Site-specific factors influence the richness and phenology of snowbed plants in the Pyrenees

References

• Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMET). 2008. Generación de escenarios regionalizados de cambio climático para España Madrid: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente.
   Google Scholar
• Arft AM, Walker MD, Gurevitch J, Alatalo JM, Bret-Harte MS, Dale M, et al. 1999. Responses of tundra plants to experimental warming: A meta-analysis of the international tundra experiment. Ecol Monogr 69: 491–511.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auerbach NA, Halfpenny JC. 1991. Snowpack and the subnivean environment for different aspects of an open meadow in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA. Arct Alp Res 23: 41–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beniston M, Keller F, Goyette S. 2003. Snowpack in the Swiss Alps under changing climatic conditions: An empirical approach for climate impact studies. Theor Appl Climatol 74: 19–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billings WD, Bliss LC. 1959. An alpine snowbank environment and its effects on vegetation, plant development, and productivity. Ecology 40: 388–397.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björk RG, Molau U. 2007. Ecology of alpine snowbeds and the impact of global change. Arct Antarct Alp Res 39: 34–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bliss LC. 1960. Adaptations of arctic and alpine plants to environmental conditions. Symposium Life Under Extreme Conditions, 9–10 December 1960, New York, p.144.
   Google Scholar
• Bolòs O, Vigo O, Carreres J, Ninot JM. 2005. Flora Manual dels Països Catalans. 3rd ed., Barcelona: Pòrtic Barcelona.
   Google Scholar
• Cess RD, Potter GL, Zhang M-H, Blanchet J-P, Chalita S, Colman R, et al. 1991. Interpretation of snow-climate feedback as produced by 17 general circulation models. Science 253: 888–892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen MN, Wu Y, Wu N, Wang Q. 2011. Effect of snowmelt time on growth and reproduction of Pedicularis davidii var. pentodon in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Plant Biosyst 145(4): 802–808.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chevan A, Sutherland M. 1991. Hierachical partioning. Am Stat 45: 90–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dávila P, Téllez O, Lira R. 2012. Impact of climate change on the distribution of populations of an endemic Mexican columnar cactus in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, Mexico. Plant Biosyst 147(2): 376–386.
   Google Scholar
• Domènech M. 2012. Cartografia de les congestes i ecologia de les comunitats vegetals de les congesteres d'Andorra. Tesis doctoral, Universitat de Lleida, Espanya, p. 185.
   Google Scholar
• European Environmental Agency (EEA). 2004. Impacts of Europe's changing climate. An indicator-based assessment. Copenhagen: EEA.
   Google Scholar
• Evans RD, Fonda RW. 1990. The influence of snow on subalpine meadow community pattern, North cascades, Washington. Can J Bot 68: 212–220.
   Google Scholar
• Fernández Calzado MR, Molero Mesa J, Merzouki A, Casares Porcel M. 2012. Vascular plant diversity and climate change in the upper zone of Sierra Nevada, Spain. Plant Biosyst 146(4): 1044–1053.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galen C, Stanton M. 1995. Responses of snowbed plant species to changes in growing season length. Ecology 76: 1546–1557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabherr G. 2003. Alpine vegetation dynamics and climate change – A synthesis of long-term studies and observation. In: Nagy L, Grabherr G, Körner C, Thompson DBA, editors. Alpine biodiversity in Europe. Berlin: Springer. pp. 399–409.
   Google Scholar
• Hülber K, Bardy K, Dullinger S. 2011. Effects of snowmelt timing and competition on the performance of alpine snowbed plants. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 13: 15–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hülber K, Gottfried M, Pauli H, Reiter K, Winkler M, Grabherr G. 2006. Phenological responses of snowbed species to snow removal dates in the Central Alps: Implications for climate warming. Arct Antarct Alp Res 38: 99–103.
   Google Scholar
• Hülber K, Winkler M, Grabherr G. 2010. Intraseasonal climate and habitat-specific variability controls the flowering of high alpine species. Funct Ecol 24: 245–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPCC. 2007. IPCC fourth assessment report: Climate change. In: Core Writing Team, Pachauri RK, Reisinger A, editors. Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel of climate change. Geneva: IPCC. p.104.
   Google Scholar
• Körner C. 2003. Alpine plant life. Functional plant ecology of high mountain ecosystems. 2nd ed., Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Kudo G, Hirao AS. 2006. Habitat-specific responses in the flowering phenology and seed set of alpine plants to climate variation: Implications for global-change impacts. Popul Ecol 48: 49–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lluent A. 2007. Estudi de l'estructura i funcionament de les comunitats quionòfiles als Pirineus en relació a la variació dels factors ambientals. Barcelona University (UB): Barcelona.
   Google Scholar
• López-Moreno JI, Goyett S, Beniston M. 2009. Impact of climate change on snowpack in the Pyrenees: Horizontal spatial variability and vertical gradients. J Hydrol 374: 384–396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mac Nally R, Walsh C. 2005. hier.part: Variance partition of a multivariate data set. R package version 2.3. Available: http://www.r-project.org.
   Google Scholar
• Miller-Rushing AJ, Primack RB. 2008. Global warming and flowering times in Thoreau's concord: A community perspective. Ecology 89: 332–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molau U, Nordenhäll U, Eriksen B. 2005. Onset of flowering and climate variability in an alpine landscape: A 10-year study from Swedish Lapland. Am J Bot 92: 422–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz J, García A, Andrés N, Palacios D. 2007. La vegetación del ventisquero de la condesa (Sierra de Guadarrama, Madrid) y sus condicionantes termo-nivales. Boletín de la Asociación Española Geografía 44: 29–52.
   Google Scholar
• Nagy L. 2006. European High Mountain (Alpine) vegetation and its suitability for indicating climate change impacts. Biol Environ Proc R Irish Acad 106B(3): 335–341.
   Google Scholar
• Peñuelas J, Filella I. 2001. Phenology: Responses to a warming world. Science 294: 793–795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peñuelas J, Filella I, Comas P. 2002. Change plant and animal life cycles from 1952 to 2000 in the Mediterranean region. Global Change Biol 8: 531–544.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Post ES, Pedersen C, Wilmers CC, Forchhammer MC. 2008. Phenological sequences reveal aggregate life history response to climate warming. Ecology 89: 363–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Development Core Team. 2010. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
   Google Scholar
• Retzer JL. 1956. Alpine soils of the Rocky Mountains. Eur J Soil Sci 7: 22–32.
   Google Scholar
• SAS Institute. 2003. SAS for Windows, version 9.1. Cary, NC: SAS Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Schöb C, Kammer PM, Choler P, Veit H. 2009. Small-scale plant species distribution in snowbeds and its sensibility to climate change. Plant Ecol 200: 91–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott D, Billings WD. 1964. Effects of environmental factors on standing crop and productivity of an alpine tundra. Ecol Monogr 34: 243–270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Servei Meteorològic de Catalunya (Meteocat). 2013. Butlletins Climàtics dels anys 2009, 2010 i 2011. Departament de Territori i Sostenibilitat. Generalitat de Catalunya. Available: http://www.meteocat.com. Accessed December 2013 10.
   Google Scholar
• Stanton ML, Rejmanek M, Galen C. 1994. Changes in vegetation and soil fertility along a predictable snowmelt gradient in the Mosquito range, Colorado, USA. Arct Alp Res 26: 364–374.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surina Modric Z, Surina B. 2010. Snowbed vegetation in Croatia: Phytosociology, ecology and conservation status. Plant Biosyst 144(4): 747–768.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theurillat JP, Guisan A. 2001. Potential impact of climate change on vegetation in the European Alps: A review. Clim Change 50: 77–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tieszen LL. 1975. CO2 exchange in the Alaskan arctic tundra: Seasonal changes in the rate of photosynthesis of four species. Photosynthetica 9: 376–390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomaselli M. 1991. The snow-bed vegetation in the Northern Apennines. Vegetatio 94: 177–189.
   Google Scholar
• Totland O, Alatalo JM. 2002. Effects of temperature and date of snowmelt on growth, reproduction, and flowering phenology in the arctic/alpine herb, Ranunculus glacialis. Oecologia 133: 168–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker DA, Halfpenny JC, Walker MD, Wessman CA. 1993. Long-term studies of snow-vegetation interactions. Biosciences 43: 287–301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wipf S. 2010. Phenology, growth, and fecundity of eight subartic tundra species in response to snowmelt manipulations. Plant Ecol 201: 53–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar