Forest ecosystem assessment, changes in biodiversity and climate change in a densely populated region (Flanders, Belgium)

References

• Baeten , L , Bauwens , B , De Schrijver , A , De Keersmaeker , L , Van Calster , H , Vandekerkhove , K , Roelandt , B , Beeckman , H and Verheyen , K. Directional changes (1954–2000) in herb layer vegetation due to cessation of coppicing in a temperate deciduous forest (central Belgium) . Appl Veg Sci ,
   Google Scholar
• Boone , B . 2002 . Belang van niet-bosplanten voor de biodiversiteit in Vlaamse Bossen (Unpublished thesis) , K.U. Leuven .
   Google Scholar
• Bossuyt , B , Hermy , M and Deckers , J . 1999 . Migration of herbaceous plant species across ancient-recent forest ecotones in central Belgium . J Ecol , 87 : 628 – 638 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunet , J and Von Oheimb , G . 1998 . Migration of vascular plants to secondary woodlands in southern Sweden . J Ecol , 86 : 429 – 438 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colautti , R I , Grigorovich , I A and MacIsaac , H J . 2006 . Propagule pressure: A null model for biological invasions . Biol Invasions , 8 : 1023 – 1037 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Keersmaeker , L , Rogiers , N , Lauriks , R and De Vos , B . 2001 . Ecosysteemvisie bos Vlaanderen, ruimtelijke uitwerking van de natuurlijke bostypes op basis van bodemgroeperingseenheden en historische boskaarten . : 109 Report VLINA C97/06, AMINAL, afd. Natuur
   Google Scholar
• De Schrijver , A , Mertens , J , Geudens , G , Staelens , J , Campforts , E , Luyssaert , S , De Temmerman , L , De Keersmaeker , L , De Neve , S and Verheyen , K . 2006 . Acidification of forested podzols in North Belgium during the period 1950–2000 . Sci Tot Environ , 361 : 189 – 195 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehnen-Schmutz , K , Touza , T , Perrings , C and Williamson , M . 2007 . The horticultural trade and ornamental plant invasions in Britain . Conserv Biol , 21 : 224 – 231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrlén , J and Lethilä , K . 2002 . How perennial are perennial plants . Oikos , 98 : 308 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flinn , K M and Vellend , M . 2005 . Recovery of forest plant communities in post-agricultural landscapes . Front Ecol Environ , 3 : 243 – 250 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FOD . “ Economie, K.M.O. ” . In Middenstand en Energie 2005 Available: www.statbel.fgov.be
   Google Scholar
• Graae , B J , Hansen , T and Sunde , P B . 2004 . The importance of recruitment limitation in forest plant species colonization: A seed sowing experiment . Flora , 199 : 263 – 270 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermy , M , Honnay , O , Firbank , L , Grashof-Bokdam , C and Lawesson , J E . 1999 . An ecological comparison between ancient and other forest plant species of Europe, and the implications for conservation . Biol Conserv , 91 : 9 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermy , M and Stieperaere , H . 1981 . An indirect gradient analysis of the ecological relationships between ancient and recent riverine woodlands to the south of Bruges . Vegetatio , 44 : 46 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Hermy , M and Vandekerkhove , K . 2004 . “ Bosgebieden ” . In (red.), Natuurbeheer, Uitg , Edited by: Hermy , M , De Blust , G and Slootmaekers , M . 307 – 359 . Leuven : Davidsfonds i.s.m. Argus vzw, Natuurpunt vzw en het IN .
   Google Scholar
• Hermy , M and Verheyen , K . 2007 . Legacies of the past in the present-day forest biodiversity: A review of past land-use effects on forest plant species composition and diversity . Ecol Res , 22 : 361 – 371 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holvoet , B and Muys , B . 2004 . Sustainable forest management worldwide: A comparative assessment of standards . Intern Forestry Rev , 6 : 99 – 122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honnay , O , Degroote , B and Hermy , M . 1998 . Ancient-forest plants species in Western Belgium: A species list and possible ecological mechanisms . Belg J Bot , 130 : 139 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Honnay , O , Hermy , M and Coppin , P . 1999 . Impact of habitat quality on forest plant species colonization . For Ecol Manage , 115 : 157 – 170 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) . 2007 . “ Climate change 2007: Climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability ” . In Summary for policymakers Available: http://www.ipcc.ch/
   Google Scholar
• Lameire , S , Hermy , M and Honnay , O . 2000 . Two decades of change in the ground vegetation of a mixed deciduous forest in an agricultural landscape . J Veg Sci , 11 : 695 – 704 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lettens , S , van Orshoven , J , Van Wesemael , B , Muys , B and Perrin , D . 2005 . Soil organic carbon changes in landscape units of Belgium between 1960 and 2000 with reference to 1990 . Glob Chang Biol , 11 : 2128 – 2140 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockwood , J L , Cassey , P and Blackburn , T . 2005 . The role of propagule pressure in explaining species invasions . Trends Ecol Evol , 20 : 223 – 228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malcolm , J R , Markham , A , Neilson , R P and Garaci , M . 2002 . Estimated migration rates under scenarios of global climate change . J Biogeogr , 29 : 835 – 849 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matlack , R G . 1994 . Plant species migration in a mixed-history forest landscape in eastern North America . Ecology , 75 : 1491 – 1502 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLachlan , J S , Hellmann , J J and Schwartz , M W . 2007 . A framework for debate of assisted migration in an era of climate change . Conserv Biol , 21 : 297 – 302 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCPFE . 2003 . “ State of Europe's Forests 2003 ” . In The MCPFE report on sustainable forest management in Europe , MCPFE Liaison unit Vienna . Available: http://www.mcpfe.org/
   Google Scholar
• Natuurindicatoren . 2005 . Boskwaliteit: Trends broedvogels van bossen (1990–2002) , Brussel : INBO . Available: www.natuur indicatoren.be
   Google Scholar
• Parmesan , C . 2006 . Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change . Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst , 37 : 637 – 669 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce , D W and Moran , W . 1994 . The economic value of biodiversity , London : Earthscan Publ .
   Google Scholar
• Peterken , G F . 1974 . A method for assessing woodland flora for conservation using indicator species . Biol Conserv , 6 : 239 – 245 .
   Google Scholar
• Reichard , S H and White , P . 2001 . Horticulture as a pathway of invasive plant introductions in the United States . Bioscience , 51 : 103 – 113 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sioen , P and Roskams , P . 2005 . Natuurindicatoren, 2006 Available: www.natuurindicatoren.be
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan , J J , Timmins , S M and Williams , P A . 2005 . Movement of exotic plants into coastal native forests from gardens in northern New Zealand . NZ J Ecol , 29 : 1 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tack , G , Van den Bremt , P and Hermy , M . 1993 . Bossen van Vlaanderen, een historische ecologie , Leuven : Davidsfonds .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , C D , Cameron , A , Green , R E , Bakkenes , M , Beaumont , L J , Collingham , Y C , Erasmus , B FN , de Siqueira , M F , Grainger , A , Hannah , L , Hughes , L , Huntley , B , van Jaarsveld , A S , Midgley , G F , Miles , L , Ortega-Huerta , M A , Peterson , A T , Phillips , O L and Williams , S E . 2004 . Extinction risk from climate change . Nature , 427 : 145 – 148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Veken , S , Hermy , M , Vellend , M , Knapen , A and Verheyen , K . Garden plants get a head start on climate change . Front Ecol Environ , 6 212 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Veken , S , Verheyen , K and Hermy , M . 2004 . Plant species loss in an urban area (Turnhout, Belgium) from 1880 to 1999 and its environmental determinants . Flora , 199 : 516 – 523 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vellend , M , Verheyen , K , Jacquemyn , H , Kolb , A , van Calster , H , Peterken , G F and Hermy , M . 2006 . Extinction debt of forest plants persists for more than a century following habitat fragmentation . Ecology , 87 : 542 – 548 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verheyen , K , Guntenspergen , G , Biesbrouck , B and Hermy , M . 2003a . An integrated analysis of the effects of past land-use on forest plant species colonization at the landscape scale . J Ecol , 91 : 731 – 742 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verheyen , K , Honnay , O , Motzkin , G , Hermy , M and Foster , D . 2003b . Response of forest plant species to land-use change: A life-history based approach . J Ecol , 91 : 563 – 577 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Holle , B and Simberloff , D . 2005 . Ecological resistance to biological invasion overwhelmed by propagule pressure . Ecology , 86 : 3212 – 3218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whigham , D . 2004 . Ecology of woodland herbs in temperate deciduous forests . Ann Rev Ecol Syst , 5 : 583 – 621 .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , J W , Jackson , S T and Kutzbacht , J E . 2007 . Projected distributions of novel and disappearing climates by 2100 AD . Proc Nat Acad Sci USA , 104 : 5738 – 5741 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WRI (World Resources Institute) . 2003 . “ Millennium ecosystem assessment ” . In Ecosystems and human well-being. A framework for assessment , London : Island Press .
   Google Scholar