17,860
Views
43
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ARTICLES

Public Agency External Analysis Using a Modified “Five Forces” Framework

Pages 63-105 | Published online: 04 Mar 2011

REFERENCES

  • Abelson , D. E. 2007 . “Any Ideas? Think Tanks and Policy Analysis in Canada.” Pp. 551 – 573 in L. Dobuzinski , M. Howlett and D. Laycock , eds., Policy Analysis in Canada: The State of the Art . Toronto : University of Toronto Press .
  • Aberbach , J. 1990 . Keeping a Watchful Eye: The Politics of Congressional Oversight . Washington , DC : Brookings Institution Press .
  • Aivazian , V. , Y. Ge , and J. Qiu . 2005 . “Can Corporatization Improve the Performance of State-Owned Enterprises Even Without Privatization?” Journal of Corporate Finance 11 ( 5 ): 791 – 808 .
  • Alford , J. 2002 . “Defining the Client in the Public Sector: A Social Exchange Perspective.” Public Administration Review 62 ( 3 ): 337 – 346 .
  • Alford , J. and J. O'Flynn . 2009 . “Making Sense of Public Value: Concepts, Critiques and Emergent Meanings.” International Journal of Public Administration 32 ( 3/4 ): 171 – 191 .
  • Amirkhanyan , A. , H. J. Kim , and K. Lambright . 2008 . “Does the Public Sector Outperform the Nonprofit and For-Profit Sectors? Evidence from a National Panel Study on Nursing Home Quality and Access.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 27 ( 2 ): 326 – 353 .
  • Andersen , D. F. , S. Belardo , and S. S. Dawes . 1994 . “Strategic Information Management: Conceptual Frameworks for the Public Sector.” Public Productivity & Management Review 17 ( 4 ): 335 – 353 .
  • Andrews , R. , G. A. Boyne , and G. Endicott . 2006. “Performance Failure in the Public Sector: Misfortune or Mismanagement.” Public Management Review 8(2): 273–296.
  • Andrews , R. , G. A. Boyne , and R. M. Walker . 2006 . “Strategy Content and Organizational Performance: An Empirical Analysis.” Public Administration Review 66 ( 1 ): 52 – 63 .
  • Aucoin , P. 2006 . “Accountability and Coordination with Independent Foundations: A Canadian Case of Autonomization.” Pp. 110 – 136 in T. Christensen and P. Laegreid , eds., Autonomy and Regulation: Coping with Agencies in the Modern State . Cheltenham , UK : Edward Elgar .
  • Banzhaf , H. S. and R. P. Walsh . 2008 . “Do People Vote with Their Feet? An Empirical Test of Tiebout's Mechanism.” American Economic Review 98 ( 3 ): 843 – 863 .
  • Barzelay , M. and C. Campbell . 2003 . Preparing for the Future: Strategic Planning in the U.S. Air Force . Washington , DC : Brookings .
  • Baun , K. 1995 . “Political Control Versus Expertise: Congressional Choices About Administrative Procedures.” American Political Science Review 89 ( 1 ): 62 – 73 .
  • Baumol , W. J. , J. C. Panzar , and R. D. Willig . 1982 . Contestable Markets and the Theory of Industry Structure . New York : Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich .
  • Baye , M. 2006 . Managerial Economics and Business Strategy . New York : McGraw-Hill .
  • Berry , F. S. and B. Wechsler . 1995 . “State Agencies' Experience with Strategic Planning: Findings from a National Survey.” Public Administration Rview 55 ( 2 ): 159 – 168 .
  • Bertelli , A. 2006 . “The Role of Political Ideology in the Structural Design of New Governance Agencies.” Public Administration Review 66 ( 4 ): 583 – 595 .
  • Bertot , J. C. 2009 . “Public Access Technologies in Public Libraries: Effects and Implications.” Information Technologies and Libraries 28 ( 2 ): 81 – 92 .
  • Besanko , D. , D. Dranove , M. Shanley , and S. Schaefer . 2003 . Economic of Strategy, , 3rd ed . New York : Wiley and Sons .
  • Bilodeau , N. , C. Laurin , and A. R. Vining . 2007 . “Choice of Organizational Form Makes a Real Difference: The Impact of Corporatization on Government Agencies in Canada.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 17 ( 1 ): 119 – 147 .
  • Boardman , A. E. , D. Shapiro , and A. R. Vining . 2004 . “A Framework for Comprehensive Strategic Analysis.” Journal of Strategic Management Education 1 ( 2 ): 307 – 342 .
  • Boardman , A. E. and A. R. Vining . 1991 . “The Behavior of Mixed Enterprises.” Research in Law and Economics 14 : 223 – 250 .
  • Boardman , A. E. and A. R. Vining . 2000 . “Using Service-Customer Matrices in Strategic Analysis of Nonprofits.” Nonprofit Management and Leadership 10 ( 4 ): 397 – 420 .
  • Borins , S. 1998 . Innovating with Integrity: How Local Heroes Are Transforming American Government . Washington , DC : Georgetown University Press .
  • Boster , R. S. 2007 . “The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board: Déjà Vu Seidman's Quasi Government?” Public Budgeting & Finance 27 ( 3 ): 130 – 137 .
  • Boston , J. , A. Bradstock , and D. Eng . 2010 . “Ethics and Public Policy.” Pp. 1 – 17 in J. Boston , A. Bradstock , and D. Eng , eds., Public Policy: Why Ethics Matter . Canberra : ANU E Press .
  • Bourdeaux , C. 2007 . “Conflict, Accommodation, and Bargaining: The Implications of Using Politically Buffered Institutions for Contentious Decision Making.” Governance 20 ( 2 ): 279 – 303 .
  • Bovens , M. 2005 . “Public Accountability.” Pp. 182 – 208 in E. Ferlie , L. E. Lynn , and C. Pollitt , eds., The Oxford Handbook of Public Management . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Bowling , C. J. , C.-L. Cho , and D. S. Wright . 2004 . “Establishing a Continuum from Minimizing to Maximizing Bureaucrats: State Agency Head Preferences for Government Expansion—A Typology of Administrator Growth Postures, 1964–98.” Public Administration Review 64 ( 4 ): 489 – 499 .
  • Boyne , G. A. 2002. “Public and Private Management: What's the Difference?” Journal of Management Studies 39(1): 97–122.
  • Boyne , G. A. 2006 . “Strategies for Public Service Turnaround: Lessons from the Private Sector?” Administration and Society 38 ( 3 ): 365 – 388 .
  • Brandenburger , A. M. and B. J. Nalebuff . 1997 . Co-opetition . New York : Doubleday .
  • Brewer , G. A. 2004 . “Does Administrative Reform Improve Bureaucratic Performance? A Cross-Country Empirical Analysis.” Public Finance and Management 4 ( 2 ): 399 – 428 .
  • Brewer , G. A. 2005 . “In the Eye of the Storm: Frontline Supervisors and Federal Agency Performance.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 15 ( 4 ): 505 – 527 .
  • Bryer , T. A. 2007 . “Toward a Relevant Agenda for a Responsive Public Administration.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 17 ( 3 ): 479 – 500 .
  • Bryson , J. M. 2004 . Strategic Planning for Public and Non-Profit Organizations . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
  • Bryson , J. M. , F. Ackermann , and C. Eden . 2007 . “Putting the Resource-Based View of Strategy and Distinctive Competencies to Work in Public Organizations.” Public Administration Review 67 ( 4 ): 702 – 717 .
  • Caiden , N. and A. Wildavsky . 1974 . Planning and Budgeting in Poor Countries . New York : Wiley .
  • Campbell , C. 2007 . “Spontaneous Adaptation in Public Management: An Overview.” Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions 20 ( 3 ): 377 – 400 .
  • Card , M. A. and K. A. Card . 2007 . “Public Sector Competitive Strategies: Understanding Post Secondary Distance Education in South Dakota.” International Journal of Public Administration 30 ( 5 ): 461 – 481 .
  • Carmeli , A. and J. Schaubroeck . 2005 . “How Leveraging Human Resource Capital with Its Competitive Distinctiveness Enhances the Performance of Commercial and Public Organizations.” Human Resource Management 44 ( 4 ): 391 – 412 .
  • Carpenter , D. P. 2001 . The Forging of Bureaucratic Autonomy: Reputations, Networks, and Policy Innovation in Executive Agencies, 1862–1928 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
  • Carroll , D. A. and K. J. Stater . 2009 . “Revenue Diversification in Nonprofit Organizations: Does It Lead to Financial Stability?” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 19 ( 4 ): 947 – 966 .
  • Carroll , K. 1989 . “Industrial Structure and Monopoly Power in the Federal Bureaucracy: An Empirical Analysis.” Economic Inquiry 27 ( 4 ): 683 – 704 .
  • Carroll , K. A. 1990 . “Bureau Competition and Inefficiency: A Reevaluation of Theory and Evidence.” Journal of Behavior and Organization 13 ( 1 ): 21 – 40 .
  • Chesley , J. A. and M. S. Wenger . 1999 . “Transforming an Organization: Using Models to Foster a Strategic Conversation.” California Management Review 41 ( 3 ): 54 – 73 .
  • Chrisingen , J. and B. Armajani . 2005 . “Beyond Bureaucracy with Charter Agencies.” Spectrum: The Journal of State Government 78 ( 2 ): 35 – 40 .
  • Christensen , C. M. 1997 . The Innovator's Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail . Boston : Harvard Business School Press .
  • Christensen , C. M. 2006 . “The Ongoing Process of Building a Theory of Disruption.” Journal of Product Innovation Management 23 ( 1 ): 39 – 55 .
  • Christensen , T. and P. Laegreid . 2006 . “Agencification and Regulatory Reforms.” Pp. 8 – 49 in T. Christensen and P. Laegreid , eds., Autonomy and Regulation: Coping with Agencies in the Modern State . Cheltenham , UK : Edward Elgar .
  • Choi , S. O. 2008 . “Emergency Management: Implications from a Strategic Management Perspective.” Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management 5 ( 1 ): 1 – 21 .
  • Chun , Y. H. and H. G. Rainey . 2005. “Goal Ambiguity in U.S. Federal Agencies.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 15(1): 1–30.
  • Cockburn , I. M. , R. M. Henderson , and S. Stern . 2000 . “Untangling the Origins of Competitive Advantage.” Strategic Management Journal 21 ( 10/11 ): 1123 – 1145 .
  • Colebatch , H. K. 2010 . “Valuing Public Value: Recognizing and Applying Knowledge About Governmental Process.” Australian Journal of Public Administration 69 ( 1 ): 66 – 78 .
  • Committee on the Assessment of the U. S. Drug Safety System ( A. Baciu , K. Stratton , and S. P. Burke , eds .). 2007 . The Future of Drug Safety: Promoting and Protecting the Health of the Public . Washington , DC : National Academies Press .
  • Cooper , J. and W. F. West . 1988 . “Presidential Power and Republican Government: The Theory and Practice of OMB Review of Agency Rules.” Journal of Politics 50 ( 4 ): 864 – 895 .
  • Corrêa d'Almeida , A. and D. E. Klingner . 2008 . “FEMA and the Witt Revolution: Testing the Hypothesis of ‘Bureaucratic Autonomy.’” Public Organization Review 8 ( 4 ): 291 – 305 .
  • Cox , A. 2001a . “Managing with Power: Strategies for Improving Value Appropriation from Supply Relationships.” Journal of Supply Chain Management 37 ( 2 ): 42 – 47 .
  • Cox , A. 2001b . “Understanding Buyer and Supplier Power: A Framework for Procurement and Supply Competence.” Journal of Supply Chain Management 37 ( 2 ): 8 – 15 .
  • Crook , T. R. and J. G. Combs . 2007 . “Sources and Consequences of Bargaining Power in Supply Chains.” Journal of Operations Management 25 ( 2 ): 546 – 555 .
  • Dalbello , M. 2005 . “A Phenomenological Study of an Emergent National Digital Library, Part I: Theory and Methodological Framework.” The Library Quarterly, 75 ( 4 ): 391 – 420 .
  • D'Elia , G. , C. Jorgensen , J. Woelfel , and E. J. Rodger . 2002 . “The Impact of the Internet on Public Library Use: An Analysis of the Current Consumer Market for Library and Internet Services.” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 53 ( 10 ): 802 – 820 .
  • Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions . 1998 . Modern Local Government: In Touch with the People . London : The Stationary Office .
  • Dolan , J. 2002 . “The Budget-Minimizing Bureaucrat? Empirical Evidence from the Senior Executive Service.” Public Administration Review 62 ( 1 ): 42 – 50 .
  • Donaldson , T. and L. E. Preston . 1995 . “The Stakeholder Theory of the Corporation: Concepts, Evidence, and Implications.” Academy of Management Journal 20 ( 1 ): 65 – 91 .
  • Downs , A. 1967 . Inside Bureaucracy . Boston : Little, Brown and Company .
  • Duggett , M. 1998 . “Citizen's Charter: A People's Charter in the UK.” International Review of Administrative Sciences 64 ( 2 ): 327 – 330 .
  • Dunleavy , P. 1991 . Democracy, Bureaucracy and Public Choice . London : Harvester Wheatsheaf .
  • Eisner , M. A. and K. J. Meier . 1990 . “Presidential Control Versus Bureaucratic Power: Explaining the Reagan Revolution in Antitrust.” American Journal of Political Science 34 ( 1 ): 269 – 287 .
  • Ellwood , J. W. 2008 . “Challenges to Public Policy and Public Management Education.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 21 ( 1 ): 172 – 187 .
  • Epstein , D. and S. O'Halloran . 1999 . Delegating Powers: A Transaction Cost Politics Approach to Policy Making Under Separate Powers . New York : Cambridge University Press .
  • Ferlie , E. , A. Pettigrew , L. Ashburner , and L. Fitzgerald . 1996 . The New Public Management in Action . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Fischer , R. L. , A. L. Wilsker , and D. R. Young . 2007 . “Exploring the Revenue Mix of Nonprofit Organizations—Does It Relate to Publicness?” Working Paper 07–32, October, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University .
  • Flynn , N. and C. Talbot . 1996. “Strategy and Strategists in UK Local Government.” Journal of Management Development 15(2): 24–37.
  • Frantz , R. 1992 . “X-Efficiency and Allocative Efficiency: What Have We Learned?” American Economic Review 82 ( 2 ): 434 – 438 .
  • Frumkin , P. and E. K. Keating . 2002 . The Risks and Rewards of Non-Profit Revenue Concentration . Montreal : The Association for Research on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action (ARNOVA) .
  • Furlong , S. 1998 . “Political Influence on the Bureaucracy: The Bureaucracy Speaks.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 8 ( 1 ): 39 – 66 .
  • Gains , F. and G. Stoker . 2009 . “Delivering ‘Public Value’: Implications for Accountability and Legitimacy.” Parliamentary Affairs 62 ( 3 ): 438 – 455 .
  • Garicano , L. and R. A. Posner . 2005 . “Intelligence Failures: An Organizational Economics Perspective.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 19 ( 4 ): 151 – 170 .
  • Geddes , R. R. 2008 . “Pricing By State-Owned Enterprises: The Case of Postal Services.” Managerial and Decision Economics 29 ( 7 ): 575 – 591 .
  • Globerman , S. and A. R. Vining . 1996 . “A Framework for Evaluating the Government Contracting-Out Decision with an Application to Information Technology.” Public Administration Review 56 ( 6 ): 40 – 46 .
  • Grace , C. , K. Fletcher , S. Martin , and I. Bottril . 2007 . Making and Managing Markets: Contestability, Competition and Improvement in Local Government . London : Audit Commission .
  • Grant , R. M. 2007 . Contemporary Strategic Analysis, , 6th ed . New York : Wiley-Blackwell .
  • Grant , R. M. 2008 . “Why Teaching Strategy Should Be Theory Based.” Journal of Management Inquiry 17 ( 4 ): 276 – 281 .
  • Grundy , T. 2006 . “Rethinking and Reinventing Michael Porter's Five Forces Model.” Strategic Change 15 ( 5 ): 213 – 239 .
  • Gunn , R. and W. Williams . 2007 . “Strategic Tools: An Empirical Investigation into Strategy in Practice in the UK.” Strategic Change 16 ( 5 ): 201 – 216 .
  • Hahn , R. W. 2000 . “State and Federal Regulatory Reform: A Comparative Analysis.” Journal of Legal Studies 29 ( 2 ): 873 – 912 .
  • Hall , T. E. and L. J. O'Toole Jr . 2000 . “Structures for Policy Implementation: An Analysis of National Legislation, 1965–1966 and 1993–1994.” Administration & Society 31 ( 6 ): 667 – 686 .
  • Hardin , R. 1988 . Morality Within the Limits of Reason . Chicago : Chicago University Press .
  • Hartley , K. , R. White , and D. Chaundy . 1997 . “Government and Industry Performance: A Comparative Study.” Applied Economics 29 ( 9 ): 1227 – 1237 .
  • Hays , S. A. and R. C. Kearney . 1997 . “Riding the Crest of a Wave: The National Performance Review and Public Management Reform.” International Journal of Public Administration 20 ( 1 ): 11 – 40 .
  • Hedge , D. M. , M. J. Scicchitano , and P. Metz . 1991 . “The Principal-Agent Model and Regulatory Federalism.” Western Political Quarterly 4 ( 4 ): 1055 – 1080 .
  • Heintzman , R. and B. Marson . 2005 . “People, Service and Trust: Is There a Public Sector Value Chain?” International Journal of Administrative Sciences 71 ( 4 ): 549 – 575 .
  • Henderson , R. M. and K. B. Clark . 1990 . “Architectural Innovation: The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Technologies and the Failure of Established Firms.” Administrative Science Quarterly 35 ( 1 ): 9 – 30 .
  • Hendrick , R. 2002 . “Revenue Diversification: Fiscal Illusion or Flexible Financial Management.” Public Budgeting & Finance 22 ( 4 ): 52 – 72 .
  • Hitt , M. A. 2005. “Management Theory and Research: Potential Contribution to Public Policy and Public Organizations.” Academy of Management Journal 48(6): 963–966.
  • Hodgkinson , G. P. , G. Johnson , R. Whittington , and M. Scharz . 2005 . The Role and Importance of Strategy Workshops: Findings of a UK Survey . London : Advanced Institute of Management Research and Chartered Management Institute .
  • Horwitz , S. 2008 . “Making Hurricane Response More Effective: Lessons from the Private Sector and the Coast Guard During Katrina.” Policy Comment No. 17, Mercatus Policy Series , Arlington , VA .
  • Huber , J. D. and C. R. Shipan . 2002 . Deliberate Discretion: The Institutional Foundations of Bureaucratic Autonomy . New York : Cambridge University Press .
  • Irwin , D. 2002 . “Strategy Mapping in the Public Sector.” Long Range Planning 35 ( 6 ): 637 – 647 .
  • Johnson , G. and K. Scholes , eds . 2000 . Exploring Public Sector Strategy . Harlow , UK : Prentice Hall .
  • Jones , L. R. and J. L. McCaffery . 1989 . Government Response to Financial Constraints . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press .
  • Jones , T. M. and A. C. Wicks . 1999 . “Convergent Stakeholder Theory.” Academy of Management Journal 24 ( 2 ): 206 – 221 .
  • Joyce , P. 2000 . Strategy in the Public Sector . New York : John Wiley .
  • Kaplan , R. S. and D. P. Norton . 2001 . “Transforming the Balanced Scorecard from Performance Measurement to Strategic Management: Part II.” Accounting Horizons 15 ( 2 ): 147 – 160 .
  • Katyal , N. K. 2006 . “Internal Separation of Powers: Checking Today's Most Dangerous Branch from Within.” Yale Law Journal 115 ( 9 ): 2314 – 2349 .
  • Kauf , T. L. 1999 . “Price Discrimination and Bargaining Power in the U.S. Vaccine Market: Implications for Childhood Immunization Policy.” Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 39 ( 2 ): 249 – 265 .
  • Kelleher , C. A. and S. Webb Yackee . 2006 . “Who's Whispering in Your Ear? The Influence of Third Parties over State Agency Decisions.” Political Research Quarterly 59 ( 4 ): 629 – 643 .
  • Kelman , S. 2007 . “Chapter 5: Public Administration and Organization Studies.” The Academy of Management Annals 1 ( 1 ): 225 – 267 .
  • Kelman , S. and J. Myers . 2011 . “Successfully Executing Ambitious Strategies in Government: An Empirical Analysis.” The American Review of Public Administration .
  • Kelman , S. , F. Thompson , L. R. Jones , and K. Schedler . 2003 . “Dialogue on Definition and Evolution in the Field of Public Management.” International Public Management Journal 4 ( 2 ): 1 – 19 .
  • Kendrick , R. 2003 . “Strategic Planning Environment, Process, and Performance in Public Agencies: A Comparative Study of Departments in Milwaukee.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 13 ( 4 ): 491 – 519 .
  • Kennedy , P. , C. Perrottet , and T. Charles . 2003 . “Scenario Planning After 9/11: Managing the Impact of a Catastrophic Event.” Strategy & Leadership 31 ( 1 ): 4 – 13 .
  • Kerley , R. 2007 . “Controlling Urban Car Parking—An Exemplar for Public Management.” International Journal of Public Sector Management 20 ( 6 ): 519 – 530 .
  • Khademian , A. 2009 . “Bankruptcies, Bailouts and the Banking Bureaucracy: The Bush Agenda and the Capacity for Crisis.” The Forum 7 ( 4 ), Article 5. http://www.bepress.com/forum/vol7/iss4/art5
  • Klein , P. G. , J. T. Mahoney , A. McGahan , and C. Pitelis . 2010. “Resources, Capabilities and Routines in Public Organizations.” Working Paper 1550028, Joseph L. Rotman School of Management Research Paper Series 5(1), University of Toronto. http://ssrn.com/abstract=1550028
  • Krause , G. A. and J. W. Douglas . 2006 . “Does Agency Competition Improve the Quality of Policy Analysis? Evidence from OMB and CBO Projections.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 25 ( 1 ): 53 – 74 .
  • Kunioka , T. T. and G. M. Woller . 1999 . “Bank Supervision and the Limits of Political Influence of the Bureaucracy.” Public Administration Review 59 ( 4 ): 303 – 313 .
  • Langbein , L. 2009 . “Controlling Federal Agencies: The Contingent Impact of External Controls on Worker Discretion and Productivity.” International Public Management Journal 12 ( 1 ): 82 – 115 .
  • Laurin , C. , A. E. Boardman , and A. R. Vining . 2004 . “Government Underpricing of Share-Issue Privatizations.” Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics 75 ( 3 ): 399 – 429 .
  • Lewis , D. E. 2003 . Presidents and the Politics of Agency Design: Political Insulation in the United States Government Bureaucracy, 1946–1997 . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press .
  • Liu , Y. and C. B. Weinberg . 2009 . “Pricing for Nonprofit Organizations.” Pp. 512 – 534 in V. R. Rao , ed., Handbook of Pricing Research in Marketing . Cheltenham , UK : Edward Elgar .
  • Llewellyn , S. and E. Tappin . 2003 . “Strategy in the Public Sector: Management in the Wilderness.” Journal of Management Studies 40 ( 4 ): 955 – 982 .
  • Lowi , T. J. 1967 . The End of Liberalism . New York : Norton Books .
  • Lynn , L. E. 1991 . “The Budget-Maximizing Bureaucrat: Is There a Case?” Pp. 59 – 83 in A. Blais and S. Dion , eds., The Budget-Maximizing Bureaucrat . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press .
  • Matthews , J. and A. D. Shulman . 2005 . “Competitive Advantage in Public-Sector Organizations: Explaining the Public Goods/Sustainable Competitive Advantage Paradox.” Journal of Business Research 58 ( 2 ): 232 – 240 .
  • McCubbins , M. D. , R. G. Noll , and B. B. Weingast . 1987 . “Administrative Procedures as Instruments of Political Control.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 3 ( 2 ): 243 – 277 .
  • McCubbins , M. D. , R. G. Noll , and B. B. Weingast . 1989 . “Structure and Process, Policy and Politics: Administrative Arrangements and the Political Control of Agencies.” Virginia Law Review 75 ( 43 ): 431 – 482 .
  • Meier , K. J. , L. J. O'Toole , G. A. Boyne , and R. M. Walker . 2006 . “Strategic Management and the Performance of Public Organizations: Testing Venerable Ideas Against Recent Theories.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 17 ( 3 ): 357 – 377 .
  • Migue , J.-L. and G. Belanger . 1974 . “Toward a General Theory of Managerial Discretion.” Public Choice 17 ( 1 ): 27 – 47 .
  • Miller , G. J. 1989 . “Unique Public-Sector Strategies.” Public Productivity & Management Review 13 ( 2 ): 133 – 144 .
  • Moore , M. H. 1994 . “Public Value as the Focus of Strategy.” Australian Journal of Public Administration 53 ( 3 ): 296 – 304 .
  • Moore , M. H. 1995 . Creating Public Value . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Moore , M. H. 2000 . “Managing for Value: Organizational Strategy in For-Profit, Nonprofit, and Governmental Organizations.” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 29 ( 1 ): 183 – 204 .
  • Moynihan , D. P. and S. K. Pandey . 2006. “Creating Desirable Organizational Characteristics.” Public Management Review 8(1): 119–140.
  • Nathan , R. P. 1983 . The Administrative Presidency . New York : John Wiley and Sons .
  • Nicholson-Crotty , S. 2005 . “Bureaucratic Competition in the Policy Process.” Policy Studies Journal 33 ( 3 ): 341 – 361 .
  • Niskanen , W. A. 1975 . “Bureaucrats and Politicians.” Journal of Law and Economics 18 ( 3 ): 617 – 643 .
  • Niskanen , W. A. 1991 . “A Reflection on Bureaucracy and Representative Government.” Pp. 13 – 31 in A. Blais and S. Dion , eds., The Budget-Maximizing Bureaucrat . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press .
  • Nordhaus , W. D. 1975 . “The Political Business Cycle.” Review of Economics and Statistics 42 ( 130 ): 169 – 190 .
  • Norton , B. 2004 . Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey, Tiltrotor Tactical Transport . Hinckley , UK : Midland Publishing Ltd .
  • Osborne , D. and T. A. Gaebler . 1992 . Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit Is Transforming the Public Sector . Reading , MA : Addison-Wesley .
  • Oster , S. M. 1995 . Strategic Management for Nonprofit Organizations . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Panagiotou , G. 2003 . “Bringing SWOT into Focus.” Business Strategy Review 14 ( 2 ): 8 – 10 .
  • Pandey , S. and B. E. Wright . 2006 . “Connecting the Dots in Public Management: Political Environment, Organizational Goal Ambiguity, and the Public Manager's Role Ambiguity.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 16 ( 4 ): 511 – 532 .
  • Pfeffer , J. 2006 . “Like Ships Passing in the Night: The Separate Literatures of Organization Theory and Public Management.” International Public Management Journal 9 ( 4 ): 457 – 465 .
  • Pfeffer , J. and G. Salancik . 1978 . The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective . New York : Harper & Row .
  • Pickton , D. W. and S. Wright . 1998 . “What's SWOT in Strategic Analysis?” Strategic Change 7 : 101 – 109 .
  • Poister , T. H. , D. W. Pitts , and L. H. Edwards . 2010 . “Strategic Management Research in the Public Sector: A Review, Synthesis, and Future Directions.” The American Review of Public Administration 40 ( 5 ): 522 – 545 .
  • Pollitt , C. and C. Talbot . 2004 . Unbundled Government—A Critical Analysis of the Global Trend to Agencies, Quangos and Contractualisation . London : Routledge .
  • Porter , M. E. 1979 . “How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy.” Harvard Business Review 57 ( 2 ): 137 – 145 .
  • Porter , M. E. 1980 . Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors . New York : Free Press .
  • Porter , M. E. 1985 . Competitive Advantage . New York : Free Press .
  • Porter , M. E. 2008 . “The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy.” Harvard Business Review 86 ( 1 ): 78 – 97 .
  • Potoski , M. 1999 . “Managing Uncertainty Through Bureaucratic Design: Administrative Procedures and State Air Pollution Control Agencies.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 9 ( 4 ): 623 – 639 .
  • Prendergast , C. 1993 . “A Theory of ‘Yes Men.’” American Economic Review 83 ( 4 ): 757 – 770 .
  • Psaty , B. M. and S. P. Burke . 2006 . “Protecting the Health of the Public—Institute of Medicine Recommendations on Drug Safety.” New England Journal of Medicine 355 ( 17 ): 1753 – 1755 .
  • Rainey , H. G. and Y. H. Chun . 2005. “Public and Private Management Compared.” Pp. 72–102 in E. Ferlie , L. E. Lynn , and C. Pollitt , eds., The Oxford Handbook of Public Management . Oxford : Oxford University Press.
  • Rainey , H. G. and P. Steinbauer . 1999 . “Galloping Elephants: Developing Elements of a Theory of Effective Government Organization.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 9 ( 1 ): 1 – 32 .
  • Reenock , C. C. and B. J. Gerber . 2008 . “Political Insulation, Information Exchange, and Interest Group Access to the Bureaucracy.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 18 ( 3 ): 415 – 440 .
  • Rhodes , R. A. W. and J. Wanna . 2007 . “The Limits to Public Value, or Rescuing Responsible Government from the Platonic Gardens.” Australian Journal of Public Administration 66 ( 4 ): 406 – 421 .
  • Rhodes , R. A. W. and J. Wanna . 2009 . “Bringing the Politics Back In: Public Value in Westminster Parliamentary Government.” Public Administration 87 ( 2 ): 161 – 183 .
  • Roberts , P. S. 2006 . “FEMA and the Prospects for Reputation-Based Autonomy.” Studies in American Political Development 20 ( 1 ): 57 – 87 .
  • Roberts , P. S. 2009 . “How Security Agencies Control Change: Executive Power and the Quest for Autonomy in the FBI and CIA.” Public Organization Review 9 ( 2 ): 169 – 198 .
  • Rogoff , K. 1990 . “Equilibrium Political Budget Cycles.” American Economic Review 80 ( 1 ): 21 – 36 .
  • Rose , S. 2006 . “Do Fiscal Rules Dampen the Political Business Cycle?” Public Choice 28 ( 3/4 ): 407 – 431 .
  • Sayre , W. S. 1958 . “Premises of Public Administration: Past and Emerging.” Public Administration Review 18 ( 2 ): 102 – 105 .
  • Scholz , J. , J. Twombly , and B. Headrick . 1991 . “Street-Level Political Controls over Federal Bureaucracy.” American Political Science Review 85 ( 3 ): 829 – 850 .
  • Selznick , P. 1957 . Leadership in Administration: A Sociological Interpretation . New York : Harper & Row .
  • Selznick , P. 1966 . TVA and the Grass Roots: A Study in the Sociology of Formal Organization . New York : Harper & Row .
  • Slater , S. F. and E. M. Olsen . 2002 . “A Fresh Look at Industry and Market Analysis.” Business Horizons 45 ( 1 ): 15 – 23 .
  • Smith , R. F. I. , E. Anderson , and J. Teicher . 2004 . “Toward Public Value?” Australian Journal of Public Administration 63 ( 4 ): 14 – 15 .
  • Smith , B. A. and S. M. Hoersting . 2002 . “A Toothless Anaconda: Innovation, Impotence and Overenforcement at the Federal Election Commission.” Election Law Journal 1 ( 2 ): 145 – 171 .
  • Stehr , S. D. 1997 . “Top Bureaucrats and the Distribution of Influence in Reagan's Executive Branch.” Public Administration Review 57 ( 1 ): 75 – 82 .
  • Steinberg , R. 1986 . “The Revealed Objective Function of Nonprofit Firms.” RAND Journal of Economics 17 ( 4 ): 508 – 526 .
  • Stephenson , M. 2008 . “Optimal Political Control of the Bureaucracy.” Michigan Law Review 107 ( 1 ): 53 – 110 .
  • Stewart , J. 2004 . “The Meaning of Strategy in the Public Sector.” Australian Journal of Public Administration 63 ( 4 ): 16 – 21 .
  • Tarschys , D. 2002 . “Time Horizons in Budgeting.” OECD Journal on Budgeting 2 ( 2 ): 77 – 103 .
  • Thatcher , M. 2002 . “Delegation to Independent Regulatory Agencies: Pressures, Functions and Contextual Mediation.” West European Politics 25 ( 1 ): 125 – 147 .
  • Thompson , A. A. , A. J. Strickland , and J. E. Gamble . 2005. Strategy: Winning in the Marketplace, , 2nd ed. New York : Irwin/Wiley.
  • Ting , M. M. 2003 . “A Strategic Theory of Bureaucratic Redundancy.” American Journal of Political Science 47 ( 2 ): 274 – 292 .
  • Valentin , E. K. 2001 . “SWOT Analysis from a Resource-Based View.” Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice 9 ( 2 ): 54 – 68 .
  • Verhoest , K. 2005 . “Effects of Autonomy, Performance Contracting, and Competition on the Performance of a Public Agency: A Case Study.” Policy Studies Journal 33 ( 2 ): 235 – 258 .
  • Vining , A. R. , D. M. Shapiro , and B. Borges . 2005 . “Building the Firm's Political (Lobbying) Strategy.” Journal of Public Affairs 5 ( 2 ): 1 – 27 .
  • Vining , A. R. and D. L. Weimer . 1990 . “Government Supply and Government Production Failure: A Framework Based on Contestability.” Journal of Public Policy 10 ( 1 ): 1 – 22 .
  • Vining , A. R. and D. L. Weimer . 1992 . “Welfare Economics as the Foundation for Public Policy: Incomplete and Flawed but Nevertheless Desirable.” Journal of Socio-Economics 21 ( 1 ): 25 – 37 .
  • Vining , A. R. and D. L. Weimer . 2005 . “Economic Perspectives on Public Organizations.” Pp. 209 – 233 in E. Ferlie , L. E. Lynn , and C. Pollitt , eds., The Oxford Handbook of Public Management . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Vining , A. R. and D. L. Weimer . 2006a . “Efficiency and Cost-Benefit Analysis.” Pp. 417 – 432 in B. G. Peters and J. Pierre , eds., Handbook of Public Policy . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Vining , A. R. and D. L. Weimer . 2006b . “Policy Analysis in Representative Government.” Pp. 19 – 39 in A. Gerber and A. Patashnik , eds., Promoting the General Welfare: American Democracy and the Political Economy of Government Performance . Washington , DC : Brookings Institution Press .
  • Wagenheim , G. D. and J. H. Ruerink . 1991 . “Customer Service in Public Administration.” Public Administration Review 51 ( 3 ): 263 – 270 .
  • Walsh , E. and J. Eilperin . 2002 . “FEC's Structure Is ‘Ineffectual,’ Critics Say.” The Washington Post May 13, A2 .
  • Warner , M. E. and A. Hefetz . 2008 . “Managing Markets for Public Service: the Role of Mixed Public-Private Delivery of City Services.” Public Administration Review 68 ( 1 ): 155 – 166 .
  • Waterman , R. W. , A. A. Rouse , and R. L. Wright . 2004 . Bureaucrats, Politics, and the Environment . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh .
  • Weare , C. and L. S. Friedman . 1996 . “Public Sector Pricing: An Institutional Approach.” Pp. 597 – 658 in F. Thompson and M. Greene , eds., Handbook of Public Finance . New York : Marcel Dekker .
  • Wechsler , B. and R. Backoff . 1986 . “Policy Making and Administration in State Agencies: Strategies Management Approaches.” Public Administration Review 46 ( 4 ): 321 – 327 .
  • Weimer , David L. 2010 . Medical Governance: Values, Expertise, and Interests in Organ Transplantation . Washington , DC : Georgetown University Press .
  • Weimer , D. L. and A. R. Vining . 2011 . Policy Analysis: Concepts and Practice . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Pearson Education .
  • Weingast , B. and M. Moran . 1983 . “Bureaucratic Discretion or Congressional Control: Regulatory Policymaking by the Federal Trade Commission.” Journal of Political Economy 91 ( 5 ): 765 – 800 .
  • Wheelen , T. L. and J. D. Hunger . 2007 . Strategy Management and Business Policy . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Pearson Prentice-Hall .
  • White , R. D. Jr . 2008 . “George Tenet and the Last Great Days of the CIA.” Public Administration Review 68 ( 3 ): 420 – 427 .
  • Wildavsky , A. 1974. The Politics of the Budgetary Process, , 2nd ed. Boston : Little, Brown and Co.
  • Williams , W. and D. Lewis . 2008 . “Strategic Management Tools and Public Sector Management.” Public Management Review 10 ( 5 ): 653 – 671 .
  • Wilson , J. Q. 1989 . Bureaucracy . New York : Basic Books .
  • Wise , C. R. 2006 . “Organizing for Homeland Security after Katrina: Is Adaptive Management What's Missing?” Public Administration Review 66 ( 3 ): 302 – 318 .
  • Wise , L. R. 2004 . “Bureaucratic Posture: On the Need for a Composite Theory of Bureaucracy.” Public Administration Review 64 ( 6 ): 669 – 680 .
  • Wolf , P. J. 1993 . “A Case Survey of Bureaucratic Effectiveness in U.S. Cabinet Agencies: Preliminary Results.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 3 ( 2 ): 161 – 181 .
  • Wolf , P. J. 1997 . “Why Must We Reinvent the Federal Government? Putting Historical Development Claims to the Test.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 7 ( 3 ): 353 – 389 .
  • Wood , B. D. 1992 . “Modeling Federal Implementation as a System.” American Journal of Political Science 36 ( 1 ): 40 – 67 .
  • Wood , B. D. and J. Bohte . 2004 . “Political Transaction Costs and the Politics of Administrative Design.” Journal of Politics 66 ( 1 ): 176 – 202 .
  • Wood , B. D. and R. W. Waterman . 1991 . “The Dynamics of Political Control of the Bureaucracy.” American Political Science Review 85 ( 3 ): 801 – 828 .
  • Woods , M. and S. Grubnic . 2008 . “Linking Comprehensive Performance Assessment to the Balanced Scorecard: Evidence from Hertfordshire County Council.” Financial Accountability & Management 24 ( 3 ): 343 – 361 .
  • Woods , N. D. and M. Baranowski . 2007 . “Governors and the Bureaucracy: Executive Resources as Sources of Administrative Influence.” International Journal of Public Administration 30 ( 11 ): 1219 – 1230 .
  • Wright , B. E. , L. J. Manigault , and T. R. Black . 2004 . “Quantitative Research Measurement in Public Administration: An Assessment of Journal Publications.” Administration and Society 35 ( 1 ): 747 – 764 .
  • Yamamoto , K. 2006 . “Performance of Semi-Autonomous Public Bodies: Linkage Between Autonomy and Performance in Japanese Agencies.” Public Administration and Development 26 ( 1 ): 35 – 44 .
  • Zervos , V. 2008 . “Whatever Happened to Competition in Space Agency Procurement? The Case of NASA.” Journal of Applied Economics 11 ( 1 ): 221 – 236 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.