Tree fine root Ca/Al molar ratio – Indicator of Al and acidity stress

References

• Ahonen-Jonnarth , U , Göransson , A and Finlay , R D . 2003 . Growth and nutrient uptake of ectomycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris seedlings in a natural substrate treated with elevated Al concentrations . Tree Physiol , 23 : 157 – 167 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahonen-Jonnarth , U , van Hees , P AW , Lundström , U S and Finlay , R D . 2000 . Production of organic acids by mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings exposed to elevated concentrations of aluminum and heavy metals . New Phytol , 146 : 557 – 567 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akaya , M and Takenaka , C . 2001 . Effects of aluminum stress on photosynthesis of Quercus glauca Thumb . Plant Soil , 237 : 137 – 146 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Álvarez , E , Fernández-Marcos , M L , Monterroso , C and Fernándes-Sanjurjo , M J . 2005 . Application of aluminium toxicity indices to soils under various forest species . For Ecol Manag , 211 : 227 – 239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson , M . 1988 . Toxicity and tolerance of aluminium in vascular plants . Water Air Soil Pollut , 39 : 439 – 462 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker , M R . 1999a . The effect of lime and gypsum applications on a sessile oak (Quercus petraea (M.) Liebl.) stand at La Croix Scaille (French Ardennes) II. Fine root dynamics . Plant Soil , 206 : 109 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• Bakker , M R . 1999b . Fine-root parameters as indicators of sustainability of forest ecosystems . Forest Ecol Manag , 122 : 7 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Bakker , M R , Kerisit , R , Verbist , K and Nys , C . 1999 . Effects of liming on rhizosphere chemistry and growth of fine roots and of shoots of sessile oak (Quercus petraea) . Plant Soil , 217 : 243 – 255 .
   Google Scholar
• Bakker , M R and Nys , C . 1999 . Effects of lime-induced differences in site fertility on fine roots of oak . Ann For Sci , 56 : 599 – 606 .
   Google Scholar
• Barceló , J and Poschenrieder , C . 2002 . Fast root growth responses, root exudates, and internal detoxification as clues to the mechanisms of aluminium toxicity and resistance: A review . Environ Exp Bot , 48 : 75 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhuja , P , McLachlan , K , Stephens , J and Taylor , G . 2004 . Accumulation of 1,3-β-D-glucans in response to aluminum and cytosolic calcium in Triticum aestivum . Plant Cell Physiol , 45 : 543 – 549 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bojarczuk , K , Karolewski , P , Oleksyn , J , Kieliszewska-Rokicka , B , Żytkowiak , R and Tjoelker , M G . 2002 . Effect of polluted soil and fertilisation on growth and physiology of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) seedlings . Polish J Environ Studies , 11 : 483 – 492 .
   Google Scholar
• Borken , W , Kossmann , G and Matzner , E . 2007 . Biomass, morphology and nutrient contents of fine roots in four Norway spruce stands . Plant Soil , 292 : 79 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunner , I , Brodbeck , S and Walthert , L . 2002 . Fine root chemistry, starch concentration, and ‘vitality’ of subalpine conifer forests in relation to soil pH . Forest Ecol Manag , 165 : 75 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunner , I , Zimmermann , S , Zingg , A and Blaser , P . 2004 . Wood ash recycling affects forest soil and tree fine-root chemistry and reverses soil acidification . Plant Soil , 267 : 61 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camps , A M , Mourenza , C , Álvarez , E and Macías , F . 2004 . Influence of parent material and soil type on the root chemistry of forest species grown on acid soils . Forest Ecol Manag , 193 : 307 – 320 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronan , C S and Grigal , D F . 1995 . Use of calcium/aluminum ratios as indicators of stress in forest ecosystems . J Environ Qual , 24 : 209 – 226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlgren , R A , Vogt , K A and Ugolini , F C . 1991 . The influence of soil chemistry on fine root aluminum concentrations and root dynamics in a subalpine Spodosol, Washington State, USA . Plant Soil , 133 : 117 – 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degenhardt , J , Larsen , P B , Howell , S H and Kochian , L V . 1998 . Aluminum resistance in the Arabidopsis mutant alr-104 is caused by an aluminum-induced increase in rhizosphere pH . Plant Physiol , 117 : 19 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vries , W , Reinds , G J and Vel , E . 2003 . Intensive monitoring of forest ecosystems in Europe 2: Atomospheric deposition and its impacts on soil solution chemistry . For Ecol Manag , 174 : 97 – 115 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Wit , H A , Mulder , J , Nygaard , P H , Aamlid , D , Huse , M , Kortnes , E , Wollebæk , G and Brean , R . 2001 . Aluminium: The need for a re-evaluation of its toxicity and solubility in mature forest stands . Water Air Soil Pollut Focus , 1 : 103 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Dieffenbach , A and Matzner , E . 2000 . In situ soil solution chemistry in the rhizosphere of mature Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees . Plant Soil , 222 : 149 – 161 .
   Google Scholar
• Dijkstra , F A and Fitzhugh , R D . 2003 . Aluminum solubility and mobility in relation to organic carbon in surface soils affected by six tree species of the northern United States . Geoderma , 114 : 33 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driscoll , C T , Lawrence , G B , Bulger , A J , Butler , T J , Cronan , C S , Eager , C , Lambert , K F , Likens , G E , Stoddard , J L and Weathers , K C . 2001 . Acidic deposition in the northeastern United States: Sources and inputs, ecosystem effects, and management strategies . BioScience , 51 : 180 – 198 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eldhuset , T D , Lange , H and de Wit , H A . 2006 . Fine root biomass, necromass and chemistry during seven years of elevated aluminium concentrations in the soil solution of a middle-aged Picea abies stand . Sci Tot Environ , 369 : 344 – 356 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eldhuset , T D and Nygaard , P H . Effects of aluminium and base cations on nutrient uptake in magnesium deficient Norway spruce . Oral presentation at the Annual Meeting of Soil Science Society of America . 1997 , Anaheim, CA. Agronomy Abstracts Annual Meetings 1997:92
   Google Scholar
• Eticha , D , Thé , C , Welcker , C , Narro , L , Staß , A and Horst , W J . 2005 . Aluminium-induced callose formation in root apices: Inheritance and selection trait for adaptation of tropical maize to acid soils . Field Crop Res , 93 : 252 – 263 .
   Google Scholar
• Finlay , R D . 1995 . Interactions between soil acidification, plant growth and nutrient uptake in ectomycorrhizal associations of forest trees . Ecol Bull , 44 : 197 – 214 .
   Google Scholar
• Fränzle , O . 2006 . Complex bioindication and environmental stress assessment . Ecol Ind , 6 : 114 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey , T and Frey , J . 1993 . “ Foliar chemical composition of Norway spruce with and without defoliation ” . In Nutrient uptake and cycling in forest ecosystems. European Commission Ecosystem Research Report No. 21 Edited by: Nilsson , L O , Hüttl , R F , Johansson , U T and Mathy , P . 123 – 129 .
   Google Scholar
• Freer-Smith , P H and Read , D B . 1995 . The relationship between crown condition and soil solution chemistry in oak and Sitka spruce in England and Wales . For Ecol Manag , 79 : 185 – 196 .
   Google Scholar
• Genenger , M , Zimmermann , S , Hallenbarter , D , Landolt , W , Frossard , E and Brunner , I . 2003 . Fine root growth and element concentrations of Norway spruce as affected by wood ash and liquid fertilisation . Plant Soil , 255 : 253 – 264 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godbold , D L , Fritz , E and Hüttermann , A . 1988 . Aluminum toxicity and forest decline . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 85 : 3888 – 3892 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godbold , D L and Jentschke , G . 1998 . Aluminum accumulation in root cell walls coincides with inhibition of root growth but not with inhibition of magnesium uptake in Norway spruce . Physiol Plant , 102 : 553 – 560 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Göransson , A and Eldhuset , T D . 1987 . Effects of aluminium on growth and nutrient uptake of Betula pendula seedlings . Physiol Plantarum , 69 : 193 – 199 .
   Google Scholar
• Göransson , A and Eldhuset , T D . 1991 . Effects of aluminium on growth and nutrient uptake of small Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris plants . Trees , 5 : 136 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Göttlein , A . 1998 . Determination of free Al3+ in soil solutions by capillary electrophoresis . Eur J Soil Sci , 49 : 107 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Göttlein , A , Heim , A and Matzner , E . 1999 . Mobilization of aluminum in the rhizosphere soil solution of growing tree roots in an acidic soil . Plant Soil , 211 : 41 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson , J P , Berggren , D , Simonsson , M , Zysset , M and Mulder , J . 2001 . Aluminium solubility mechanisms in moderately acid Bs horizons of podzolized soils . Eur J Soil Sci , 52 : 655 – 665 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn , G and Marschner , H . 1998a . Effect of acid irrigation and liming on root growth of Norway spruce . Plant Soil , 199 : 11 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn , G and Marschner , H . 1998b . Cation concentrations of short roots of Norway spruce as affected by acid irrigation and liming . Plant Soil , 199 : 23 – 27 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heim , A , Brunner , I , Frey , B , Frossard , E and Luster , J . 2001 . Root exudation, organic acids, and element distribution in roots of Norway spruce seedlings treated with aluminium in hydroponics . J Plant Nutr Soil Sci , 164 : 519 – 526 .
   Google Scholar
• Hinsinger , P , Plassard , C , Tang , C and Jaillard , B . 2003 . Origins of root-mediated pH changes in the rhizosphere and their responses to environmental constraints: A review . Plant Soil , 248 : 43 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano , Y . 2001 . “ Effects of aluminum on the root morphology of Japanese red cedar and Hinoki cypress seedlings ” . In L'Arbre/The Tree 2000 , Edited by: Labrecque , M . 339 – 344 . Quebec : Isabelle Quentin .
   Google Scholar
• Hirano , Y , Graf Pannatier , E , Zimmermann , S and Brunner , I . 2004 . Induction of callose in roots of Norway spruce seedlings after short-term exposure to aluminum . Tree Physiol , 24 : 1279 – 1283 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano , Y and Hijii , N . 1998 . Effects of low pH and Al on root morphology of Japanese red cedar saplings . Environ Pollut , 101 : 339 – 347 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano , Y , Isomura , A and Kaneko , S . 2003 . Root morphology and nutritional status of Japanese red cedar saplings subjected to in situ levels of aluminum in forest soil solution . J Forest Res , 8 : 209 – 214 .
   Google Scholar
• Hirano , Y , Matsumoto , C and Takenaka , C . 2000 . Root response of Hinoki cypress seedlings to various levels of Ca/Al molar ratios . Environ Sci , 7 : 71 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Hirano , Y , Mizoguchi , T and Brunner , I . 2007 . Root parameters of forest trees as sensitive indicators of acidifying pollutants: A review of research of Japanese forest trees . J Forest Res , 12 : 134 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano , Y , Walthert , L and Brunner , I . 2006 . Callose in root apices of European chestnut seedlings: A physiological indicator of aluminum stress . Tree Physiol , 26 : 431 – 440 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Högberg , P and Jensén , P . 1994 . Aluminium and uptake of base cations by tree roots: A critique of the model proposed by Sverdrup et al . Water Air Soil Pollut , 75 : 121 – 125 .
   Google Scholar
• Horst , W J . 1995 . The role of the apoplast in aluminum toxicity and resistance of higher plants: A review . Z Pflanzernähr Bodenk , 158 : 419 – 428 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horst , W J , Püschel , A K and Schmohl , N . 1997 . Induction of callose formation is a sensitive marker for genotypic aluminium sensitivity in maize . Plant Soil , 192 : 23 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , J and Bachelard , E P . 1993 . Effects of aluminium on growth and cation uptake in seedlings of Eucalyptus manifera and Pinus radiata . Plant Soil , 149 : 121 – 127 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hue , N V , Craddock , G R and Adams , F . 1986 . Effects of organic acids on aluminium toxicity in subsoils . Soil Sci Soc Am J , 50 : 28 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt , H W , Reuss , D E and Elliott , E T . 1998 . Correcting estimates of root chemical composition for soil contamination . Ecology , 80 : 702 – 707 .
   Google Scholar
• Jentschke , G , Drexhage , M , Fritz , H W , Fritz , E , Schella , B , Lee , D H , Gruber , F , Heinmann , J , Kuhr , M , Schmidt , J , Schmidt , S , Zimmermann , R and Godbold , D L . 2001 . Does soil acidity reduce subsoil rooting in Norway spruce (Picea abies)? . Plant Soil , 237 : 91 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jentschke , G and Godbold , D L . 2000 . Metal toxicity and ectomycorrhizas . Physiol Plant , 109 : 107 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , D L . 1998 . Organic acids in the rhizosphere – A critical review . Plant Soil , 205 : 25 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keltjens , W G and Loenen , E V . 1989 . Effects of aluminium and mineral nutrition on growth and chemical composition of hydroponically grown seedlings of five different forest soil species . Plant Soil , 119 : 39 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Kinraide , T B . 2003 . Toxicity factors in acidic forest soils: Attempts to evaluate separately the toxic effects of excessive Al3+ and H+ and insufficient Ca2+ and Mg2+ upon root elongation . Eur J Soil Sci , 54 : 323 – 333 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinraide , T B , Ryan , P R and Kochian , L V . 1992 . Interactive effects of Al3+, H+ and other cations on root elongation considered in terms of cell-surface electrical potential . Plant Physiol , 99 : 1461 – 1468 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochian , L V , Pineros , M A and Hoekenga , O A . 2005 . The physiology, genetics and molecular biology of plant aluminum resistance and toxicity . Plant Soil , 274 : 175 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landeweert , R , Hoffland , E , Finlay , R D , Kuyper , T W and van Breemen , N . 2001 . Linking plants to rocks: Ectomycorrhizal fungi mobilize nutrients from minerals . Tree , 16 : 248 – 254 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lõhmus , K and Lasn , R . 1990 . “ Spruce and pine root structures and chemical characteristics in moderate acid soils ” . In Above and below-ground interactions in forest trees in acidified soils Air Pollution Research Report 32
   Google Scholar
• Lux , H B and Cumming , J R . 2001 . Mycorrhizae confer aluminium resistance to tulip-poplar seedlings . Can J Forest Res , 31 : 694 – 702 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majdi , H and Persson , H . 1995 . Effects of ammonium sulphate application on the chemistry of bulk soil, rhizosphere, fine roots and fine-root distribution in a Picea abies (L.) Karst. stand . Plant Soil , 168/169 : 151 – 160 .
   Google Scholar
• Majdi , H and Rosengren-Brinck , U . 1994 . Effects of ammonium sulphate application on the rhizosphere, fine root and needle chemistry in a Picea abies (L.) Karst. Stand . Plant Soil , 162 : 71 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Marschner , H . 1991 . Mechanisms of adaptation of plants to acid soils . Plant Soil , 134 : 1 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto , H . 2000 . Cell biology of Al tolerance and toxicity in higher plants . Int Rev Cytol , 200 : 1 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin , S B and Wimmer , R . 1999 . Calcium physiology and terrestrial ecosystem processes . New Phytol , 142 : 373 – 417 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minocha , R and Long , S . 2004 . Effects of aluminium on organic acid metabolism and secretion by red spruce cell suspension cultures and the reversal of Al effects on growth and polyamine metabolism by exogenous organic acids . Tree Physiol , 24 : 55 – 64 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Misra , R K . 1994 . Assessment of errors in nutrient analyses of roots . Austral J Soil Res , 32 : 1275 – 1286 .
   Google Scholar
• Moyer-Henry , K , Silva , I , Macfall , J , Johannes , E , Allen , N , Goldfarb , B and Rufty , T . 2005 . Accumulation and localization of aluminium in root tips of loblolly pine seedlings and the associated ectomycorrhiza Pisolithus tinctorius . Plant Cell Environ , 28 : 111 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Mulder , J and Stein , A . 1994 . The solubility of aluminum in acidic forest soils: Long-term changes due to acid deposition . Geochim Cosmochim Acta , 58 : 85 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy , N E , Dalen , L S , Jones , D L , Fossdal , C G and Eldhuset , T D . 2004 . Cytological and enzymatic responses to aluminium stress in root tips of Norway spruce seedlings . New Phytol , 163 : 595 – 607 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nguyen , N T , Nakabayashi , K , Thompson , J and Fujita , K . 2003 . Role of exudation of organic acids and phosphate in aluminium tolerance of four tropical woody species . Tree Physiol , 23 : 1041 – 1050 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowak , J and Friend , A L . 2005 . Aluminium fractions in root tips of slash pine and loblolly pine families differing in Al resistance . Tree Physiol , 25 : 245 – 250 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nygaard , P H . 1999 . Effects of sulphur and nitrogen on boreal forest vegetation, soils and nutrient uptake [thesis] , 99 Ås : Agricultural University of Norway . Dr. scient. theses 1999:3
   Google Scholar
• Nygaard , P H and de Wit , H A . 2004 . Effects of elevated soil solution Al concentrations on fine roots in a middle aged Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stand . Plant Soil , 265 : 131 – 140 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oleksyn , J , Karolewski , P , Giertych , M J , Werner , A , Tjoelker , M G and Reich , P B . 1996 . Altered root growth and plant chemistry of Pinus sylvestris seedlings subjected to aluminium in nutrient solution . Trees , 10 : 135 – 144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsthoorn , A . 1991 . Fine root density and root biomass of two Douglas-fir stands on sandy soils in The Netherlands. I. Root biomass in early summer . Neth J Agr Sci , 39 : 49 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Persson , H . 1988 . “ Root growth and root processes – Effects of air pollutants in forests stands ” . In Relationships between above and below-ground influences of air pollutants of forests trees Air Pollut Res Rep 16: 180 – 186
   Google Scholar
• Persson , H , Majdi , H and Clemensson-Lindell , A . 1995 . Effects of acid deposition on tree roots . Ecol Bull , 44 : 158 – 167 .
   Google Scholar
• Phillips , R P and Yanai , R D . 2004 . The effects of AlCl3 additions on rhizophere soil and fine root chemistry of sugar maple (Acer saccarum) . Water Air Soil Pollut , 159 : 339 – 356 .
   Google Scholar
• Puhe , J . 2003 . Growth and development of the root system of Norway spruce (Picea abies) in forest stands – A review . For Ecol Manag , 175 : 253 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Püttsepp , Ü . 2004 . Effects of sustainable management practices on fine-root systems in willow (Salix viminalis, S. dasyclados), grey alder (Alnus incana), and Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands [thesis] , Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae . Silvestria 283
   Google Scholar
• Püttsepp , Ü , Lõhmus , K , Persson , HÅ and Ahlström , K . 2006 . Fine-root distribution and morphology in an acidic Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stand in SW Sweden in relation to granulated wood ash application . Forest Ecol Manag , 221 : 291 – 298 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin , R J , Hirano , Y and Brunner , I . 2007 . Exudation of organic acid anions from poplar roots after exposure to Al, Cu and Zn . Tree Physiol , 27 : 313 – 320 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rengel , Z and Zhang , W H . 2003 . Role of dynamics of intracellular calcium in aluminum-toxicity syndrome . New Phytol , 159 : 295 – 314 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter , A K , Frossard , E and Brunner , I . 2007 . Polyphenols in the woody roots of Norway spruce and European beech reduce TTC . Tree Physiol , 27 : 155 – 160 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sas Paszt , L , Marschner , H , Römheld , V and Mercik , S . 2002 . The influence of aluminium on rhizosphere and bulk soil pH and growth of strawberry plants . Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych z , 482 : 467 – 474 .
   Google Scholar
• Sas , L and Mercik , S . 2001 . Content of K, Mg and Ca in apple rootstocks, varieties and soil depending on soil pH. Międzynar. Konf. Nauk. . “Potas i magnez w rolnictwie”, Rogów, 4 – 6 września , 2001 : 87 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Sas Paszt , L and Mercik , S . 2004 . The response of Apple Rootstocks P.22, M.9, M.26, and Apple Tree Cultivars ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Gala’ to Soil Acidification . Acta Hortic , 636 : 167 – 172 .
   Google Scholar
• Sas Paszt , L and Żurawicz , E . 2005 . Studies of the Rhizosphere of Strawberry Plants at the Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture in Skierniewice, Poland . Int J Fruit Sci , 5 : 115 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Sasaki , M , Yamamoto , Y and Matsumoto , H . 1996 . Lignin deposition induced by aluminum in wheat (Triticum aestivum) roots . Physiol Plant , 96 : 193 – 198 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaedle , M , Thornton , F C , Raynal , D J and Tepper , H B . 1989 . Response of tree seedlings to aluminum . Tree Physiol , 5 : 337 – 356 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva , I R , Novais , R F , Jham , G N , Barros , N F , Gebrim , F O , Nunes , F N , JCL and Leite , F P . 2004 . Responses of eucalypt species to aluminium: The possible involvement of low molecular weight organic acids in the Al tolerance mechanism . Tree Physiol , 24 : 1267 – 1277 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sivaguru , M , Yamamoto , Y , Rengel , Z , Ahn , S J and Matsumoto , H . 2005 . Early events responsible for aluminium toxicity symptoms in suspension-cultured tobacco cells . New Phytol , 165 : 99 – 109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tahara , K , Norisada , M , Tange , T , Yagi , H and Kojima , K . 2005 . Ectomycorrhizal association enhances Al tolerance by inducing citrate secretion in Pinus densiflora . Soil Sci Plant Nutr , 51 : 397 – 403 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taiz , L and Zeiger , E . 1998 . Plant physiology , Sunderland, MA : Sinauer .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , G . 1987 . Exclusion of metals from the symplasm: A possible mechanism of metal tolerance in higher plants . J Plant Nutr , 10 : 1213 – 1222 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , G . 1991 . Current views of the aluminium stress response: The physiology basis of tolerance . Curr Top Plant Biochem , 10 : 57 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Thornton , F C , Schaedle , M and Raynal , D L . 1987 . Effects of aluminium on red spruce seedlings in solution culture . Environ Exp Bot , 27 : 489 – 498 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlinson , G H . 2003 . Acidic deposition, nutrient leaching and forest growth . Biogeochem , 65 : 51 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulrich , B , Mayer , R and Khanna , P . 1978 . Deposition von Luftverunreinigungen und ihre Auswirkungen in Waldökosystemen in Solling . Schr Forstl Fak Univ Gött Vers Anst , 58 : 1 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Vanguelova , E I . 2002 . Soil acidification and fine root response of Scots pine [thesis] , Reading, , UK : Reading University .
   Google Scholar
• Vanguelova , E I , Nortcliff , S , Moffat , A J and Kennedy , F . 2005 . Morphology, biomass and nutrient status of fine roots of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) as influenced by seasonal fluctuations in soil moisture and soil solution chemistry . Plant Soil , 270 : 233 – 247 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanguelova , E I , Nortcliff , S , Moffat , A J and Kennedy , F . 2007 . Short-term effects of manipulated increase in acid deposition on soil, soil solution chemistry and fine roots of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stand on a podzol . Plant Soil , 294 : 41 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Schöll , L , Keltjens , W G , Hoffland , E and van Breemen , N . 2004 . Aluminium concentration versus base cation to aluminium ratio as predictors for aluminium toxicity in Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies seedlings . For Ecol Manag , 195 : 301 – 309 .
   Google Scholar
• van Schöll , L , Keltjens , W G , Hoffland , E and van Breemen , N . 2005 . Effects of ectomycorrhizal colonization on the uptake of Ca and Mg and Al by Pinus sylvestris under aluminum toxicity . For Ecol Manag , 215 : 352 – 360 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt , A , Publicover , D A , Bloomfield , J , Perez , J M , Vogt , D J and Silver , W L . 1993 . Belowground responses as indicators of environmental changes . Environ Exp Bot , 133 : 189 – 205 .
   Google Scholar
• Wargo , P M , Vogt , K , Vogt , D , Holifield , Q , Tilley , J , Lawrence , G and David , M . 2003 . Vitality and chemistry of roots of red spruce in forest floors of stands with a gradient of soil Al/Ca ratios in the northeastern United States . Can J Forest Res , 33 : 635 – 652 .
   Google Scholar
• Watanabe , T , Jansen , S and Osaki , M . 2005 . The beneficial effect of aluminum and the role of citrate in aluminum accumulation in Melastoma malabathricum . New Phytol , 165 : 773 – 780 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wissemeier , A H , Hahn , G and Marschner , H . 1998 . Callose in roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) is a sensitive parameter for aluminum supply at a forest site (Höglwald) . Plant Soil , 199 : 53 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Zysset , M , Brunner , I , Frey , B and Blaser , P . 1996 . Response of European chestnut to varying calcium/aluminum ratios . J Environ Qual , 25 : 702 – 708 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar