The role of viruses in the dynamics of phytoplankton blooms

References

• Balch , W. M. , Holligan , P. M. , Ackleson , S. G. and Voss , K. J. 1991 . Biological and optical properties of mesoscale coccolithophore blooms in the Gulf of Maine . Limnol. Oceanogr. , 36 : 629 – 643 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boheme , J. , Frischer , M. E. , Jiang , S. C. , Kellogg , C. A. , Pichard , S. , Rose , J. B. , Steinway , C. and Paul , J. H. 1993 . Viruses, bacterioplankton, and phytoplankton in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico: distribution and contribution to oceanic Dna pools . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 97 : 1 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Bratbak , G. , Egge , J. K. and Heldal , M. 1993 . Viral mortality of the marine alga Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyceae) and termination of algal blooms . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 93 : 39 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bratbak , G. , Egge , J. K. and Heldal , M. 1995 . “ Viruses - the new players in the game; their ecological role and could they mediate genetic exchange by transduction ” . In Molecular ecology of aquatic microbes Nato Asi Series G , Edited by: Joint , I. 249 – 264 . Berlin : Springer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , C. W. and Yoder , J. A. 1994 . Coccolithophorid blooms in the global ocean . J. Geophys. Res , 99 : 7467 – 7482 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckwold , V. E. 1994 . Viral-induced extinctions unlikely . Nature , 368 : 502
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cosper , E. M. , Bricelj , V. M. and Carpenter , E. J. , eds. 1989 . Novel Phytoplankton Blooms , 799 New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Cottrell , M. T. and Suttle , C. A. 1991 . Wide-spread occurrence and clonal variation in viruses which cause lysis of a cosmopolitan, eukaryotic marine phytoplankter, Micromonas pusilla . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 78 : 1 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Emiliani , C. 1993 . Viral extinction in deep-sea species . Nature , 336 : 217 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Franca , S. 1976 . On the presence of virus-like particles in the dinoflagellate Gyrodinium resplendens (Hulburt) . Protistologica , 12 : 425 – 430 .
   Google Scholar
• Fresnel , J. 1989 . Les coccolithophorides (Prymnesiophyceae) du littoral: Genres: Cricosphaera, Pleurochrysis, Cruciplacolithus, Hymenomonas et Ochrosphaera. Ultrastructure, cycle biologique, systematique , Ph. D. thesis 281 Université de Caen .
   Google Scholar
• Friedman , D. I. , Olson , E. R. , Georgopoulos , C. , Tilly , K. , Herskowitz , I. and Banuett , F. 1984 . Interactions of bacteriophage and host macromolecules in the growth of bacteriophage λ . Microbiol. Rev. , 48 : 299 – 325 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fuhrman , J. A. and Suttle , C. A. 1993 . Viruses in marine planktonic systems . Oceanography , 6 : 51 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Gayral , P. and Fresnel , J. 1979 . Exanthemachrysis gayraliac Lepailleur (Prymnesiophyceae, Pavlovales): ultrastructure et discussion taxinomique . Protistologica , 15 : 271 – 282 .
   Google Scholar
• Höhfeld , I. and Melkonian , M. 1992 . Amphiesmal ultrastructure of dinoflagellates: a reevaluation of pellicle formation . J. Phycol. , 28 : 82 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honjo , T. 1993 . “ Overview on bloom dynamics and physiological ecology of Heterosigma akashiwo ” . In Toxic phytoplankton blooms , Edited by: Smayda , T. J. and Shimizu , Y. 33 – 41 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , P. W. and Sieburth Mc , J. N. 1982 . In-situ morphology and occurrence of eucaryotic phototrophs of bacterial size in the picoplankton of estuarine and oceanic waters . J. Phycol. , 18 : 318 – 327 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linski , R. E. 1988 . Dynamics of interactions between bacteria and virulent bacteriophages . Adv. Microb. Ecol. , 10 : 1 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Manton , I. and Leadbeater , B. S. C. 1974 . Fine-structural observations on six species of Chrysochromulina from wild Danish marine nanoplankton, including a description of C. campanulifera sp. nov. and a preliminary summary of the nanoplankton as a whole . Dan. Vidensk. Scl. Biol. Skr. , 20 : 1 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Mayer , J. A. and Taylor , F. J. R. 1979 . A virus which lyses the marine nanoflagellate Micromonas pusilla . Nature , 281 : 299 – 301 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milligan , K. L. D. and Cosper , E. M. 1994 . Isolation of virus capable of lysing the brown tide microalga, Aureococcus anophagefferens . Science , 266 : 805 – 807 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moestrup , ⊘. and Thomsen , H. A. 1974 . An ultrastructural study of the flagellate Pyramimonas orientalis with particular emphasis on Golgi apparatus activity and the flagellar apparatus . Protoplasma , 81 : 247 – 269 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , A. G. 1995 . Phytoplankton exudation: exploitation of the microbial loop as a defence against algal viruses . J. Plankton Res. , 17 : 1079 – 1094 .
   Google Scholar
• Murray , A. G. and Jackson , G. A. 1992 . Viral dynamics: a model of the effects of size, shape, motion and abundance of single-celled planktonic organisms and other particles . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 89 : 103 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagasaki , K. , Ando , M. , Imai , I. , Itakura , S. and Ishida , Y . 1994a . Virus-like particles in Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae): a possible red tide disintegration mechanism . Mar. Biol. , 119 : 307 – 312 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagasaki , K. , Ando , M. , Imai , I. , Itakura , S. and Ishida , Y . 1994b . Viral mortality in the final stage of Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae) red tide . J. Plankton Res. , 16 : 1595 – 1599 .
   Google Scholar
• Padan , E. , Shilo , M. and Oppenheim , A. B. 1972 . Lysogeny of the blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum by Lpp2-Spi cyanophage . Virology , 47 : 525 – 526 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pearson , B. R. and Norris , R. E. 1974 . Intranuclear virus-like particles in the marine alga Platymonas sp. (Chlorophyta, Prasinophyceae) . Phycologia , 13 : 5 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Pienaar , R. N. 1976 . Virus-like particles in three species of phytoplankton from San Juan Island, Washington . Phycologia , 15 : 185 – 190 .
   Google Scholar
• Proctor , L. M. and Fuhrman , J. A. 1990 . Viral mortality of marine bacteria and cyanobacteria . Nature , 343 : 60 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safferman , R. S. and Morris , M.-E. 1963 . Algal virus: isolation . Science , 140 : 679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman , L. A. and Brown , R. M. 1978 . “ Cyanophages and viruses of cukaryotic algae ” . In Comprehensive virology , Edited by: Fraenkel-Conrat , H. and Wagner , R. B. 145 – 234 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sieburth Mc , J. N , Johnson , P. W. and Hargraves , P. E. 1988 . Ultrastructure and ecology of Aureococcus anophagefferens gen. et sp. nov. (Chrysophyceae): the dominant picoplankter during a bloom in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, summer 1985 . J. Phycol. , 24 : 416 – 425 .
   Google Scholar
• Sode , K. , Oozeki , M. , Asakawa , K. , Burgess , J. G. and Matsunaga , T. 1994 . Isolation of a marine cyanophage infecting the marine unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. Nkbg 042902 . J. Mar. Biotechnol. , 1 : 189 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• Suttle , C. A. 1992 . Inhibition of photosynthesis in phytoplankton by the submicron size fraction concentrated from seawater . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 87 : 105 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suttle , C. A. and Chan , A. M. 1993 . Marine cyanophages infecting oceanic and coastal strains of Synechococcus: abundance, morphology, cross-infectivity and growth characteristics . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 92 : 99 – 109 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suttle , C. A. and Chan , A. M. 1994 . Dynamics and distribution of Cyanophages and their effect on marine Synechococcus spp . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 60 : 3167 – 3174 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suttle , C. A. and Chan , A. M. 1995 . Viruses infecting the marine Prymnesiophyte Chrysochromulina spp.: isolation, preliminary characterization and natural abundance . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 118 : 275 – 282 .
   Google Scholar
• Suttle , C. A. , Chan , A. M. and Cottrell , T. 1990 . Infection of phytoplankton by viruses and reduction of primary productivity . Nature , 347 : 467 – 469 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suttle , C. A. , Chan , A. M. and Cottrell , T. 1991 . Use of ultrafiltration to isolate viruses from seawater which are pathogens of marine phytoplankton . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 57 : 721 – 726 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Throndsen , J. and Zingone , A. 1995 . Micronomads of the Mediterranean sea . Giorn. Bot. It. , in press.
   Google Scholar
• Van Etten , J. L. , Lane , L. C. and Meints , R. H. 1991 . Virus and viruslike particles of eukaryotic algae . Microbiol. Rev. , 55 : 586 – 620 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waterbury , J. B. and Valois , F. W. 1993 . Resistance to cooccurring phages enables marine Synechococcus communities to coexist with cyanophages abundant in seawater . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 59 : 3393 – 3399 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterbury , J. B. , Valois , F. W. , Watson , S. W. , Valois , F. W. and Franks , D. G. 1986 . “ Biological and ecological characterization of the marine unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus ” . In Photosynthetic picoplankton , Edited by: Platt , T. and Li , W. K. W. Vol. 214 , 71 – 120 . Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci. .
   Google Scholar
• Waters , R. E. and Chan , A. T. 1982 . Micromonas pusilla virus. the virus growth cycle and associated physiological events within the host cell; host range mutation . J. Gen. Virol. , 63 : 199 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , W. H. , Joint , I. R. , Carr , N. G. and Mann , N. H. 1993 . Isolation and molecular characterization of five marine cyanophages propagated on Synechococcus sp. strain Wh7803 . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 59 : 3736 – 3743 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar