Differences in cow’s milk composition between Iceland and the other Nordic countries and possible connections to public health

References

• Thorsdottir I, Birgisdottir BE, Johannsdottir IM, Harris DP, Hill J, Thorsson AV. Different beta-casein fractions in Icelandic versus Scandinavian cow’s milk may influence diabetogenicity of cow’s milk in infancy and explain low incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Iceland. Pediatrics 2000; 106: 719–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott RB, Harris DP, Hill JP, Bibby NJ, Wasmuth HE. Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and cow milk: casein variant consumption. Diabetologia 1999; 42: 292–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birgisdottir BE, Hill JP, Harris DP, Thorsdottir I. Variation in consumption of cow milk proteins and lower incidence of type 1 diabetes in Iceland vs the other 4 Nordic countries. Diabetes Nutr Metab 2002; 15: 240–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lien S, Kantanen J, Olsaker I, Holm LE, Eythorsdottir E, Sandberg K, et al. Comparison of milk protein allele frequencies in Nordic cattle breeds. Anim Genet 1999; 30: 85–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacques F, Klemetsdal G. Nordic dairy cattle comparison for milk production by using a mixed linear model approach. Livestock Prod Sci 1990; 26: 91–106.
   Google Scholar
• Liinamo AE. Breeding for carcass traits in dairy cattle. Academic Dissertation, Dept of Animal Science, University of Helsinki, Finland; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Christopherson S, Glass RL. Preparation of milkfat methyl esters by alcoholysis in an essentially non-alcoholic solution. J Dairy Sci 1969; 52: 1289–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson RK. Improvement in accuracy and reliability of FAME analysis of milkfat and milkfatcontaining blends. Fats for the Future II Conference New Zealand, 12–17 February 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Adman RG, Sipos JC. Application of specific response factors in the gas chromatographic analysis of methyl esters of fatty acids with flame ionization detectors. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1964; 41: 377–8.
   Google Scholar
• Bannon CD, Craske JD, Hilliker AE. Analysis of fatty acid methyl esters with high accuracy and reliability. V. Validation of theoretical response factor of unsaturated esters in the flame ionisation detector. J Am Oil Chem Soc 2001; 63: 105–10.
   Google Scholar
• Bobe G, Beitz DC, Freeman AE, Lindberg GL. Separation and quantification of bovine milk proteins by reversedphase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Agric Food Chem 1998; 46: 458–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Recio I, Perez-Rodriguez ML, Ramos M, Amigo L. Capillary electrophoretic analysis of genetic variants of milk proteins from different species. J Chromat A 1997; 768: 47–56.
   Google Scholar
• Elgar DF, Norris CS, Ayers JS, Pritchard M, Otter DE, Palmano KR Simultaneous separation and quantitation of the major bovine whey proteins including proteose peptone and caseinomacropeptide by reversedphase high-performance liquid chromatography on polystyr-ene-divinylbenzene. J Chromat A 2000; 878: 183–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinghorn NM, Norris CS, Paterson GR, Otter DE. Comparison of capillary electrophoresis with traditional methods to analyse bovine whey proteins. J Chromat A 1995; 700: 111–23.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott RB, Wasmuth HE, Bibby NJ, Hill JP. The role of I3-casein in the induction of insulin-dependent diabetes in the non-obese diabetic mouse and humans. In: Seminar on Milk Protein Polymorphism, IDF Special Issue No. 9702. Brussels: International Dairy Federation; 1997. p. 445-53.
   Google Scholar
• Padberg S, Schumm-Draeger PM, Petzoldt R, Becker F, Federlin K. The significance of Al and A2 antibodies against beta-casein in type-1 diabetes mellitus. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1999; 124: 1518–21.
   Google Scholar
• Beales PE, Bibby N, Elliott RB, Flohe S, Gruber H, Hill JP, et al. A multi-centre, blinded international trial of the effect of Al and A2 13-lactoglobulin variants on diabetes incidence in two rodent models of spontaneous type-1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2002; 45: 1240–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLachlan CN. Beta-casein Al, ischaemic heart disease mortality, and other illnesses. Med Hypotheses 2001; 56: 262–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill JP, Crawford RA, Boland MJ. Milk and consumer health: a review of the evidence for a relationship between the consumption of 13-casein Al with heart disease and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Proc N Z Soc Anim Prod 2002; 62: 111–4.
   Google Scholar
• Vaarala O, Klemetti P, Savilahti E, Reijonen H, Ilonen J, Akerblom HK. Cellular immune response to cow’s milk beta-lactoglobulin in patients with newly diagnosed IDDM. Diabetes 1996; 45: 178–82.
   Google Scholar
• Sirtori CR, Galli C. N-3 fatty acids and diabetes. Biomed Pharmacother 2002; 56: 397–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein AH. Dietary fat and cardiovascular disease risk: quantity or quality? J Womens Health 2003; 12: 109–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riserus U, Smedman A, Basu S, Vessby B. CLA and body weight regulation in humans. Lipids 2003; 38: 133–7.
   Google Scholar
• Vilbergsson S, Sigurdsson G, Sigvaldason H, Hreidarsson AB, Sigfusson N. Prevalence and incidence of NIDDM in Iceland: evidence for stable incidence among males and females 1967–1991 - the Reykjavik Study. Diabetes Med 1997; 14: 491–8.
   Google Scholar
• Wolf HK, Tuomilehto J, Kuulasmaa K, Domarkiene S, Cepaitis Z, Molarius A, et al. Blood pressure levels in the 41 populations of the WHO MONICA Project. J Hum Hypertens 1997; 11: 733–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambless L, Keil U, Dobson A, Mahonen M, Kuu-lasmaa K, Rajakangas AM, et al. Population versus clinical view of case fatality from acute coronary heart disease: results from the WHO MONICA Project 1985–1990. Multinational MONItoring of Trends and Determinants in CArdiovascular Disease. Circulation 1987; 96: 3849–59.
   Google Scholar
• Ecological analysis of the association between mortality and major risk factors of cardiovascular disease. The World Health Organization MONICA Project. Int J Epidemiol 1994; 23: 505–16.
   Google Scholar
• Thorgeirsdottir H, Steingrimsdottir L, Olafsson 0, Gudnason V. Trends in overweight and obesity in 45–64 year old men and women in Reykjavik 1975–1994. Icelandic Med J 2001; 87: 699–704.
   Google Scholar