Genetic diversity of the shrub birch Betula humilis Schrk. at the south-western margin of its range

References

• Amos , W and Balmford , A . 2001 . When does conservation genetics matter? . Heredity , 87 : 257 – 265 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austerlitz , F , Mariette , S , Machon , N , Gouyon , P H and Godelle , B . 2000 . Effects of colonization processes on genetic diversity: differences between annual plants and tree species . Genetics , 154 : 1309 – 1321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baucom , R S , Estill , J C and Cruzan , M B . 2005 . The effect of deforestation on the genetic diversity and structure in Acer saccharum (Marsh): evidence for the loss and restructuring of genetic variation in a natural system . Cons Genet , 6 : 39 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole , C T . 2003 . Genetic variation in rare and common plants . Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst , 34 : 213 – 237 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornuet , J M and Luikart , G . 1996 . Description and power analysis of two tests for detecting recent population bottlenecks from allele frequency data . Genetics , 144 : 2001 – 2014 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culley , T M and Grubb , T C Jr . 2003 . Genetic effects of habitat fragmentation in Viola pubescens (Violaceae), a perennial herb with chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers . Mol Ecol , 12 : 2919 – 2830 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dąbrowska , G , Dzialuk , A , Burnicka , O , Ejankowski , W , Gugnacka-Fiedor , W and Goc , A . 2006 . Genetic diversity of postglacial relict shrub Betula nana revealed by RAPD analysis . Dendrobiology , 55 : 19 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Duminil , J and di Michele , M . 2009 . Plant species delimitation: a comparison of morphological and molecular markers . Plant Biosyst , 143 : 528 – 542 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellstrand , N C and Elam , D R . 1993 . Population genetic consequences of small population size: implications for plant conservation . Ann Rev Ecol Syst , 24 : 217 – 242 .
   Google Scholar
• Frankham , R , Ballou , J D and Brisco , D A . 2002 . “ Introduction to conservation genetics ” . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gaggiotti , O E , Lange , O , Rassmann , K and Gliddon , C . 1999 . A comparison of two indirect methods for estimating average levels of gene flow using microsatellite data . Mol Ecol , 8 : 1513 – 1520 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goudet , J . 1995 . FSTAT (version 2.9.3): a computer program to calculate F-statistics . J Heredity , 86 : 485 – 486 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hailer , F , Helander , B , Folkestand , A O , Ganusevich , S A , Garstad , S Hauff , P . 2006 . Bottlenecked but long-lived: high genetic diversity retained in white-tailed eagles upon recovery from population decline . Biol Lett , 2 : 316 – 319 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamrick , J L and Godt , M JW . 1989 . “ Allozyme diversity in plant species ” . In Plant population genetics, breeding and genetic resources , Edited by: Brown , A HD , Clegg , M T , Kahler , A L and Weir , B S . 43 – 63 . Sunderland , MA : Sinauer Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Hamrick , J L and Godt , M JW . 1996 . Effects of life-history traits on genetic diversity in plants . Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci , 351 : 1291 – 1298 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamrick , J L , Godt , M JW and Sherman-Broyles , S L . 1992 . Factors influencing levels of genetic diversity in woody plant species . New Forests , 6 : 95 – 124 .
   Google Scholar
• Honnay , O and Jacquemyn , H . 2007 . Susceptibility of common and rare plant species to the genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation . Cons Biol , 3 : 823 – 831 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu , L J , Uchiyama , K , Shen , H L , Saito , Y , Tsuda , Y and Ide , Y . 2008 . Nuclear DNA microsatellites reveal genetic variation but a lack of phylogeographical structure in an endangered species, Fraxinus mandshurica, across north-east China . Ann Bot , 102 : 195 – 205 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heuertz , M , Hausman , J F , Hardy , O J , Vendramin , G G , Frascaria-Lacoste , N and Vekemans , X . 2004 . Nuclear microsatellites reveal contrasting patterns of genetic structure between western and southeastern European populations of the common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) . Evolution , 58 : 976 – 988 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultén , E and Fries , M . 1986 . “ Atlas of north European vascular plants ” . Köningstein : Koeltz Scientific Books .
   Google Scholar
• Jacquemyn , H , Brys , R , Adriaens , D , Honnay , O and Roldán-Ruiz , I . 2009 . Effects of population size and forest management on genetic diversity and structure of the tuberous orchid Orchis mascula . Cons Genet , 10 : 161 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jump , A S and Peñuelas , J . 2006 . Genetic effects of chronic habitat fragmentation in a wind-pollinated tree . PNAS , 103 : 8096 – 8100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamm , U , Rotach , P , Gugerli , F , Siroky , M , Edwards , P and Holderegger , R . 2009 . Frequent long-distance gene flow in a rare temperate forest tree (Sorbus domestica) at the landscape scale . Heredity , 103 : 476 – 482 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulju , K KM , Pekkinen , M and Varvio , S . 2004 . “ Twenty-three microsatellite primer pairs for Betula pendula (Betulaceae). Mol Ecol Notes ” . 471 – 473 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuo , C H and Janzen , F J . 2004 . Genetic effects of a persistent bottleneck on a natural population of ornate box turtles (Terrapene ornata) . Cons Genet , 5 : 425 – 437 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natho , G . 1959 . Variationsbreite und Bastardbildung bei mitteleuropäischen Birkensippen . Feddes Repert , 61 : 211 – 273 .
   Google Scholar
• Neel , M C and Ellstrand , N C . 2003 . Conservation of genetic diversity in the endangered plant Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum . Cons Genet , 4 : 337 – 352 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson , S G and Wastljung , U . 1987 . Seed predation and cross-pollination in mast-seeding beech (Fagus sylvatica) patches . Ecology , 68 : 260 – 265 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , K R . 2004 . Comparisons of allozyme variation of narrow endemic and widespread species of Far East Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) . Bot Bull Acad Sin , 45 : 221 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Piry , S , Luikart , G and Cornuet , J M . 1999 . BOTTLENECK; a computer program for detecting recent reductions in the effective population size using allele frequency data . J Hered , 90 : 502 – 503 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pritchard , J K , Stephens , M and Donnelly , P . 2000 . Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data . Genetics , 155 : 945 – 959 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ralska-Jasiewiczowa , M , Wacnik , A , Mamakowa , K and Nalepka , D . 2004 . “ Betula L. – Birch ” . In Late glacial and holocene history of vegetation in Poland based on isopollen maps , Edited by: Ralska-Jasiewiczowa , M , Latałowa , M , Wasylikowa , K , Tobolski , K , Madeyska , E , Wright , Jr. , Wright , H E Jr. and Turner , C . 57 – 68 . Kraków : Instytut Botaniki im. W. Szafera, PAN .
   Google Scholar
• Raymond , M L and Rousset , F . 1995 . GENEPOP (version 1.2), a population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenism . J Hered , 86 : 248 – 249 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice , W R . 1989 . Analyzing tables of statistical tests . Evolution , 43 : 223 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider , S and Lischer , H . 2009 . “ ARLEQUIN, version 3.5. An integrated software package for population genetics data analysis ” . Berne : University of Berne .
   Google Scholar
• Silva , J P , Toland , J , Jones , W , Eldridge , J , Thorpe , E , Campbell , M and O'Hara , E . 2008 . “ Life and endangered plants. Conserving Europe's threatened flora. European Commission – Directorate-General for the Environment. Luxembourg: European Communities ” . 1 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Skjøth , C A , Sommer , J , Stach , A , Smith , M and Brandt , J . 2007 . The long-range transport of birch (Betula) pollen from Poland and Germany causes significant pre-season concentrations in Denmark . Clin Experiment Aller , 37 : 1204 – 1212 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slatkin , M and Voelm , L . 1991 . F ST in a hierarchical island model . Genetics , 127 : 627 – 629 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sork , V L , Davis , F W , Smouse , P E , Apsit , V J , Dyer , R J , Fernandez-M , J F and Kuhn , B . 2002 . Pollen movement in declining populations of California valley oak, Quercus lobata: where have all the fathers gone . Mol Ecol , 11 : 1657 – 1668 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straub , S CK and Doyle , J J . 2009 . Conservation genetics of Amorpha georgiana (Fabaceae), an endangered legume of the Southeastern United States . Mol Ecol , 18 : 4349 – 4365 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sydes , M A and Peakall , R . 1998 . Extensive clonality in the endangered shrub Haloragodendron lucasii (Haloragaceae) revealed by allozymes and RAPDs . Mol Ecol , 7 : 87 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truong , C , Palme , A E , Felber , F and Niciri-Graven , Y . 2005 . Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in the tetraploid birch, Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa . Mol Ecol Notes , 5 : 96 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usher , M . 2005 . “ Conserving European biodiversity in the context of climate change. Committee for the activities of the Council of Europe in the field of biological and landscape diversity. Strasburg: CO-DBP 3 ” . 1 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• van Oosterhout , C , Hutchinson , W F , Wills , P M and Shipley , P . 2004 . MICRO-CHECKER: software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data . Mol Ecol Notes , 4 : 535 – 538 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weir , B S and Cockerham , C C . 1984 . Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure . Evolution , 38 : 1358 – 1370 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willems , J H , Balounova , Z and Kindlmann , P . 2001 . The effect of shading on seed production and plant survival in the threatened species Spiranthes spiralis (Orchidaceae) . Lindleyana , 16 : 31 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Załuski , T , Pisarek , W , Kucharczyk , M and Kamińska , A M . 2001 . “ Betula humilis Schrank ” . In Polish plant red book , Edited by: Kaźmierczakowa , R and Zarzycki , K . 79 – 81 . Kraków : Instytut Botaniki im. W. Szafera, PAN . (in Polish with English summary)
   Google Scholar