Modification of root morphological parameters and root architecture in seedlings of Fraxinus ornus L. and Spartium junceum L. growing on slopes

REFERENCES

• Bell , G. and Lechowich , MJ. 1994 . “ Spatial heterogeneity at small scales and how plants respond to it ” . In Exploitation of Environmental Heterogeneity by Plants , Edited by: Mcaldwell , M. and Pearcy , R.W. 391 – 414 . New York, N.Y. : Academy Press . In
   Google Scholar
• Bell , D.L. and Sultan , S.E. 1999 . Dynamic phenotypic plasticity for root growth in Polygonum: a compartive study . American J. Botany. , 86 : 807 – 819 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackwell , P.G. , Rennolls , K. and Coutts , M.P. 1990 . A root anchorage model for shallowly rooted Sitka spruce . Forestry , 63 : 73 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burroughs , E.R. and Thomas , B.R. 1977 . Declining root strength in Douglas fir after felling as a factor in slope stability , 27 – 27 . Ogden : Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service . UT, Research Paper INT-190
   Google Scholar
• Caldwell , M.M. 1994 . “ Exploiting nutrients in fertile microsites ” . In Exploitation of Environmental Heterogeneity by Plants , Edited by: Mcaldwell , M. and Pearcy , R.W. 325 – 347 . New York, N.Y. : Academy Press . In
   Google Scholar
• Champagnat , M. , Babe , J. and Delaunay , M. 1974 . Correlations entre le pivot et ses ramifications dans le système racinaire de jeunes chénes cultivés sous un brouillard nutritif . Revue de Cytol. et Biol. Veg. , 37 : 407 – 418 .
   Google Scholar
• Coutts , M.P. 1983 . Root architecture and tree stability . Plant and Soil. , 71 : 171 – 188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coutts M.P. Factors affecting the direction of growth of tree roots Annales des Sciences Forestieres Dreyer E. Aussenac G. Bonnet-Masimbert M. Dizengremel P. Favre J.M. Garrec J.P. Le Tacon F. Martin F. Forest Tree Physiology Elsevier Paris 1989 46 227 287 In Supplement
   Google Scholar
• Coutts , M.P. and Nicoll , B.C. 1991 . Orientation of the lateral roots of trees. Upward growth of surface roots and deflection near the soil surface . New Phytologist , 119 : 227 – 234 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crook , M.J. and Ennos , A.R. 1994 . Stem and root characteristics associated with lodging resistance in four winter wheat cultivars . J. of Agric. Sc. , 123 : 167 – 174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duparque , A. and Pellerin , S. An attempt to model the mechanism of root lodging resistance in maize . Proc. 3rd Congress of the European Society for Agronomy . Abano-Padova, Ita. pp. 360 – 361 . In
   Google Scholar
• Ennos , A.R. 1994 . The biomechanics of root anchorage . Biomechanics , 2 : 129 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• Fitter , A.H. 1994 . “ Architecture and biomass allocation as components of plastic response of root systems to soil heterogeneity ” . In Exploitation of Environmental Heterogeneity by Plants , Edited by: Mcaldwell , M. and Pearcy , R.W. 305 – 323 . New York, N.Y. : Academy Press . In
   Google Scholar
• Fortin , M.A. and Poff , K.L. 1990 . Temperature sensing by primary roots of maize . Plant Physiology , 94 : 367 – 369 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gedroc , J.J. , McConnaughay , K.D.M. and Coleman , J.S. 1996 . Plasticity in root/shoot partitioning: optimal, ontogenic, or both? . Functional Ecology , 10 : 44 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geiger , D.R. and Servaites , J.C. 1991 . “ Carbon allocation and response to strees ” . In Response of Plants to Multiple Stresses , Edited by: Mooney , H.A. , Winner , W.E. and Pell , E.J. 104 – 127 . San Diego, Ca : Academic Press . In
   Google Scholar
• Goodman , A.M. and Ennos , A.R. 1996 . A comparative study of the response of the roots and shoots of sunflower and maize to mechanical stimulation . J. Exp. Bot. , 47 : 1499 – 1507 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman , A.M. and Ennos , A.R. 1997 . The response of field-grown sunflower and maize to mechanical report . Annals of Botany , 79 : 703 – 711 .
   Google Scholar
• Goodman , A.M. and Ennos , A.R. 1999 . The effect of soil bulk density on the morphology and anchorage mechanics of the root systems of sunflower and maize . Annals of Botany , 83 : 293 – 302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , D.H. and Leiser , A.T. 1982 . Bio-technical slope protection and erosion control , New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , R.B. and Caldwell , M.M. 1989 . Timing and degree of root proliferation in fertile soil microsites of three cold desert perennials . Oecologia , 81 : 149 – 153 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbert , Y. , Barriere , Y. and Bertholeau , J.C. 1992 . Root lodging resistance in forage maize: genetic variability of root system and aerial part . Maydica , 37 : 173 – 183 .
   Google Scholar
• Kutschera , L. Wurzel-tropismen als funktion der wasserbgabe und-aufnahme die “wassertheorie” . International Symposium . 1982 , Gumpenstein. Wurzelokologie und ihre nutganwerdung , pp. 301.332 – 301.332 . In
   Google Scholar
• Kramer , P.J. 1988 . Changing concepts regarding plant water relations . Plant, Cell and Envir. , 11 : 565 – 568 .
   Google Scholar
• Lynch , J. 1995 . Root architecture and plant productivity . Plant Physiology , 109 : 7 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Materechera , S.A. , Dexter , A.R. and Alston , A.M. 1991 . Penetration of very strong soil by seedling roots of different plant species . Plant and Soil , 135 : 31 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicoll , B.C. , Easton , E.P. , Milner , A.D. , Walker , C. and Coutts , M.P. 1995 . “ Wind stability factors in tree selection: distribution of biomass within root systems of Sitka spruce clones ” . In Wind and Trees , Edited by: Coutts , M.P. and Grace , J. 276 – 292 . Cambridge, , U K : Cambridge University Press . In
   Google Scholar
• Nicoll , B.C. and Ray , D. 1996 . Adaptive growth of tree root systems in response to wind action and site conditions . Tree Physiology , 16 : 891 – 898 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilaweera , N.S. 1994 . “ Effects of tree roots on slope stability: The case of Khao Luang Mountain area, So Thailand ” . In Dissertation N^o GT-93-2. Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of requirements for degree of Doctor of Technical Science , Bangkok, , Thailand : Asian Institute of Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Pigliucci , M. , Schlichting , C.D. , Jones , C.S. and Schwenk , K. 1996 . Developmental reaction norms: the interactions among allometry, ontogeny, and plasticity . Plant Species Biology , 11 : 69 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Russell , R.S. 1977 . Plant root systems: their function and interaction with the soil , London : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Schiechtl , H.M. 1980 . Bioengineering for land reclamation and conservation , 404 – 404 . Edmonton : University of Alberta . Canada Press
   Google Scholar
• Stokes , A. , Fitter , A.H. and Coutts , M.P. 1995 . Responses of young trees to wind and shading: effects on root architecture . J. Exp. Bot. , 46 : 1139 – 1146 .
   Google Scholar
• Stokes , A. , Ball , J. , Fitter , A.H. , Brain , P. and Coutts , M.P. 1996 . An experimental investigation of the resistance of model root systems to uprooting . Annals of Botany , 78 : 415 – 421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes , A. , Nicoll , B.C. , Coutts , M.P. and Fitter , A.H. 1997 . Response of young Sitka spruce clones to mechanical perturbation and nutrition: effects on biomass allocation, root development, and resistance to bending . Canadian J. For. Res. , 27 : 1049 – 1057 .
   Google Scholar
• Sultan , S.E. 1995 . Phenotypic plasticity and plant adaptation . Acta Botanica Neerlandica , 44 : 363 – 383 .
   Google Scholar
• Sultan , S.E. , Wilczek , S.D. , Bell , D.L. and Hand , G. 1998 . Physiological response to complex environments in annual Polygonum species of contrasting ecological breadth . Oecologia , 115 : 566 – 578 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thaler , P. and Pagès , L. 1998 . Modelling the influence of assimilate availability on root growth and architecture . Plant and Soil , 201 : 307 – 320 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanicek , V. 1973 . The soil protective role of specially shaped plant roots . Biological Conservation , 5 : 175 – 180 .
   Google Scholar
• Via , S. , Gomulkiewicz , R. , DeJong , G. , Scheiner , S.M. , Schlichting , C.D. and Van Tienderen , H. 1995 . Adaptive phenotypic plasticity: consensus and controversy . Trends Ecol. and Evol. , 10 : 212 – 216 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar