References
- Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, Silver CL, Jarvis WR, The Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999; 20 (4): 247–280.
- Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Martone WJ, Jarvis WR, Emori TG. CDC definitions of nosocomial surgical site infections, 1992: a modification of CDC definitions of surgical wound infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992; 13 (10): 606–608.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) report, data summary from October 1986-April 1996, issue May 1996. A report from the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System. Am J Infect Control 1996; 24: 380–388.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. “Vital and Health Statistics, Detailed Diagnoses and Procedures, National Hospital Discharge Survey”. DHHS Publication, Hyattsville-Maryland 1997.
- Martone WJ, Jarvis WR, Curver DH, Haley RW. Incidence and nature of endemic and epidemic nosocomial infections. In: “Hospital Infections” (Bennett JV, Brachman PS, Eds) 3rd ed. Little, Brown and Co, Boston 1992: 577–596.
- Boyce JM, Potter-Bynoe G, Dziobek L. Hospital reimbursement patterns among patients with surgical wound infections following open heart surgery. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1990; 11 (2): 89–93.
- Vegas AA, Jodra VM, Garcia ML. Nosocomial infection in surgery wards: a controlled study of increased duration of hospital stays and direct cost of hospitalization. Eur J Epidemiol 1993; 9 (5): 504–510.
- Albers BA, Patka P, Haarman HJ, Kostense PJ. Cost effectiveness of preventive antibiotic administration for lowering risk of infection by 0.25%. [German]. Unfallchirurg 1994; 97 (12): 625–628.
- Poulsen KB, Bremmelgaard A, Sorensen AI, Raahave D, Petersen JV. Estimated costs of postoperative wound infections. A case-control study of marginal hospital and social security costs. Epidemiol Infect 1994; 113 (2): 283–295.
- Schaberg DR, Culver DH, Gaynes RP. Major trends in the microbial etiology of nosocomial infection. Am J Med 1991; 91 (3B): 72S–75S.
- Schaberg DR. Resistant Gram-positive organisms. Ann Emerg Med 1994; 24 (3): 462–464.
- Jarvis WR. Epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections, with emphasis on Candida species. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20: 1526–1530.
- James RC, McLeod CJ. Induction of staphylococcal infections in mice with small inocula introduced on sutures. Br J Exp Pathol 1961; 42: 266–277.
- Altemeier WA, Culbertson WR, Hummel RP. Surgical considerations of endogenous infections-sources, types, and methods of control. Surg Clin North Am 1968; 48: 227–240.
- Wiley AM, Ha’eri GB. Routes of infection: a study of using “tracer particles” in the orthopedic operating room. Clin Orthop 1979; 139: 150–155.
- Carlsson AK, Lidgren L, Lindberg L. Prophylactic antibiotics against early and late deep infections after total hip replacements. Acta Orthop Scand 1977; 48: 405–410.
- Valentine RJ, Weigelt JA, Dryer D, Rodgers C. Effect of remote infections on clean wound infection rates. Am J Infect Control 1986; 14: 64–67.
- Ford CR, Peterson DE, Mitchell CR. An appraisal of the role of surgical face masks. Am J Surg 1967; 113: 787–790.
- Dineen P, Drusin L. Epidemics of postoperative wound infections associated with hair carriers. Lancet 1973; 2 (7839): 1157–1159.
- Letts RM, Doermer E. Conversation in the operating theater as a cause of airborne bacterial contamination. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1983; 65: 357–362.
- Giamarellou H, Antoniadou A. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and therapy of fungal infections in surgery. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996; 17 (8): 558–564.
- Lee JT. Surgical wound infections: surveillance for quality improvement. In: “Surgical Infections” (Fry DE, Ed). Little, Brown and Co, Boston 1995: 145–159.
- Simmons BP. Guideline for prevention of surgical wound infections. Infect Control 1982; 3: 185–196.
- Garner JS. CDC guideline for prevention of surgical wound infections, 1985. Infect Control 1986; 7 (3): 193–200.
- Haley RW, Culver DH, Morgan WM, White JW, Emori TG, Hooton TM. Identifying patients at high risk of surgical wound infection. A simple multivariate index of patient susceptibility and wound contamination. Am J Epidemiol 1985; 121: 206–215.
- Culver DH, Horan TC, Gaynes RP, e coll. Surgical wound infection rates by wound class, operative procedure, and patient risk index. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Am J Med 1991; 91 (Suppl 3B): 152S–157S.
- Burke JF. The effective period of preventive antibiotic action in experimental incisions and dermal lesions. Surgery 1961; 50 (1): 161–168.
- Hill C, Flamant R, Mazas F, Evrard J. Prophylactic cefazolin versus placebo in total hip replacement. Lancet 1981; April 11: 795–797.
- Nichols RL. Use of prophylactic antibiotics in surgical practice. Am J Med 1981; 70: 686–692.
- Periti P, Mazzei T. Principles of antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis in surgery. Chemioterapia 1987; VI (3): 196–201.
- Classen DC, Evans RS, Pestotnik SL, Horn SD, Menlove RL, Burke JP. The timing of prophylactic administration of antibiotics and the risk of surgical-wound infection. N Engl J Med 1992; 326 (5): 281–286.
- Sanderson PJ. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery: microbiological factors. J Antimicrob Chemother 1993; 31 (Suppl B): 1–9.
- Martin C. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery: general concepts and clinical guidelines. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994; 15: 463–471.
- Leaper DJ. Use of antibiotic prophylaxis in clean nonimplant wounds – Leading article. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 41: 501–504.
- Periti P, Stringa G, Mini E, and the Italian Study Group for Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Orthopedic Surgery. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1999; 18: 113–119.
- Page CP, Bohnen JM, Fletcher JR, McManus AT, Solomkin JS, Wittmann DH. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgical wounds. Guidelines of clinical care. Arch Surg 1993; 128 (1): 79–88.
- Nichols RL, Holmes JW. Prophylaxis in bowel surgery. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis 1995; 15: 76–96.
- Nade S. Infection after joint replacement – what would Lister think? Med J Austr 1990; 152: 394–397.
- Doco-Lecompte T, Decazes JM. Antibioprophylaxie en chirurgie orthopédique. Rev Prat (Paris) 1993; 43: 336–338.
- Playforth MJ. Orthopaedic and trauma infections – Literature review. Curr Opin Surg Infect 1994; 2: 55–56.
- De Boer AS, Mintjes-de Groot AJ, Severijnen AJ, van den Berg JMJ, van Pelt W. Risk assessment for surgical-site infections in orthopedic patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999; 20: 402–407.
- Periti P, Mini E, Mosconi G. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in orthopaedic surgery: the role of teicoplanin. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 41: 329–340.
- Periti P, Mini E, Grassi F, Cherubino P. Considerazioni sulla chemioprofilassi antimicrobica a breve termine in chirurgia ortopedica. Farm Ter 1999b; XVI (3/4): 49–62.
- Fukatsu K, Saito H, Matsuda T, Ikeda S, Furukawa S, Muto T. Influences of type and duration of antimicrobial prophylaxis on an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and on the incidence of wound infection. Arch Surg 1997; 132: 1320–1325.
- Galdbart J-O, Morvan A, Desplaces N, El Solh N. Phenotypic and genomic variation among Staphylococcus epidermidis strains infecting joint prostheses. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37 (5): 1306–1312.
- Garvin KL, Hinrichs SH, Urban JA. Emerging antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Their treatment in total joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1999; 369: 110–123.
- Brandt CM, Duffy MCT, Berbari EF, Hanssen AD, Steckelberg JM, Osmon DR. Staphylococcus aureus prosthetic joint infection treated with prosthesis removal and delayed reimplantation arthroplasty. Mayo Clin Proc 1999; 74: 553–558.
- Keating RK, Steckelberg JM. Editorial response: orthopedic prosthesis salvage. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29: 296–297.
- Hanssen AD, Osmon DR. The use of prophylactic antimicrobial agents during and after hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1999; 369: 124–138.
- Tattevin P, Crémieux A-C, Pottier P, Huten D, Carbon C. Prosthetic joint infection: when can prosthesis salvage be considered? Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29: 292–295.
- Haddad FS, Masri BA, Garbuz DS, Duncan CP. The treatment of the infected hip replacement. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1999; 369: 144–156.
- Davis R, Bryason HM. Ceftriaxone. A pharmacoeconomic evaluation of its use in the treatment of serious infections. Pharmacoeconomics 1994; 6 (3): 249–269.
- Norrby SR. Cost-effective prophylaxis of surgical infections. Pharmacoeconomics 1996; 10 (2): 129–140.
- Sanderson PJ. Prophylaxis in orthopaedic implant surgery – should we use a glycopeptide? J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 41: 322–325.