Study on canopy disturbance regime and mechanism of tree species diversity maintenance in the lower subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, South China

REFERENCES

• Brokaw , N.V.L. 1982 . “ Treefalls: frequency, timing, and consequences ” . In The ecology of a tropical forest: seasonal rhythms and long term changes , Edited by: Leigh , E.G. , Rand , A.S. and Windsor , D.M. 101 – 108 . Washington, DC : Smithsonian Institution Press . In
   Google Scholar
• Brokaw , N.V.L. 1985 . Gap-phase regeneration in a tropical forest . Ecology , 66 ( 3 ) : 682 – 687 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brokaw , N.V.L. 1987 . Gap-phase regeneration of three pioneer tree species in a tropical forest . J. Ecol. , 75 : 9 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , N. 1993 . The implications of climate and gap microclimate for seedling growth conditions in a Bornean lowland rain forest . J. Trop. Ecol. , 9 : 153 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canham , C.D. , Denslow , J.S. , Platt , W.J. , Runkle , J.R. , Spies , T.A. and White , P.S. 1990 . Light regimes beneath closed canopies and treefall gaps in temperate and tropical forests . Can. J. For. Res. , 20 : 620 – 631 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandrashekara , U.M. and Ramakrishnan , P.S. 1993 . Germinable soil seed bank dynamics during the gap phase of a humid tropical forest in Western Ghats of Kerala, India . J. Trop. Ecol. , 9 : 455 – 467 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , Z.H. , Wang , B.S. and Zhang , H.D. 1996 . Productivity of the lower subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in China , Guangzhou, , China : Guangdong Higher Education Press . (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Collins , B.S. and Pickett , S.T.A. 1988 . Demographic responses of herb layer species to experimental canopy gaps in a northern hardwoods forest . J.Ecol. , 76 : 437 – 450 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell , J.H. 1989 . Some processes affecting the species composition in forest gaps . Ecology , 70 ( 3 ) : 560 – 562 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahir , S.E. and Lorimer , C.G. 1996 . Variation in canopy gap formation among developmental stages of northern hardwood stands . Can.J.For.Res. , 26 ( 10 ) : 1875 – 1892 .
   Google Scholar
• Denslow , J.S. 1987 . Tropical rain forest gaps and tree species diversity . Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , 18 : 431 – 451 .
   Google Scholar
• Denslow , J.S. 1995 . Disturbance and diversity in tropical rain forest — the density effect . Ecol. Appl. , 5 ( 4 ) : 962 – 968 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denslow , J.S. , Schultz , J.C. , Vitousek , P.M. and Strain , B.R. 1990 . Growth response of tropical shrubs to treefall gap environments . Ecology , 71 ( 1 ) : 165 – 179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frelich , L.E. and Martin , G.L. 1988 . Effects of crown expansion into gaps on evaluation of disturbance intensity in northern hardwood forests . For. Sci. , 34 ( 2 ) : 530 – 536 .
   Google Scholar
• Gleen-Lewin , D.C. , Peet , R.K. and Veblen , T.T. , eds. 1992 . Plant Succession: Theory and Prediction , London : Chapman & Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Green , P.T. 1996 . Canopy gaps in rain forest on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean: size distribution and methods of measurement . J. Trop. Ecol. , 16 : 427 – 434 .
   Google Scholar
• Grubb , P.J. 1977 . The maintenance of species richness in plant communities- importance of the regeneration niche . Biol. Rev. , 57 : 107 – 145 .
   Google Scholar
• He , C.H. , Chen , S.Q. and Liang , Y.A. 1982 . “ The soils of Ding Hu Shan Biosphere Reserve ” . In Tropical and Subtropical Forest Ecosystem , Vol. 1 , 25 – 38 . Guangzhou, , China : Science Press . (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Hubbell , S.P. and Foster , R.B. 1986 . “ Canopy gaps and the dynamics of a neotropical forest ” . In Plant Ecology , Edited by: Crawly , M.J. 77 – 96 . London : Blackwell Scientific Publications . In
   Google Scholar
• Huston , M.A. 1994 . Biological Diversity — The Coexistence of Species on Changing Landscapes , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lawton , R.O. 1990 . Canopy gaps and light penetration into wind-exposed tropical lower montane rain forest . Can. J. For. Res. , 20 : 659 – 667 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawton , R.O. and Putz , F.E. 1988 . Natural disturbance and gap-phase regeneration in a wind-exposed tropical cloud forest . Ecology , 69 ( 3 ) : 764 – 777 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lertzman , K.P. , Sutherland , G.D. , Inselburg , A. and Saunders , S.C. 1996 . Canopy gaps and the landscape mosaic in a coastal temperate rain forest . Ecology , 77 ( 4 ) : 1254 – 1270 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorimer , C.G. 1989 . Relative effects of small and large disturbances on temperate hardwood forest structure . Ecology , 70 ( 3 ) : 565 – 567 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magurran , A.E. 1988 . Ecological diversity and its measurement , New Jersey : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Martinet-Ramos , M. , Alvarez-Buylla , E. , Sarukhan , J. and Pinero , D. 1988 . Treefall age determination and gap dynamics in a tropical forest . J. Ecol. , 76 : 700 – 716 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng , S.L. 1996 . Dynamics of communities in the lower subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests , Beijing, , China : Science Press . (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Pickett , S.T.A. and White , P.S. , eds. 1985 . The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pielou , E.C. 1966 . Species diversity and pattern diversity in the study of ecological succession . J. Theor. Biol. , 10 : 370 – 383 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runkle , J.R. 1981 . Gap regeneration in some old-growth forests of the eastern United States . Ecology , 62 : 1041 – 1051 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runkle , J.R. 1982 . Patterns of disturbance in some old-growth mesic forests of eastern North America . Ecology , 63 : 1533 – 1546 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runkle , J.R. 1989 . Synchrony of regeneration, gaps and latitudinal differences in tree species diversity . Ecology , 70 ( 3 ) : 546 – 547 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steege , H.T. , Brokaw , C. , Boland , M. , Dobbellsteen , J. and Verburg , I. 1994 . The effects of man made gaps on germination, early survival and morphology of Chlorocardium rodiei seedlings in Guyana . J. Trop. Ecol. , 10 : 245 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyrell , L.E. and Crow , T.R. 1994 . Structural characteristics of old-growth hemlock-hardwood forests in relation to age . Ecology , 75 ( 2 ) : 370 – 386 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uhl , C. , Clark , K. , Dezzeo , N. and Maquirino , P. 1988 . Vegetation dynamics in Amazonian treefall gaps . Ecology , 69 ( 3 ) : 751 – 763 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watt , A.S. 1947 . Pattern and process in the plant community . J. Ecol. , 35 : 1 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitmore , T.C. 1989 . Canopy gaps and the two major groups of forest trees . Ecology , 70 ( 3 ) : 536 – 538 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitmore , T.C. , Brown , N.D. , Swain , M.D. , Kennedy , D. , Goodwin , G.I. and Gong , W.K. 1993 . Use of hemispherical photographs in forest ecology: measurement of gap size and radiation totals in a Bornean tropical rain forest . J. Trop. Ecol. , 9 : 131 – 151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto , S. and Noshimura , N. 1999 . Canopy gap formation and replacement pattern of major tree species among developmental stages of beech (Fagus crenata) stands, Jap. . Plant Ecol. , 140 ( 2 ) : 167 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yavitt , J.B. , Battles , J.J. , Lang , G.E. and Knight , D.H. 1995 . The canopy gap regime in a secondary Neotropical forest in Panama . J. Trop. Ecol. , 11 : 391 – 402 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zang , R.G. , Liu , T. , Guo , Z.L. and Gao , W.T. 1998 . Gap disturbance regime in a broadleaved-Korean pine forest in the Changbai mountain natural reserve . Acta Phytoecologica Sinica , 22 ( 2 ) : 135 – 142 . (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Zang , R.G. , Yang , Y.C. , Liu , J.Y. , Yu , S.X. and Yang , X.S. 1999 . Gaps and their natural disturbance regimes in the tropical montane rain forest of Hainan Island . Scientia Silvae Sinicae , 35 ( 1 ) : 2 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , H.T. 1995 . Collections of Zhang Hong-Ta's papers , Guangzhou, , China : Zhongshan University Press . (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar