Pollen flow between flowers of the same morph in invasive populations of Oxalis pes-caprae L. in the western Mediterranean region

References

• Abràmoff MD, Hospitals I, Magalhães PJ. 2004. Image processing with ImageJ. Biophotonics Int 11: 36–42.
   Google Scholar
• Adler LS, Irwin RE. 2006. Comparison of pollen transfer dynamics by multiple floral visitors: Experiments with pollen and fluorescent dye. Ann Bot 97: 141–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker HG. 1955. Self-compability and establishment after “long-distance” dispersal. Evolution 9: 347–348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker HG. 1967. Support for Baker's Law – As a rule. Evolution 21: 853–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett SCH. 1979. The evolutionary breakdown of tristyly in Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (water hyacinth). Evolution 33: 499–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett SCH. 1985. Floral trimophism and monomorphism in continental and island populations of Eichhornia paniculata (Spreng.) Solms. (Pontederiaceae). Biol J Linn Soc 25: 21–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett SCH. 1988. The evolution, maintenance, and loss of self-incompatibility systems. In: Doust LL, Doust JL, editors. Plant reproductive ecology – patterns and strategies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 98–124.
   Google Scholar
• Barrett SCH. 1989. The evolutionary breakdown of heterostyly. In: Bock JH, Linhart YB, editors. The evolutionary ecology of plants. Boulder: Westview Press. pp. 151–169.
   Google Scholar
• Barrett SCH, Harder LD. 2006. David G. Lloyd and the evolution of floral biology: From natural history to strategic analysis. In: Harder LD, Barrett SCH, editors. Ecology and evolution of flowers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–21.
   Google Scholar
• Barrett SCH, Jesson LK, Baker AM. 2000. The evolution and function of stylar polymorphisms in flowering plants. Ann Bot 85: 253–265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett SCH, Shore JS. 2008. New insights on heterostyly: comparative biology, ecology and genetics. In: Franklin-Tong VE, editor. Self-incompatibility in flowering plants – evolution, diversity and mechanisms. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 3–32.
   Google Scholar
• Barrett SCH, Wolfe LM. 1986. Pollen heteromorphism as a tool in studies of the pollination process in Pontederia cordata. In: Mulcahy DL, B. MG, Ottaviano E, editors. Biotechnology and ecology of pollen. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 435–442.
   Google Scholar
• Bloch D, Werdenberg N, Erhardt A. 2006. Pollination crisis in the butterfly-pollinated wild carnation Dianthus carthusianorum? New Phytol 169: 699–706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowmer KH, Jacobs SWL, Sainty GR. 1995. Identification, biology and management of Elodea canadiensis, Hydrocharitaceae. J Aquat Plant Manag 33: 13–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell DR, Waser NM. 1989. Variation in pollen flow within and among populations of Ipomopsis aggregata. Evolution 43: 1444–1455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro S, Ferrero V, Costa J, Sousa AJ, Castro M, Navarro L, Loureiro J. 2013. Reproductive strategy of the invasive Oxalis pes-caprae: Distribution patterns of flower morphs, ploidy levels and sexual reproduction. Biol Invasions 15: 1863–1875.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro S, Loureiro J, Santos C, Ater M, Ayensa G, Navarro L. 2007. Distribution of flower morphs, ploidy level and sexual reproduction of the invasive weed Oxalis pes-caprae in the Western area of the Mediterranean region. Ann Bot 99: 507–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa J, Ferrero V, Loureiro J, Castro M, Navarro L, Castro S. 2014. Sexual reproduction in the invasive pentaploid short-styled Oxalis pes-caprae allows the production of viable offspring. Plant Biol 16: 208–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawley MJ. 1989. Chance and timing in biological invasions. In: Drake JA, Mooney HA, Di Castri F, Groves RH, Kruger FJ, Rejmánek M, Williamson M, editors. Biological invasions: a global perspective. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 407–424.
   Google Scholar
• Fenster CB, Armbruster WS, Wilson P, Dudash MR, Thomson JD. 2004. Pollination syndromes and floral specialization. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 35: 375–403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrero V, Castro S, Costa J, Acuña P, Navarro L, Loureiro J. 2013. Effect of invader removal: pollinators stay but some native plants miss their new friend. Biol Invasions 15: 2347–2358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrero V, Castro S, Sánchez JM, Navarro L. 2011. Stigma–anther reciprocity, pollinators, and pollen transfer efficiency in populations of heterostylous species of Lithodora and Glandora (Boraginaceae). Plant Syst Evol 291: 267–276.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbein M, Venable L. 1996. Diversity and temporal change in the effective pollinators of Asclepias tuberosa. Ecology 77: 1061–1073.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forman J, Kesseli RV. 2003. Sexual reproduction in the invasive species Fallopia japonica (Polygonaceae). Am J Bot 90: 586–592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganders FR. 1979. The biology of heterostyly. New Zeal J Bot 17: 607–635.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghazoul J. 2004. Alien abduction: Disruption of native plant-pollinator interactions. Biotropica 36: 156–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs PE. 1976. Studies on the breeding system of Oxalis tuberosa MOL. Flora 165: 129–138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson MR, Pauw A, Richardson DM. 2013. Decreased insect visitation to a native species caused by an invasive tree in the Cape Floristic Region. Biol Conserv 157: 196–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goulson D, Wright NP. 1997. Flower constancy in the hoverflies Episyrphus balteatus (Degeer) and Syrphus ribesii (L.) (Syrphidae). Behav Ecol 9: 213–219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harder LD, Barrett SCH. 1993. Pollen removal from tristylous Pontederia cordata: effects of anther position and pollinator specialization. Ecology 74: 1059–1072.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrera CM. 1987. Components of pollinator “quality”: Comparative analysis of a diverse insect assemblage. Oikos 50: 79–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrera CM. 1995. Microclimate and individual variation in pollinators: flowering plants are more than their flowers. Ecology 76: 1516–1524.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmquist KG, Mitchell RJ, Karron JD. 2012. Influence of pollinator grooming on pollen-mediated gene dispersal in Mimulus ringens (Phrymaceae). Plant Species Biol 27: 77–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holsinger KE. 2000. Reproductive systems and evolution in vascular plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci Biol 97: 7037–7042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvitz CC, Schemske DW. 1988. A test of the pollinator limitation hypothesis for a neotropical herb. Ecology 69: 200–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennersten O, Nilsson S. 1993. Insect flower visitation frequency and seed production in relation to patch size of Viscaria vulgaris (Cariophyllaceae). Oikos 68: 283–292.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson SD. 1996. Pollination, adaptation and speciation models in the Cape Flora of South Africa. Taxon 45: 59–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadmon R. 1992. Dynamics of forager arrivals and nectar renewal in flowers of Anchusa strigosa. Oecologia 92: 552–555.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandori I. 2002. Diverse visitors with various pollinator importance and temporal change in the important pollinators of Geranium thunbergii (Geraniaceae). Ecol Res 17: 283–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearns CA, Inouye DW. 1993. Techniques for pollination biologists. Colorado: University Press of Colorado.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis D. 1954. Comparative incompatibility in angiosperms and fungi. Adv Genet 6: 235–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis D, Jones DA. 1992. The genetics of heterostyly. In: Barrett SCH, editor. Evolution and function of heterostyly. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 129–150.
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd DG, Schoen DJ. 1992. Self- and cross-fertilization in plants I. Functional dimensions. Int J Plant Sci 153: 358–369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd DG, Webb CJ. 1986. The avoidance of interference between the presentation of pollen and stigmas in angiosperms I. Dichogamy. New Zeal J Bot 24: 135–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd DG, Webb CJ, Dulberger R. 1990. Heterostyly in species of Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae) and Hugonia (Linaceae) and other disputed cases. Plant Syst Evol 172: 215–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopezaraiza-Mikel ME, Hayes RB, Whalley MR, Memmott J. 2007. The impact of an alien plant on a native pollinator network: an experimental approach. Ecol Lett 10: 539–550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marco DE, Arroyo MTK. 1998. The breeding system of Oxalis squamata, a tristylous South American species. Bot Acta 111: 497–504.
   Google Scholar
• Michael PW. 1964. The identity and origin of varieties of Oxalis pes-caprae L. naturalizad in Australia. Trans Roy Soc S Aust 88: 167–173.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan M. 2006. Selection on reproductive characters: conceptual foundations and their extension to pollinator interactions. In: Harder LD, Barrett SCH, editors. Ecology and Evolution of flowers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 25–40.
   Google Scholar
• Mulcahy DL, Carporello D. 1970. Pollen flow within a tristylous species: Lythrum  salicaria. Am J Bot 57: 1027–1030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murcia C. 1990. Effect of floral morphology and temperature on pollen receipt and removal in Ipomoea trichocarpa. Ecology 71: 1098–1109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nocentini D, Pacini E, Guarnieri M, Nepi M. 2012. Flower morphology, nectar traits and pollinators of Cerinthe major (Boraginaceae-Lithospermeae). Flora 207: 186–196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olesen JM. 1979. Floral morphology and pollen flow in the heterostylous species Pulmonaria obscura Dumort (Boraginaceae). New Phytol 82: 757–767.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ornduff R. 1964. The breeding system of Oxalis suksdorfii. Am J Bot 51: 307–314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ornduff R. 1987. Reproductive systems and chromossome races of Oxalis pes-caprae L. and their bearing on the genesis of a noxious weed. Ann Mol Bot Gard 74: 79–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ornduff R. 1970. Incompatibility and the pollen economy of Jepsonia parryi. Am J Bot 57: 1036–1041.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ornduff R. 1979. Pollen flow in a population of Primula vulgaris Huds. Bot J Linn Soc 78: 1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price SD, Barrett SCH. 1984. The function and adaptative significance of tristyly in Pontederia cordata L. (Pontederiaceae). Biol J Linn Soc 21: 315–329.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rademaker MCJ, De Jong TJ, Klinkhamer PGL. 1997. Pollen dynamics of bumble-bee visitation on Echium vulgare. Funct Ecol 11: 554–563.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson DM, Allsopp N, D'Antonio CM, Milton SJ, Rejmánek M. 2000. Plant invasions – the role of mutualisms. Biol Rev 75: 65–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Rossum F, Stiers I, Van Geert A, Triest L, Hardly OJ. 2011. Fluorescent dye particles as pollen analogues for measuring pollen dispersal in an insect-pollinated forest herb. Oecologia 165: 663–674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahli H, Conner J. 2007. Visitation, effecriveness, and efficiency of 15 genera of visitors to wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum (Brassicaceae). Am J Bot 94: 203–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Pedraja O. 2008. Oxalis L. In: Garmendia FM, Navarro C, editors. Flora Iberica. vol 9. Madrid: Real Jardín Botánico, C.S. I.C.
   Google Scholar
• Signorini MA, Giovampaola EDM, Bruschi P, Foggi B, Tani C. 2013. Karyological investigations on the South African Oxalis pes-caprae L. (Oxalidaceae) in native and invaded areas, with special focus on Italy. Plant Biosyst 147: 298–305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stebbins GL. 1957. Self fertilization and population variability in the higher plants. Am Nat 91: 337–354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone GN, Raine NE, Prescott M, Wilmer PG. 2003. Pollination ecology of acacias (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae). Aust Syst Bot 16: 103–118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone JL, Thomson JD. 1994. The Evolution of distyly: Pollen transfer in artificial flowers. Evolution 48: 1595–1606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Development Core Team. 2013. A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
   Google Scholar
• Thomson JD. 1986. Pollen transport and deposition by bumble bees in Erythronium: influences of floral nectar and bee grooming. J Ecol 74: 329–341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson JD, Price MV, Waser NM, Stratton DA. 1986. Comparative studies of pollen and fluorescent dye transport by bumble bees visiting Erythronium grandiflorum. Oecologia 69: 561–566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traveset A, Richardson DM. 2006. Biological invasions as disruptors of plant reproductive mutualisms. Trends Ecol Evol 21: 208–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turketti SS. 2010. A study of tristyly in South African Oxalis. Doctoral dissertation, University of Stellenbosch.
   Google Scholar
• Vilà M, Bartolomeus I, Gimeno I, Traveset A, Moragues E. 2006. Demography of the invasive geophyte Oxalis pes-caprae across a Mediterranean island. Ann Bot 97: 1055–1062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waser NM, Price MV. 1982. A comparison of pollen and fluorescent dye carryover by natural pollinators of Ipomopsis aggregata (Polemoniaceae). Ecology 63: 1168–1172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb CJ, Lloyd DG. 1986. The avoidance of interference between the presentation of pollen and stigmas in angiosperms II. Herkogamy. New Zeal J Bot 24: 163–178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weller SG. 1976. Breeding system polymorphism in a heterostylous species. Evolution 30: 442–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe LM, Barrett SCH. 1987. Pollinator foraging behavior and pollen collection on the floral morphs of tristylous Pontederia cordata L. Oecologia 74: 347–351.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar