Dietary fat and obesity: lack of an important roleFootnote

^*Reproduced in part with permission from Obesity Reviews (1).

References

• Willett W. Dietary fat plays a major role in obesity: no. Obes Rev 2002; 3: 59–68.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Willett WC, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, et al. Weight, weight change, and coronary heart disease in women: risk within the “normal” weight range. JAMA 1995; 273: 461–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy SM. How much does diet contribute to premature coronary heart disease? In: Stein 0, Stein Y, eds. Atherosclerosis IX. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Atherosclerosis. Tel Aviv: Creative Communications; 1992. p. 471-8.
   Google Scholar
• Willett WC, Dietz WH, Colditz GA. Guidelines for healthy weight. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 427–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rotnitzky A, Manson JE. Weight gain as a risk factor for clinical diabetes in women. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 481–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felson DT. Weight and osteoarthritis. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63(Suppl): 430-2.
   Google Scholar
• Seidell JC. Time trends in obesity: an epidemiological perspective. Horm Metab Res 1997; 29: 155–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato H, Tillotson J, Nichaman MZ, et al. Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California. Am J Epidemiol 1973; 97: 372–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flegal KM, Larkin FA. Partitioning macronutrient intake estimates from a food frequency questionnaire. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 131: 1046–58.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bray GA, Popkins BM. Dietary fat intake does affect obesityl Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68: 1157–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuczmarski RJ, Flegal KM, Campbell SM, Johnson CL. Increasing prevalence of overweight among US adults. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1960 to 1991. JAMA 1994; 272: 205–11.
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council — Committee on Diet and Health. Diet and health: implications for reducing chronic disease risk. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1989.
   Google Scholar
• World Cancer Research Fund, American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, nutrition and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Washington, DC: American Institute for Cancer Research; 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Astrup A, Grunwald GK, Melanson EL, et al. The role of low-fat diets in body weight control: a meta-analysis of ad libitum dietary intervention studies. Int J Obes 2000; 24: 1545–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astrup A. Macronutrient balances and obesity: the role of diet and physical activity. Public Health Nutr 1999; 2: 341–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pi-Sunyer FX. Effect of the composition of the diet on energy intake. Nutr Rev 1990; 48: 94–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gershoff SN. Nutrition evaluation of dietary fat substitutes. Nutr Rev 1995; 53: 305–13.
   Google Scholar
• Astrup A. Dietary composition, substrate balances and body fat in subjects with a predisposition to obesity. Int J Obes 1993; 17(Suppl 3): S32–6.
   Google Scholar
• Flatt JP. Energetics of intermediary metabolism. In: Garrow JS, Halliday D, eds. Substrate and energy metabolism in man. London: John Libbey; 1985. p. 58-69.
   Google Scholar
• McDevitt RM, Poppitt SD, Murgatroyd PR, Prentice AM. Macronutrient disposal during controlled over-feeding with glucose, fructose, sucrose, or fat in lean and obese women. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72: 369–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lissner L, Heitmann BL. Dietary fat and obesity: evidence from epidemiology. Eur J Clin Nutr 1995; 49: 79–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J, Campbell TC, Junyao L, Peto R. Diet, life-style, and mortality in China: a study of the characteristics of 65 Chinese counties. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Willett WC. Dietary fat and obesity: an unconvincing relation (Editorial). Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68: 1149–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - National Center for 24. Health Statistics. Daily dietary fat and total food-energy intakes - Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Phase 1, 1988–91. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1994; 43 (7): 116-7.
   Google Scholar
• Lissner L, Levitsky DA, Strupp BJ, et al. Dietary fat and the regulation of energy intake in human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 46: 886–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreon DM, Frey-Hewitt B, Ellsworth N, et al. Dietary fat:carbohydrate ratio and obesity in middle-aged men. Am J Clin Nutr 1988; 47: 995–1000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romieu I, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, et al. Energy intake and other determinants of relative weight. Am J Clin Nutr 1988; 47: 406–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay A, Plourde G, Despres J-P, Bouchard C. Impact of dietary fat content and fat oxidation on energy intake in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1989; 49: 799–805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George V, Tremblay A, Despres J-P, et al. Effect of dietary fat content on total and regional adiposity in men and women. Int J Obes 1990; 14: 1085–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller WC, Lindeman AK, Wallace J, Niederpruem M. Diet composition, energy intake, and exercise in relation to body fat in men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 52: 426–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colditz GA, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, et al. Patterns of weight change and their relation to diet in a cohort of healthy women. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 51: 1100–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker LA, Kano MJ. Dietary fat and body fat: a multivariate study of 205 adult females. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 56: 616–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slattery ML, McDonald A, Bild DE, et al. Associations of body fat and its distribution with dietary intake, physical activity, alcohol, and smoking in blacks and whites. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55: 943–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pudel V, Westenhoefer J. Dietary and behavioural principles in the treatment of obesity. International Monitor on Eating Patterns and Weight Control. Medicom/Servier 1992; 1: 2–7.
   Google Scholar
• Klesges RC, Klesges LM, Haddock CK, Eck LH. A longitudinal analysis of the impact of dietary intake and physical activity on weight change in adults. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55: 818–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lissner L, Lindroos AK. Is dietary underreporting macronutrient-specific? Eur J Clin Nutr 1994; 48: 453–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rissanen AM, Heliovaara M, Knekt P, et al. Determinants of weight gain and overweight in adults Finns. Eur J Clin Nutr 1991; 45: 419–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheppard L, Kristal AR, Kushi LH. Weight loss in women participating in a randomized trial of low-fat diets. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 54: 821–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Puska P, Iacono JM, Nissinen A, et al. Controlled, randomised trial of the effect of dietary fat on blood pressure. Lancet 1983; i: 1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Hunninghake DB, Stein EA, Dujovne CA, et al. The efficacy of intensive dietary therapy alone or combined with lovastatin in outpatients with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1231–9.
   Google Scholar
• Levitsky DA, Strupp BJ. Imprecise control of food intake on low fat diets. In: Fernstrom JD, Miller GD, eds. Appetite and body weight regulation: sugar, fat and macronutrients. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1994: 179-90.
   Google Scholar
• Shah M, McGovern P, French S, Baxter J. Comparison of a low-fat ad libitum complex-carbohydrate diet with a low-energy diet in moderately obese women. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 59: 980–4.
   Google Scholar
• Schaefer EJ, Lichtenstein AH, Lamon-Fava S, et al. Body weight and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol changes after consumption of a low-fat ad libitum diet. JAMA 1995; 274: 1450–5.
   Google Scholar
• Westerterp KR, Verboeketvan de Venne WP, Wester-terp-Plantenga MS, et al. Dietary fat and body fat: an intervention study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1996; 20: 1022–6.
   Google Scholar
• National Diet-Heart Study Research Group. The National Diet-Heart Study Final Report. Circulation 1968; 18 (Suppl): 1-154.
   Google Scholar
• Boyd NF, Cousins M, Beaton M, et al. Quantitative changes in dietary fat intake and serum cholesterol in women: results from a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 52: 470–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasim SE, Martino S, Kim PN, et al. Dietary and anthropometric determinants of plasma lipoproteins during a long-term low-fat diet in healthy women. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 57: 146–53.
   Google Scholar
• Black HS, Herd JA, Goldberg LH, et al. Effect of a low-fat diet on the incidence of actinic keratosis. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1272–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffery RW, Hellerstedt WL, French SA, Baxter JE. A randomized trial of counseling for fat restriction versus calorie restriction in the treatment of obesity. Int J Obes 1995; 19: 132–7.
   Google Scholar
• Simon M, Heilbrun L, Boomer A, et al. A randomized trial of a low-fat dietary intervention in women at high risk for breast cancer. Nutr Cancer 1997; 27: 136–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Diet Heart Study Research Group. National Diet Heart Study Final Report. Circulation 1968; 37 (Suppl 1): 1-428.
   Google Scholar
• Knopp RH, Walden CE, Retzlaff BM, et al. Long-term cholesterol-lowering effects of 4 fat-restricted diets in hypercholesterolemic and combined hyperlipidemic men: the Dietary Alternatives Study. JAMA 1997; 278: 1509–15.
   Google Scholar
• McManus K, Antinoro K, Sacks F. A randomized trial of moderate fat, low energy diet compared with a low fat, low energy diet for weight loss in overweight adults. Int J Obes 2001; 25: 1503–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mensink RP, Katan MB. Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 27 trials. Arterioscler Thromb 1992; 12: 911–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee-Han H, Cousins M, Beaton M, et al. Compliance in a randomized clinical trial of dietary fat reduction in patients with breast dysplasia. Am J Clin Nutr 1988; 48: 575–86.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Powell JJ, Tucker L, Fisher AG, Wilcox K. The effects of different percentages of dietary fat intake, exercise, and calorie restriction on body composition and body weight in obese females. Am J Health Promot 1994; 8: 442–8.
   Google Scholar
• Alford BB, Blankenship AC, Hagen RD. The effects of variations in carbohydrate, protein, and fat content of the diet upon weight loss, blood values, and nutrient intake of adult obese women. J Am Diet Assoc 1990; 90: 534–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lehmann T, Golay A, James RW, Pometta D. Effects of two hypocaloric diets, fat restricted or rich in mono-unsaturated fat, on body weight loss and plasma lipoprotein distribution. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 1995; 5: 290–6.
   Google Scholar
• Astrup A, Toubro S, Raben A, Skov AR. The role of low-fat diets and fat substitutes in body weight management: what have we learned from clinical studies? J Am Diet Assoc 1997; 97(Suppl): S82-7.
   Google Scholar
• Flatt JP. The difference in the storage capacities for carbohydrate and for fat, and its implications in the regulation of body weight. Ann N YAcad Sci 1987; 499: 104–23.
   Google Scholar
• Flatt JP. Dietary fat, carbohydrate balance, and weight maintenance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993; 683: 122–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ornish D, Brown SE, Scherwitz LW, et al. Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? Lancet 1990; 336: 129–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baer JT. Improved plasma cholesterol levels in men after a nutrition education program at the worksite. J Am Diet Assoc 1993; 93: 658–63.
   Google Scholar
• Stefanick ML, Mackey S, Sheehan M, et al. Effects of diet and exercise in men and postmenopausal women with low levels of HDL cholesterol and high levels of LDL cholesterol. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 12–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu-Poth S, Zhao G, Etherton T, et al. Effects of the National Cholesterol Education Program’s Step I and Step II dietary intervention programs on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69: 632–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirozzo S, Summerbell C, Cameron C, Glasziou P. Advice on low-fat diets for obesity. Cochrane Library Review. Issue 4. Oxford: Update Software; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Kendall A, Levitsky DA, Strupp BJ, Lissner L. Weight loss on a low-fat diet: consequence of the imprecision of the control of food intake in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53: 1124–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shintani TT, Hughes CK, Beckman S, O’Connor HK. Obesity and cardiovascular risk intervention through the ad libitum feeding of a traditional Hawaiian diet. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 6: 1647s-51s.
   Google Scholar
• Poppitt SD. Energy density of diets and obesity. Int J Obes ; (Suppl) 1995; 19: S20–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sclafani A. Dietary obesity. In: Stunkard AJ, Wadden TA, eds. Obesity: theory and therapy. New York: Raven Press; 1993. p. 125-36.
   Google Scholar
• Heitmann BL, Lissner L, Sorensen TI, Bengtsson C. Dietary fat intake and weight gain in women genetically predisposed for obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 61: 1213–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts SB. Abnormalities of energy expenditure and the development of obesity. Obes Res 1995; 3(Suppl 2): 155–63.
   Google Scholar