under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, for the non-ferrous metals industries. Off. J. Eur. Union L174, 32–106.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2017. COMMISSION IMPLE-MENTING DECISION (EU) 2017/1442 of 31 July 2017 establishing best available techniques (BAT) conclusions, under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, for large combustion plants. Off. J. Eur. Union L212, 1–82.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2019. COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING DECISION (EU) 2019/2010 of 12 November 2019 establishing the best available techniques (BAT) conclusions, under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, for waste incineration. Off. J. Eur. Union L312, 55–92.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, C. D., D. T. Monteith, D. F. Fowler, J. N. Cape, and S. Brayshaw. 2011. Hydrochloric acid: An overlooked driver of environmental change. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 (5):1887–94. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/es103574u.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Organization for Standardization. 2005. Statistical methods for use in proficiency testing by interlaboratory comparisons. ISO 13528.
   Google Scholar
• International Organization for Standardization. 2010. Conformity assessment—General requirements for proficiency testing (ISO/CASCO 17043:2010). ISO 17043.
   Google Scholar
• International Organization for Standardization. 2017. General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. ISO/IEC 17025.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 1979. Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution. Geneva, Switzerland: UNECE.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 1998. Convention on access to information, public participation in decision-making and access to justice in environmental matters, Aarhus, Denmark, June 25.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 2003. Protocol on pollutant release and transfer registers, Kiev, Ukraine, May 21.
   Google Scholar