References
- Smith OHW, Nielsen LA, Gaumann D, et al. Sensory changes and pain after abdominal hysterectomy: a comparison of anesthetic supplementation with fentanyl versus magnesium or ketamine. Anesth Analg. 1986;1:95–101.
- Popping DM, Elia N, Marret E, et al. Opioids added to local anesthetics for single-shot intrathecal anesthesia in patients undergoing minor surgery: a meta–analysis of randomized trials. Pain. 2012;153:784–793.
- de Oliveira G, Balliu B, Nader A, et al. Dose-ranging effects of intrathecal epinephrine on anesthesia/analgesia: a meta–analysis and metregression of randomized controlled trials. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2012;37:423–432.
- Ho KM, Ismail H, Lee KC, et al. Use of intrathecal neostigmine as an adjunct to other spinal medications in perioperative and peripartum analgesia: a meta-analysis. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2005;33:41–53.
- Pascual-Ramirez J, Gil-Trujillo S, Alcantarilla C. Intrathecal magnesium as analgesic adjuvant for spinal anesthesia: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Minerva Anestesiol. 2013;79:667–678.
- Khezri MB, Ghasemi J, Mohammadi N. Evaluation of the analgesic effect of ketamine as an additive to intrathecal bupivacaine in patients undergoing cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan. 2013;51:155–160.
- Engelman E, Marsala C. Efficacy of adding clonidine to intrathecal morphine in acute postoperative pain: meta-analysis. BrJ Anaesth. 2013;110:21–27.
- Kanazi GE, Aouad MT, Jabbour-Khoury SI, et al. Effect of low-dose dexmedetomidine or clonidine on the characteristics of bupivacaine spinal block. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2006;50:222–227.
- Al-Mustafa MM, Abu-Halaweh SA, Aloweidi AS, et al. Effect of dexmedetomidine added to spinal bupivacaine for urological procedure. Saudi Med J. 2009;30:365–370.
- Jorm CM, Stamford JA. Actions of the hypnotic anaesthetic, dexmedetomidine, on noradrenaline release and cell firing in rat locus coeruleus slices. Br J Anaesth. 1993;71:447–449.
- Al-Ghanem SM, Massad IM, Al-Mustafa MM, et al. Effect of adding dexmedetomidine versus fentanyl to intrathecal bupivacaine on spinal block characteristics in gynecological procedures: A double blind controlled study. Am J Appl Sci. 2009;6:882–887.
- Leem JW, Choi Y, Han SM, et al. Conduction block by clonidine is not mediated by alpha2-adrenergic receptors in rat sciatic nerve fibers. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2000;25:620–625.
- Fritsch G, Danninger T, Allerberger K, et al. Dexmedetomidine added to ropivacaine extends the duration of interscalene brachial plexus blocks for elective shoulder surgery when compared with ropivacaine alone: A single-center, prospective, triple-blind, randomized controlled trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2014;39:37–47.
- Gaarour I, Helal S, Eskandr A, et al. Effects of perineural administration of dexmedetomidine in combination with bupivacaine in a femoral-sciatic nerve block. Saudi J Anaesth. 2016 Jan-Mar;10(1):18–24.
- Abdulatif M, Fawzy M, Nassar H, et al. The effects of perineural dexmedetomidine on the pharmacodynamic profile of femoral nerve block: A dose-finding randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Anaesthesia. 2016;71:1177–1185.
- Packiasabapathy S, Kashyap L, Arora M, et al. Effect of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to bupivacaine in femoral nerve block for perioperative analgesia in patients undergoing total knee replacement arthroplasty: A dose–response study. Saudi J Anaesth. 2017 Jul-Sep;11(3):293–298.
- Casati A, Magistris L, Fanelli G, et al. Small-dose clonidine prolongs postoperative analgesia after sciatic-femoral nerve block with 0.75% ropivacaine for foot surgery. Anesth Analg. 2000;91:388–392.
- Helayel PE, Kroth L, Boos GL, et al. Effects of intramuscular and perineural clonidine on sciatic nerve block with 0.5% ropivacaine. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2005;55:483–490.
- Marhofer D, Kettner SC, Marhofer P, et al. Dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to ropivacaine prolongs peripheral nerve block: a volunteer study. Br J Anaesth. 2013;110:438–442.
- Ebert TJ, Hall JE, Barney JA, et al. The effects of increasing plasma concentrations of dexmedetomidine in humans. Anesthesiology. 2000;93:382–394.
- Esmaoglu A, Yegenoglu F, Akin A, et al. Dexmedetomidine added to levobupivacaine prolongs axillary Brachial Plexus Block. Anesth Analg. 2010;111(6):1548–1551.
- Liang X, Zhou M, Feng JJ, et al. Efficacy of dexmedetomidine on postoperative nausea and vomiting: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(6):8450–8471.
- Bharti N, Sardana DK, Bala I. The analgesic efficacy of dexmedetomidine as an adjunct to local anesthetics in supraclavicular brachial plexus block: a randomized controlled trial. Anesth Analg. 2015;121:1655–1660.
- Rancourt MM, Albert NT, Cote M, et al. Posterior tibal nerve sensory blockade duration prolonged by adding dexmedetomidine to ropivacaine. Anesth Analg. 2012;115:958–962.