The use and value of play: Perspectives from the continent of Africa – a scoping review

References

• Parham LD, Fazio LS. Play in occupational therapy for children. Play in occupational therapy for children. Maryland Heights (MO): Mosby; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Weenink-Schoonover J, O’Brien J. Case-Smith’s occupational therapy for Children and Adolescents. Case-Smith’s occupational therapy for children and adolescents. Maryland Heights (MO): Mosby; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Bruwer L, Tzanos C. Play - a child’s primary occupation. INSTOPP Newslett. 2016;10–13.
   Google Scholar
• Meritinteriors. How google uses their creative office space to Empower– Merit Interiors. Melbourne, Sydney: Merit; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Whitebread DD. The importance of play. Toy Ind Eur. 2012;1–55.
   Google Scholar
• Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brackmann AA, Ramugondo E, Daniels A, et al. Street play as occupation for pre-teens in Belhar, South Africa. S Afr J Occup Ther. 2017;47(2):27–34.
   Google Scholar
• Kruger J. An autoethnographic exploration of play at work. 2011. p. 129–202. Available from: https://repository.nwu.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10394/8460/Kruger_J_TOC.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
   Google Scholar
• Singer DG, Singer JL, Agostino HD, et al. Children’s pastimes and play in sixteen nations: is free-play declining? Am J Play. 2009;283–312.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson J, Shimpi PM, Jevgjovikj M, et al. Cycling on abandoned second world war airfields and Jugando a Las Escondidas en El Parque: examining play memories from adults growing up around the world. Early Child Dev Care. 2016;186(6):895–914.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramseur K, De Vries PJ, Guler J, et al. Caregiver descriptions of joint activity routines with young children with autism spectrum disorder in South Africa. Paediatr Med. 2019;2:6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boucher S, Downing J, Shemilt R. The role of play in children’s palliative care. Children (Basel). 2014;1(3):302–317.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amory A. Learning to play games or playing games to learn? A health education case study with Soweto teenagers. Australas J Educ Technol. 2010;26(6):810–829.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walton M, Pallitt N. Grand theft South Africa: games, literacy and inequality in consumer childhoods Marion Walton Nicola Pallitt. Lang Educ. 2012. Forthcoming.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neha M, Rule PN. Imaginative play and reading development among grade R learners in Kwazulu-Natal: an ethnographic case study. South Afr J Child Educ. 2018;8(1):a518.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones P. Trauma and dramatherapy: dreams, play and the social construction of culture. South African Theatr J. 2015;28(1):4–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haffejee F, van Wyk J, Hira V. Use of role-play and community engagement to teach parasitic diseases. African J Heal Prof Educ. 2017;9(2):51–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bross H, Ramugondo EL, Taylor C, et al. Children need others triggers for playfulness. South African J Occup Ther. 2008;39(2):1–5.
   Google Scholar
• McClaren J. Storytelling, drama and play in psychosocial interventions for communities affected by HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa—developing pathways to locally sustainable care. South African Theatr J. 2010;24(1):67–81.
   Google Scholar
• Gladstone M, McLinden M, Douglas G, et al. Maybe I will give some help…. maybe not to help the eyes but different help”: an analysis of care and support of children with visual impairment in community settings in Malawi. Child Care Health Dev. 2017;43(4):608–620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay P, Hay R. Teaching through play: new game educates rural communities on risk. Water Wheel. 2014;26–29.
   Google Scholar
• Snodgrass L, Blunt R. The value of play for conflict management: a case study. South Afr J Child Educ. 2009;29(1):53–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd L, Le Roux M. ‘“When he’s up there he’s just happy and content’_ Parents” perceptions of therapeutic horseback riding. Afr J Disabil. 2017;6:307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper PJ, Vally Z, Cooper H, et al. Promoting mother-infant book sharing and infant attention and language development in an impoverished South African population: a pilot study. Early Childhood Educ J. 2014;42(2):143–152.
   Google Scholar
• Benninger E, Savahl S. The children’s Delphi: considerations for developing a programme for promoting children’s self-concept and well-being. Child Fam Soc Work. 2017;22(2):1094–1103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joubert I, Department of Early Childhood Education, University of Pretoria, South Africa. Children as photographers: life experiences and the right to be listened to. South Afr J Educ. 2012;32(4):449–464.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor M, Dlamini N, Khanyile Z, et al. Exploring the use of role play in a school-based programme to reduce teenage pregnancy. South Afr J Child Educ. 2012;32(4):441–448.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Measham T, Rousseau C. Family disclosure of war trauma to children. Traumatology. 2010;16(2):14–25.
   Google Scholar
• Belluigi DZ. Exploring the discourses around “creativity” and “critical thinking” in a South African creative arts curriculum. Stud High Educ. 2009;34(6):699–717.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amery JM, Rose CJ, Holmes J, et al. The beginnings of children’s palliative care in Africa: evaluation of a children’s palliative care service in Africa. J Palliat Med. 2009;12(11):1015–1021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odendaal ND, Moletsane M. Use of indigenous stone play in child psychological assessment. J Psychol Afr. 2011;21(4):623–626.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnegan R. Child play is serious: children’s games, verbal art and survival in Africa. Int J Play. 2014;3(3):293–315.
   Google Scholar
• John S, Moletsane MK, Mohangi K. Masekitlana: indigenous stone play and dynamic assessment as therapeutic techniques for children affected by HIV/AIDS in South Africa. Stud. Ethno-Medicine. 2016;10(3):361–374.
   Google Scholar
• Aubrey C. Sources of inequality in South African early child development services. South Afr J Child Educ. 2017;7:1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreck CM, Meyer CDUP, Theron J, et al. The benefits and necessity of recreation for AIDS orphans: through the eyes of a child. Afr J Phys Heal Educ Recreat Danc. 2012;3:105–117.
   Google Scholar
• Brits H. A descriptive study of trends in the pictures drawn by primary school learners in South Africa. Int J Palliat Nurs. 2018;24(7):316–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph M, Ramani E, Tlowane M, et al. Masekitlana “re-membered”: a performance-based ethnography of South African black children’s pretend play. South Afr J Child Educ. 2014;4(1):17–41.
   Google Scholar
• Poynton M. We should be playing, not talking”: play, self-agency and moving towards depressive moments. J Child Psychother. 2012;38(2):185–198.
   Google Scholar
• Benninger E, Savahl S. The use of visual methods to explore how children construct and assign meaning to the “self” within two urban communities in the Western Cape, South Africa. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-Being. 2016;11(1):31251–31213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn M, Selemogwe M. Play therapy as an intervention against sexual violence in Botswana. J Psychol Afr. 2009;19(1):127–129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winona State University. Levels of evidence - evidence based practice toolkit - research hub. Winona (MN): Winona State University; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Chepyator-Thomson JR. Public policy, physical education and sport in English-speaking Africa. Phys Educ Sport Pedagog. 2014;19(5):512–521.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makina B. Rhythm, rhyme and songfulness: the role of Shona children’s gamesongs in education. Muziki. 2009;6(1):49–57.
   Google Scholar
• Bhana D. Six packs and big muscles, and stuff like that. Primary school-aged South African boys, black and white, on sport. Br J Sociol Educ. 2008;29(1):3–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs A, Crankshaw T, Lewinsohn R, et al. I play with the baby so that people can see that I’m a man”: young fathers’ involvement in the first 1 000 days of a child’s life in South Africa. South African Rev Sociol. 2017;48(1):67–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desmond S. The family literacy project: sharing the pleasure of early literacy. Read Writ. 2010;1(1):73–82.
   Google Scholar
• Yahya R. Bridging home and school: understanding immigrant mothers’ cultural capital and concerns about play-based learning. Early Years. 2016;36(4):340–352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramugondo EL. Intergenerational play within family: the case for occupational consciousness? J Occup Sci. 2012;19(4):326–340.
   Google Scholar
• Boyette AH. Children’s play and culture learning in an egalitarian foraging society. Child Dev. 2016;87(3):759–769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammett D, Mather C. Beyond decoding: political cartoons in the classroom. J Geogr High Educ. 2011;35(1):103–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassiman A. Browsers and phone girls: the intricate socialities of friendship, trust and cyber love in Nima. Accra, Ghana: Cambridge University Press; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Kandasamy S, Anand S, Wahi G, et al. Re-stitching and strengthening community: three global examples of how doll-making translates into well-being in Indigenous cultures. J Appl Arts Health 2016;7(1):55–75.
   Google Scholar
• Cilliers EJ, Cornelius S. An approach towards the planning of green child-friendly spaces in South Africa. Community Dev J 2018;53(2):263–280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennig K, Kirova A. The role of cultural artefacts in play as tools to mediate learning in an intercultural preschool programme. Contemp Issues Early Child. 2012;13(3):226–241.
   Google Scholar
• Van Renen C. Having their say: engaging with contemporary picture books at work and at play. J Lit Stud. 2011;27(2):1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Moland NA. Localizing play-based pedagogy: Nigerian educators’ appropriation of sesame classroom materials. Glob Educ Rev. 2017;4(3):17–36.
   Google Scholar
• Struwig M, Beylefeld AA. Learning medical microbiology and infectious diseases by means of a board game: can it work? Innov Educ Teach Int. 2014;51(4):389–399.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulrich P, Elom O. Les jeux video en negroculture: contribution a une anthropologie de La solidarite chez les Jeunes du Cameroun. African Sociol Rev. 2015;19(1):77–87.
   Google Scholar
• van Vreden M. Music-inspired free play to foster scientific exploration in early childhood. South Afr J Child Educ. 2018;8(2).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohangi K, Ebersöhn L, Eloff I. I am doing okay”: intrapersonal coping strategies of children living in an institution. J Psychol Africa. 2011;21(3):397–404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nel A, Joubert I, Hartell C, et al. Teachers ’ perceptions on the design and use of an outdoor learning environment for sensory and motor stimulation. South Afr J Childhood Educ. 2017;7(1):11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Vreden M. Bejazzled”: employing attributes of pre-schoolers’ play to facilitate musical interactions with jazz. Early Child Dev Care. 2019;189(1):104–118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalinde B, Vermeulen D. Fostering children ’ s music in the mother tongue in early childhood education: a case study in Zambia. South Afr J Child Educ. 2016;6(1):9–9.
   Google Scholar
• Fuller CW, Junge A, Dorasami C, et al. ‘11 for Health’, a football-based health education programme for children: a two-cohort study in Mauritius and Zimbabwe. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(8):612–618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyota S, Mapara J. Shona traditional children’s games and play: songs as indigenous ways of knowing. J Pan Afr Stud. 2008;2(4):189–203.
   Google Scholar
• Harrop-Allin S. Bana etlong retlobapala: examining children’s musical games on a Soweto playground. J Music Arts Afr. 2014;11(1):1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uys M, Broyles ST, E. Draper C, et al. Perceived and objective neighborhood support for outside of school physical activity in South African children. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):1–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naude D, Kruger H, Pienaar A, et al. Body fat, body mass index in black South African adolescents after a physical activity intervention programme: play study. Afr J Phys Heal Educ Recreat Danc. 2011;14(4):440–455.
   Google Scholar
• Lennox A. A health promotional physical activity programme for adolescents in a semi-urban community: play-study. Potchefstroom, South Africa: North-West University; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Fuller CW, Junge A, Decelles J, et al. Football for health” - A football-based health-promotion programme for children in South Africa: a parallel cohort study. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(8):546–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Draper CE, de Villiers A, Lambert EV, et al. HealthKick: a nutrition and physical activity intervention for primary schools in low-income settings. BMC Public Health. 2010;10(1):398.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prioreschi A, Westgate K, Hnatiuk J, et al. Describing objectively measured physical activity levels, patterns, and correlates in a cross sectional sample of infants and toddlers from South Africa. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017;14(1):1–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pienaar AE, Salome Kruger H, Steyn HS, et al. Change over three years in adolescents’ physical activity levels and patterns after a physical activity intervention: play study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2012;52(3):300–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riede F, Johannsen NN, Anders H, et al. The role of play objects and object play in human cognitive evolution and innovation. Evol Anthropol. 2018;27(1):46–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay MS, Barnes JD, González SA, et al. Global matrix 2. 0: report card grades on the physical activity of children and youth comparing 38 countries. J Phys Act Health. 2016;13(2):343–366.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mokobane AP, Mashao MM, van Staden M, et al. Low levels of physical activity in female adolescents cause overweight and obesity are our schools failing our children. S Afr Med J. 2014;104(10):665–667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson F, Masulani-Mwale C, Richards E, et al. The meaning of participation for children in Malawi: insights from children and caregivers. Child Care Health Dev. 2017;43(1):133–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachman JM, Cluver L, Ward CL, et al. Randomized controlled trial of a parenting program to reduce the risk of child maltreatment in South Africa. Child Abuse Negl. 2017;72:338–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broyles ST, Drazba S, Church KP, et al. Development and reliability of an audit tool to assess the school physical activity environment across 12 countries. Int J Obes Suppl. 2015;5:S36–S42.
   Google Scholar
• Harrop-Allin S. Multimodality and the multiliteracies pedagogy: “design” and “recruitment” in South African children’s musical games. J Res Music Educ. 2017;65(1):25–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nortjé E, Van Der Merwe L. Young children and spirituality: understanding childrens connectedness in a group music class. Int J Child Spiritual. 2016;21(1):3–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uys M, Bassett S, Draper , et al. Results from South Africa’s 2016 report card on physical activity for children and youth. J Phys Act Health. 2;13(11):S265–S273.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turner AJC. Assessing the value of a South African-developed educational nutrition board game in selected Grade 4 primary school learners and their life orientation educators in the City of Cape Town district. Stellenbosch, South Africa: University of Stellenbosch; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• González-Carrasco M, Casas F, Ben-Arieh A, et al. Children’s perspectives and evaluations of safety in diverse settings and their subjective well-being: a multi-national approach. Appl Res Qual Life. 2018;14:1–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leach J. Do new information and communications technologies have a role to play in the achievement of education for all? Br Educ Res J. 2008;34(6):783–805.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winskell V, Sabben K, Victor Akelo G, et al. A smartphone game-based intervention (tumaini) to prevent HIV among young Africans: pilot randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2018;6(8):e10482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen N, Beer JD, Dunbar-Krige H. Use of a simulation game for HIV/AIDS education with pre-service teachers. Afr J AIDS Res. 2011;10(1):73–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kariger P, Frongillo EA, Engle P, et al. Indicators of family care for development for use in multicountry surveys. J Heal Popul Nutr. 2012;30(4):472–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bose K, Seetso G. Science and mathematics teaching through local games in preschools of Botswana. South Afr J Childhood Educ. 2016;6(2):9.
   Google Scholar
• Excell L, Linington V. Move to literacy: fanning emergent literacy in early childhood education in a pedagogy of play. South Afr J Childhood Educ. 2011;1(2):27–45.
   Google Scholar
• Bladergroen W, Chigona M. Educator discourses on ICT in education: a critical analysis: Moira bladergroen and Wallace Chigona University of Cape Town, South Africa Andy Bytheway, Sanet Cox and Chris Dumas Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa Izak van Zyl Unive. Int J Educ Dev Using Inf Commun Technol. 2012;8(2):107–119.
   Google Scholar
• Ebrahim H. Tensions in incorporating global childhood with early childhood programs: the case of South Africa. Australas J Early Child. 2012;37(3):80–86.
   Google Scholar
• Phyfer J, Burton P, Leoshut L. South African kids online: barriers, opportunities and risks. A glimpse into South African children’s internet use and online activities. Technical report. Cape-Town: Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Ntuli CDD. Children’s oral poetry: a reflection on the role of imilolozelo (lullabies) as art performance in Zulu. Muziki. 2013;10(1):13–23.
   Google Scholar
• Fouts HN, Lamb ME. Cultural and developmental variation in toddlers’ interactions with other children in two small-scale societies in central Africa. Int J Dev Sci. 2009;3(4):389–407.
   Google Scholar
• R. Kalam A, Francke B, Jainodien A, et al. Exploring educator’s perceptions of the challenges affecting grade one learners’ academic performance in two low socio-economic schools. S Afr J Occup Ther. 2016;46(2):59–64.
   Google Scholar
• Cannell A. Mass distribution analysis of Spheroid Manuports, Spheroid Artifacts, and the Lithics of play learning. Lithic Technol. 2018;43(3):141–150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shank M. Imagination, waldorf, and critical literacies: possibilities for transformative education in mainstream schools Conceptual framework: imagination and transformative. Read Writ. 2016;7(2):1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Mukeredzi TG. Investigating teacher learning from a university programme for foundation phase teachers. South African J Child Educ. 2018;8(1):1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velghe F. Paper “I wanna go in the phone”. Illiteracy, informal learning processes, “voice” and mobile phone appropriation in a South African township. Tilbg Pap Cult Stud. 2012;40:1–27.
   Google Scholar
• Park WH, Jeong YS, Bornman J. The effect of psycho-motor play on motor and body perception competence for young children with developmental delays. South African J Occup Ther. 2011;41(1):13–18.
   Google Scholar
• Sonday A, Gretschel P. Empowered to play: a case study describing the impact of powered mobility on the exploratory play of disabled children. Occup Ther Int. 2016;23(1):11–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodunrin I. Indigenous patterns of music discovery: khwe Bushmen and hip-hop in Platfontein, South Africa. Pop Commun. 2016;14(3):156–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyers C, Davids G. Post-modern “languagers”: the effects of texting by university students on three South African languages. South African Linguist Appl Lang Stud. 2015;33(1):21–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell C, Skovdal M, Mupambireyi Z, et al. Exploring children’s stigmatisation of AIDS-affected children in Zimbabwe through drawings and stories. Soc Sci Med. 2010;71(5):975–985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iben Christiansen TGMCB. Investigating teacher learning from a university programme for Foundation Phase teachers. South Afr J Childhood Educ. 2018;8(1):1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molteno CD, Jacobson SW, Carter RC, et al. Infant symbolic play as an early indicator of fetal alcohol-related deficit. Infancy. 2010;15(6):586–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prado EL, Abbeddou S, Adu-Afarwuah S, et al. Predictors and pathways of language and motor development in four prospective cohorts of young children in Ghana, Malawi, and Burkina Faso. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2017;58(11):1264–1275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skeen S, Tomlinson M, Macedo A, et al. Child development in HIV-positive and HIV-affected children in South Africa and Malawi-What role for community organisations? Child Youth Serv Rev. 2014;45(C):90–97.
   Google Scholar
• Davies CE. A play technique programme for Autistic children in middle childhood. Pretoria, South Africa: University of Pretoria; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen M, Aac M, Harty M, et al. Exploring sibling attitudes towards participation when the younger sibling has a severe speech and language disability. South Afr J Childhood Educ. 2016;10(1):47.
   Google Scholar
• Murray-Kolb LE, Beard JL. Iron deficiency and child and maternal health 1 – 4. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:946–950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ertem IO, Krishnamurthy V, Mulaudzi MC, et al. Similarities and differences in child development from birth to age 3 years by sex and across four countries_ a cross-sectional, observational study - ScienceDirect. Lancet. 2018;6(3):e279–e291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molteno CD, Jacobson JL, Carter RC, et al. Infant emotional withdrawal: a precursor of affective and cognitive disturbance in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2014;38(2):479–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Heerden A, Sen D, Desmond C, et al. JMU - app-supported promotion of child growth and development by community health workers in Kenya_ feasibility and acceptability study _ van Heerden _ JMIR mHealth and uHealth. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2017;5(12):e182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young MEM. Therapeutic recreation as a developing profession in South Africa. World Leisure J. 2015;57(1):34–45.
   Google Scholar
• Bam A. The perceptions of recreation officers towards the inclusion of visually impaired children within the City of Cape-Town Come and Play Programme. Cape Town, South Africa; UCT; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Lester S RW. Children’s right to play: an examination of the importance of play in the lives of children worldwide. The Hague, Netherlands: Bernard van Leer Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Byrne J, Burton P. Children as Internet users: how can evidence better inform policy debate? J Cyber Policy. 2017;2(1):39–52.
   Google Scholar
• Kudrati M, Plummer ML, Yousif NDEH. Children of the sug: a study of the daily lives of street children in Khartoum, Sudan, with intervention recommendations. Child Abuse Negl. 2008;32(4):439–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramugondo E, Ferreira A, Chung D, et al. A feasibility RCT evaluating a play-informed, caregiver-implemented, home-based intervention to improve the play of children who are HIV positive. Occup Ther Int. 2018;2018:1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Gcaza S, Lorenzo T. Discovering the barriers that stop children with disabilities from being children: the impact of lack of access to mobility devices – a human rights perspective. South African J Occup Ther. 2008;38(1):16–21.
   Google Scholar
• Mayeza E. It’s not right for boys to play with dolls”: young children constructing and policing gender during “free play” in a South African classroom. Discourse. 2018;39(4):590–602.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruger ME. The play milieu at Crèches in Macassar. Stellenbosch, South Africa: University of Stellenbosch; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Gray P. The decline of play and the rise of psychopathology in children and adolescents. Am J Play. 2011;3(4):443–463.
   Google Scholar
• Lerner R. Handbook of child psychology and developmental science. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Beresin A. Playing with time: towards a global survey of recess practices. Int J Play. 2016;5(2):159–165.
   Google Scholar
• Parham LD, Fazio LS. Play in occupational therapy for children. Maryland Heights (MO): Mosby; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Louw S. African numbers games and gambler motivation: “Fahfee” in contemporary South Africa. Afr Aff (Lond). 2018;117(466):109–129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Casas M, Campbell, R, Smith. Open streets Cape-Town. 2017. Available from: file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Open%20Streets%20Toolkit.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Birhan W. Analysis of preschool curriculum in East Gojjam zone: implication to quality early childhood education. Educ Res Rev. 2018;13(14):557–563.
   Google Scholar
• White R. The power of play. Minnesota: Minnesota Children's Museum; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• ‘$40 billion $43 billion 2016, 2020. 2020. Available from: https://data.gsmaintelligence.com/api-web/v2/research-file-download?id=28999739&file=The%20Mobile%20Economy%20Sub-Saharan%20Africa%202017%20Infographic.pdf
   Google Scholar
• BusinessTech. How old kids are when they receive their first cellphone – South Africa vs the rest of the world. 2017. Available from: https://businesstech.co.za/news/mobile/215997/how-old-kids-are-when-they-recieve-their-first-cellphone-south-africa-vs-the-rest-of-the-world/
   Google Scholar
• Charlson F, Van Ommeren M, Flaxman A, et al. New WHO prevalence estimates of mental disorders in conflict settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2019;394(10194):240–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tackie-Ofosu V, Bentum K. Quality versus Quantity: the use of observation by early childhood educators in improving the performance of children enrolled in preschool programs in Ghana. Contemp Issues Early Child. 2013;14(1):99–103.
   Google Scholar
• Teunis PFM, Reese HE, Null C, et al. Quantifying contact with the environment: behaviors of young children in Accra, Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;94(4):920–931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Deventer C, Robert G, Wright A. Improving childhood nutrition and wellness in South Africa: involving mothers/caregivers of malnourished or HIV positive children and health care workers as co-designers to enhance a local quality improvement intervention. BMC Health Serv Res. 2016;16(a):358.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar