REFERENCES
- Aber , J.D. 1979 . A method for estimated foliage-height profiles in broad-leaved forests . J. Ecol. , 67 : 35 – 40 .
- Asrar , G. , Fuchs , M. , Kanemasu , E.T. and Hatfield , J.L. 1984 . Estimating absorbed photosynthetically active radiation and leaf area index from spectral reflectance in wheat . Agron. J. , 76 : 300 – 306 .
- Barclay , H.J. 1998 . Conversion of total leaf area to projected leaf area in lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir . Tree Physiol. , 18 : 51 – 93 .
- Blasi , C. 1994 . Fitoclimatologia del Lazio . Fitosociologia , 27 : 1 – 56 .
- Bolhàr-Nordenkampf , H.R. and Draxler , G. 1993 . “ Functional leaf anatomy ” . In Photosynthesis and Production in a Changing Environment: a Field and Laboratory Manual , Edited by: Hall , D.O. , Scurlock , J.M.O. , Bolhàr-Nordenkampf , H.R. , Leegood , R.C. and Long , S.P. 91 – 111 . London : Chapman and Hall . In
- Bongers , F. 2001 . Methods to assess tropical rain forest canopy structure: an overview . Plant Ecol. , 153 : 263 – 277 .
- Botkin , D.B. 1986 . “ Remote sensing of the biosphere ” . In National Academy of Sciences. Report of the Committee on Planetary Biology , Washington DC : National Research Council .
- Brenner , A.J. , Cueto Romero , M. , Garcia Haro , J. , Gilabert , M.A. , Incoll , L.D. , Martinez Fernandez , J. , Porter , E. and Pugnaire , F.I. 1995 . A comparison of direct and indirect methods for measuring leaf and surface areas of individual bushes . Plant Cell Environ. , 18 : 1332 – 1340 .
- García-Plazaola , J.I. , Hern´andez , A. and Becerrii , J.M. 2000 . Photoprotective responses to winter stress in evergreen Mediterranean ecosystems . Plant Biol. , 2 : 530 – 535 .
- Gratani , L. 1997 . Canopy structure, vertical radiation profile and photosynthetic function in a Quercus ilex evergreen forest . Photosynthetica , 33 : 139 – 149 .
- Gratani , L. and Crescente , M.F. 1995 . Variazioni strutturali e funzionali durante il ciclo biologico di Triticum durum Desf. . Arch. Geobot. , 1 : 59 – 64 *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** TF002014 00003 .
- Gratani , L. and Foti , I. 1998 . Estimating forest structure and shade tolerance of the species in a mixed deciduous broad-leaved forest in Abruzzo, Italy . Ann. Bot. Fenn. , 35 : 75 – 83 .
- Gratani , L. , Rossi , A. , Crescente , M.F. and Frattaroli , A.R. 1999 . Ecologia dei pascoli di Campo Imperatore (Gran Sasso d'Italia) e Carta della Biomassa Vegetale . Braun-Blanquetia , 16 : 227 – 247 .
- Halvorson , W.L. 1998 . Landscape management challenges on the California Channel Islands . Aliso , 16 : 113 – 119 .
- Kull , O. , Broadmeadow , M. , Kruijt , B. and Meir , P. 1999 . Light distribution and foliage structure in an oak canopy . Trees , 14 : 55 – 64 .
- MacClendon , J.H. 1962 . The relationship between the thickness of deciduous leaves and their maximum photosynthesis rate . Am. J. Bot. , 49 : 320 – 322 .
- Messier , C. and Puttonen , P. 1995 . Spatial and temporal variation in the light environment of developing Scots pine stands: the basis for a quick and efficient method of characterizing light . Can. J. For. Res. , 25 : 343 – 354 .
- Montgomery , R.A. and Chazdon , R.L. 2001 . Forest structure, canopy architecture, and light transmittance in tropical wet forests . Ecology , 82 : 2707 – 2718 .
- Newbould , P.J. 1967 . Methods for Estimating the Primary Production of Forest , Oxford, Edinburgh : Blackwell Scientific Publications .
- Nicotra , A.B. , Chazdon , R.L. and Iriarte , S. 1999 . Spatial heterogeneity of light and woody seedling regeneration in tropical wet forests . Ecology , 80 : 1908 – 1926 .
- Norman , J.M. and Campbell , G.S. 1989 . “ Canopy structure ” . In Plant Physiological Ecology: Field Methods and Instrumentation , Edited by: Pearcy , R.W. , Ehleringer , J. , Mooney , H.A. and Rundel , P.W. 301 – 325 . London, New York : Chapman and Hall . In
- Parent , S. and Messier , C. 1996 . A simple and efficient method to estimate microsite light availability under a forest canopy . Can. J. For. Res. , 26 : 151 – 154 .
- Qin , W. and Gerstl , S.A.W. 2000 . 3-D scene modeling of semidesert vegetation cover and its radiation regime . Remote Sens. Environ. , 74 : 145 – 162 .
- Sampson , D.A. and Allen , H.L. 1985 . Direct and indirect estimates of leaf area index (LAI) for lodgepole and loblolly pine stands . Trees , 9 : 119 – 122 .
- Scoppola , A. , Blasi , C. , Abbate , G. , Michetti , L. , Scagliusi , E. , Kuzminsky , E. and Anitori , F. 1989 . La Vegetazione della Caldera del Lago di Vico , Roma : Regione Lazio .
- Scurlock , J.M.O. , Asner , G.P. and Gower , S.T. 2001 . Wordwide historical estimates of leaf area index, 1932–2000. ORNL Technical Memorandum ORNL/TM-2001/268 , Oak Ridge, Tenn. : Oak Ridge National Laboratory .
- Shao , G. , Shugart , H.H. and Smith , T.M. 1995 . A role-type model (rope) and its application in assessing climate change impacts on forest landscapes . Vegetatio , 121 : 135 – 146 .
- Singh , J.S. , Lauenroth , W.K. and Steinhorst , R.K. 1975 . Review and assessment of various techniques for estimating net aerial primary production in grasslands from harvest data . Bot. Rev. , 41 : 181 – 232 .
- Spanner , M.A. , Pierce , L.L. , Running , S.W. and Peterson , D.L. 1990 . The seasonality of AVHRR data of temperate coniferous forest: relationships with leaf area index . Remote Sens. Environ. , 33 : 97 – 112 .
- Van Arendonk , J.J.C.M. and Poorter , H. 1994 . The chemical composition and anatomical structure of leaves of grass species differing in relative growth rate . Plant Cell. Environ. , 17 : 963 – 970 .
- Waring , R.H. 1983 . Estimating forest growth and efficiency in relation to canopy leaf area . Adv. Ecol. Res. , 13 : 327 – 354 .
- Welles , J.M. and Cohen , S. 1996 . Canopy structure measurement by gap fraction analysis using commercial instrumentation . J. Exp. Bot. , 47 : 1335 – 1342 .
- Welles , J.M. and Norman , A.J. 1991 . Instrument for indirect measurement of canopy architecture . Agron. J. , 83 : 818 – 825 .
- White , M.A. , Asner , J.P. , Nemani , R.R. , Privette , J.L. and Running , S.W. 2000 . Measuring fractional cover and leaf area index in arid ecosystems: digital camera, radiation transmittance, and laser altimetry methods . Remote Sens. Environ. , 74 : 45 – 57 .
- Wittner , S. 1983 . Land related global habitability. Science Issues, NASA Technical Memorandum Number 85841 , Washington D.C. : National Aeronautics and Space Administration .