Quantitative changes of forest landscapes over the last century across Italy

References

• Amici V, Santi E, Filibeck G, Diekmann M, Geri F, Landi S, Scoppola A, Chiarucci A. 2013. Influence of secondary forest succession on plant diversity patterns in a Mediterranean landscape. J Biogeogr. 40: 2335–2347. doi:10.1111/jbi.12182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amici V, Landi S, Frascaroli F, Rocchini D, Santi E, Chiarucci A. 2015. Anthropogenic drivers of plant diversity: perspective on land-use change in a dynamic cultural landscape. Biodivers Conserv. 24: 3185–3199. doi:10.1007/s10531-015-0949-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antrop M. 2005. Why landscapes of the past are important for the future. Landsc Urban Plan. 70: 21–34. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.10.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbati A, Marchetti M, Chirici G, Corona P. 2014. European forest types and forest Europe SFM indicators: tools for monitoring progress on forest biodiversity conservation. For Ecol Manage. 321: 145–157. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2013.07.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biasi R, Colantoni A, Ferrara C, Ranalli F, Salvati L. 2015. In-between sprawl and fires: long-term forest expansion and settlement dynamics at the wildland–urban interface in Rome, Italy. Int J Sust Dev World Eco. 22(6): 467–475. doi:10.1080/13504509.2015.1064488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bracchetti L, Carotenuto L, Catorci A. 2012. Land-cover changes in a remote area of central Apennines (Italy) and management directions. Landsc Urban Plan. 104: 157–170.10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.09.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braimoh AK. 2006. Random and systematic land cover transitions in northern Ghana. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 113: 254–263. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.09.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bravo-Oviedo A, Pretzsch H, Ammer C, Andenmatten E, Antón C, Barbati A, Barreiro S, Brang P, Bravo F, Brunner A, et al. 2014. European Mixed Forests: definition and research perspectives. Forest Systems. 23: 518–533. doi:10.5424/fs/2014233-06256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown DJ, Duh J, Drzyzga SA. 2000. Estimating error in an analysis of forest fragmentation change using North American landscape characterization (NACL) data. Remote Sens Environ. 71: 106–117. doi:10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00070-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campagnaro T, Frate L, Carranza ML, Sitzia T. 2017. Multi-scale analysis of alpine landscapes with different intensities of abandonment reveals similar spatial pattern changes: implications for habitat conservation. Ecol Ind. 74: 147–159. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.11.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapin FS, Matson PA, Mooney HA. 2002. Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology. New York (NY): Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9504-9.
   Google Scholar
• Chazdon RL, Brancalion PH, Laestadius L, Bennett-Curry A, Buckingham K, Kumar C, Moll-Rocek J, Vieira IC, Wilson SJ. 2016. When is a forest a forest? Forest concepts and definitions in the era of forest and landscape restoration. Ambio. 45(5): 538–550. doi:10.1007/s13280-016-0772-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chemini C, Rizzoli A. 2003. Land-use change and biodiversity conservation in the Alps. Journal of Mountain Ecology 7(Suppl): 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Chiavetta U, Camarretta N, Garfı V, Ottaviano M, Chirici G, Vizzarri M, Marchetti M. 2016. Harmonized forest categories in central Italy. J Maps. 2016: doi:10.1080/17445647.2016.1161437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciancio O, Corona P, Lamonaca A, Portoghesi L, Travaglini D. 2006. Conversion of clearcut beech coppices into high forests with continuous cover: A case study in central Italy. For Ecol Manage. 224: 235–240. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2005.12.045.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cihlar J. 2000. Land cover mapping of large areas from satellites: status and research priorities. Int J Remote Sens. 21: 1093–1114. doi:10.1080/014311600210092.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cimini D, Tomao A, Mattioli W, Barbati A, Corona P. 2013. Assessing impact of forest cover change dynamics on high nature value farmland in Mediterranean mountain landscape. Ann Silvicultural Res. 37(1): 29–37. doi:10.12899/asr-771.
   Google Scholar
• Ciolli M, Tattoni C, Ferretti F. 2012. Understanding forest changes to support planning: a fine-scale Markov chain approach. Dev Environ Modell. 25: 355–373. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-59396-2.00021-3.
   Google Scholar
• Colantoni A, Mavrakis A, Sorgi T, Salvati L. 2015. Towards a ‘polycentric’ landscape? Reconnecting fragments into an integrated network of coastal forests in Rome. Rendiconti Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei 26(S3): 615–624. doi:10.1007/s12210-015-0394-5.
   Google Scholar
• Corona P, Marchetti M, Morgante L, Di Pietro R. 2001. Cartografia sperimentale e prodromi di una tipologia dei boschi dell’Appennino abruzzese. Annali dell’Accademia Italiana di Scienze Forestali XLIX-L: 174–241 (In Italian).
   Google Scholar
• Corona P, Chirici G, Marchetti M. 2002. Forest ecosystem inventory and monitoring as a framework for terrestrial natural renewable resource survey programmes. Plant Biosyst. 136: 69–82. doi:10.1080/11263500212331358531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corona P, Fattorini L, Chirici G, Valentini R, Marchetti M. 2007. Estimating forest area at the year 1990 by two-phase sampling on historical remotely sensed imagery in Italy. J Forest Res. 12: 8–13. doi:10.1007/s10310-006-0239-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corona P, Calvani P, Scarascia Mugnozza G, Pompei E. 2008. Modelling natural forest expansion on a landscape level by multinomial logistic regression. Plant Biosyst. 142: 509–517. doi:10.1080/11263500802410850.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corona P, Ferrari B, Iovino F, La Mantia T, Barbati A. 2009. Rimboschimenti e lotta alla desertificazione in Italia. Roma: Aracne Editrice (in Italian with extended abstract in English).
   Google Scholar
• Corona P, Barbati A, Tomao A, Bertani R, Valentini R, Marchetti M, Fattorini L, Perugini L. 2012. Land-use inventory as framework for environmental accounting: an application in Italy. iForest 5: 204–209. doi:10.3832/ifor0625-005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Environment Canada. 2004. How much habitat is enough? (second edition) a framework for guiding habitat rehabilitation in the great lakes areas of concern. http://www.on.ec.gc.ca/wildlife/docs/habitatframework-e.html#232.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrara A, Salvati L, Sateriano A, Carlucci M, Gitas I, Biasi R. 2015. Unraveling the ‘stable’ landscape: a multi-factor analysis of unchanged agricultural and forest land (1987–2007) in a rapidly-expanding urban region. Urban Ecosyst. 19(2): 835–848. doi:10.1007/s11252-015-0509-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garbarino M, Sibona E, Lingua E, Motta R. 2014. Decline of traditional landscape in a protected area of the southwestern Alps: the fate of enclosed pasture patches in the land mosaic shift. J Mt Sci. 11: 544–554. doi:10.1007/s11629-013-2666-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geri F, Rocchini D, Chiarucci A. 2010. Landscape metrics and topographical determinants of large-scale forest dynamics in a Mediterranean landscape. Landsc Urban Plan. 95: 46–53. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2009.12.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall JM, Van Holt T, Daniels AE, Balthazar V, Lambin EF. 2012. Trade-offs between tree cover, carbon storage and floristic biodiversity in reforesting landscapes. Landscape Ecol. 27: 1135–1147. doi:10.1007/s10980-012-9755-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill JL, Curran PJ. 2003. Area, shape and isolation of tropical forest fragments: effects on tree species diversity and implications for conservation. J Biogeogr. 30: 1391–1403. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00930.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houghton R. 1994. A worldwide extent of land-use change. Bio-Science 44: 305–313. doi:10.2307/1312380.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaim D, Kozak J, Kolecka N, Ziołkowska E, Ostafin K, OstapowiczK Gimmi U, Munteanu C, Radeloff VC. 2016. Broad scale forest cover reconstruction from historical topographic maps. Appl Geogr. 67: 39–48. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.12.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koomen E, Stillwell J. 2007. Modeling land-use change. Theories and methods. In: Koomen E, Stillwell J, Bakema A, Scholten H, editors. Modeling land-use-change: progress and applications, vol. 90. Geojournal Library. pp. 1–21.
   Google Scholar
• Lee M, Fahrig L, Freemark K, Currie DJ. 2002. Importance of patch scale vs. landscape scale on selected forest birds. Oikos. 96(1): 110–118. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.960112.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancino G, Nolè A, Ripullone F, Ferrara A. 2014. Landsat TM imagery and NDVI differencing to detect vegetation change: assessing natural forest expansion in Basilicata, southern Italy. iForest. 7: 75–84. doi:10.3832/ifor0909-007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchetti M, Chiavetta U, Santopuoli G. 2009. La cartografia forestale su base tipologica della Regione Abruzzo: dai “prodromi” alla carta forestale dell’Italia centrale. Regione Abruzzo La Carta Tipologico-Forestale Della Regione Abruzzo. Stampatori. L’Aquila: Fabiani & Co; p. 13–29.
   Google Scholar
• Marchetti M, Sallustio L, Ottaviano M, Barbati A, Corona P, Tognetti R, Zavattero L, Capotorti G. 2012. Carbon sequestration by forests in the National Parks of Italy. Plant Biosyst. 146: 1001–1011. doi:10.1080/11263504.2012.738715.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mather AS. 1992. The forest transition. Area 24: 367–379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGarigal K, Cushman SA, Ene E. 2012. FRAGSTATS v4: Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Categorical and Continuous Maps. Computer software program produced by the authors at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. http://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/fragstats.html.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer E. 2002. Turismo e storia della produzione cartografica: la carta d’italia del touring club italiano al 250.000. Altronovecento 6 http://www.fondazionemicheletti.it/altronovecento/articolo.aspx?id_articolo=6&tipo_articolo=d_saggi&id=187, (in Italian).
   Google Scholar
• Meyfroidt P, Lambin EF. 2011. Global forest transition: prospects for an end to deforestation. Annu Rev Environ Resour. 36: 343–371. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-090710-143732.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarro LM, Pereira HM. 2012. Rewilding abandoned landscapes in Europe. Ecosystems 15(6): 900–912. doi:10.1007/s10021-012-9558-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemelä J, Young Juliette, Alard D, Askasibar M, Henle K, Johnson R, Kurttila M, Larsson TB, Matouch S, Nowicki P, et al. 2005. Identifying, managing and monitoring conflicts between forest biodiversity conservation and other human interests in Europe. Forest Policy and Economics 7: 877–890. doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2004.04.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pătru-Stupariu I, Stupariu MS, Cuculici R, Huzui A. 2011. Understanding landscape change using historical maps. Case study Sinaia, Romania. J Maps. 7: 206–220. doi:10.4113/jom.2011.1151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petit CC, Lambin EF. 2002. Impact of data integration technique on historical land use/land-cover change: Comparing historical maps with remote sensing data in the Belgian Ardennes. Landscape Ecol. 17: 117–132. doi:10.1023/A:1016599627798.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Queiroz C, Beilin R, Folke C, Lindborg R. 2014. Farmland abandonment: threat or opportunity for biodiversity conservation? A global review. Front Ecol Environ. 12: 288–296. doi:10.1890/120348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocchini D, Perry GLW, Salerno M, Maccherini S, Chiarucci A. 2006. Landscape change and the dynamics of open formations in a natural reserve. Landsc Urban Plan. 77: 167–177. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.02.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocchini D, Balkenhol N, Carter GA, Foody GM, Gillespie TW, He KS, Kark S, Levin N, Lucas K, Luoto M, et al. 2010. Remotely sensed spectral heterogeneity as a proxy of species diversity: Recent advances and open challenges. Ecological Informatics 5(5): 318–329. doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2010.06.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero-Calcerrada R, Perry GLW. 2004. The role of land abandonment in landscape dynamics in the SPA ‘Encinares del rı́o Alberche y Cofio, Central Spain, 1984–1999. Landsc Urban Plan. 66: 217–232. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.02.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudel TK, Coomes OT, Moran E, Achard F, Angelsen A, Xu J, Lambin E. 2005. Forest transitions: towards a global understanding of land use change. Global Environ Change. 15: 23–31. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.11.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabbi A, Salvati L. 2014. Searching for a downward spiral? Soil erosion risk, agro-forest landscape and socioeconomic conditions in Italian local communities. Land Use Policy. 41: 388–396. doi:10.3390/su8010032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvati L, Biasi R, Carlucci M, Ferrara A. 2015. Forest transition and urban growth: exploring latent dynamics (1936–2006) in Rome, Italy, using a geographically weighted regression and implications for coastal forest conservation. Rendiconti Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei 26(S3): 577–585.10.1007/s12210-015-0378-5
   Google Scholar
• Sitzia T, Semenzato P, Trentanovi G. 2010. Natural reforestation is changing spatial patterns of rural mountain and hill landscapes: A global overview. For Ecol Manage. 259: 1354–1362. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2010.01.048.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soille P, Vogt P. 2009. Morphological segmentation of binary patterns. Pattern Recogn Lett. 30: 456–459. doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2008.10.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talbert RJA. 2010. Rome’s world. The Peutinger map reconsidered. New York (NY): Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511686863
   Google Scholar
• Tattoni C, Ciolli M, Ferretti F. 2011. The fate of priority areas for conservation in protected areas: a fine-scale Markov chain approach. Environ Manage. 47: 263–278. doi:10.1007/s00267-010-9601-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonti D, Estreguil C, Marchetti M, Oehmichen K, Chirici G. 2010. linking and harmonizing forest spatial pattern analyses at European, national and regional scales for a better characterization of forest vulnerability and resilience. European Commission Joint Research Centre and Institute for Environment and Sustainability. doi:10.2788/6495.
   Google Scholar
• Vacchiano G, Magnani F, Collalti A. 2012. Modeling Italian forests: state of the art and future challenges. iForest. 5: 113–120. doi:10.3832/ifor0614-005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vizzarri M, Chiavetta U, Chirici G, Garfì V, Bastrup-Birk A, Marchetti M. 2015. Comparing multisource harmonized forest types mapping: a case study from central Italy. iForest. 8(1): 59–66. doi:10.3832/ifor1133-007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt P, Riitters KH, Iwanowski M, Estreguil C, Kozak J, Soille P. 2007. Mapping landscape corridors. Ecol Ind. 7: 481–488. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2006.11.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt P, Riitters KH, Estreguil C, Kozak J, Wade TG, Wickham JD. 2007. Mapping spatial patterns with morphological image processing. Landscape Ecol. 22: 171–177. doi:10.1007/s10980-006-9013-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos W, Stortelder A. 1992. Vanishing Tuscan landscapes: landscape ecology of a submediterranean-montane area (Solano Basin, Tuscany, Italy). Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Wilcox BA, Murphy DD. 1985. Conservation strategy: the effects of fragmentation on extinction. Am Nat. 125: 879–887. doi:10.1086/284386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zar JH. 1996. Biostatistical analysis. 3rd ed. New York (NY): Prentice-Hall International.
   Google Scholar