Exploring surfers’ perceptions of municipal regulations using grounded theory

References

• Alessi, M. D. 2009. “The Customs and Culture of Surfing, and an Opportunity for a New Territorialism?” Reef Journal 1 (1): 85–92.
   Google Scholar
• Andereck, K. L., K. M. Valentine, R. C. Knopf, and C. A. Vogt. 2005. “Residents’ Perceptions of Community Tourism Impacts.” Annals of Tourism Research 32 (4): 1056–1076. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2005.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandeira, M. M. 2014. “Territorial Disputes, Identity Conflicts and Violence in Surfing.” Motriz: Revista de Educação Física 20 (1): 16–25.
   Google Scholar
• Bastone, K. 2008. “Surf's up.” Parks & Recreation 43 (7): 52–56.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, C. M., M. D. Needham, and B. W. Szuster. 2011. “Congruence Among Encounters, Norms, Crowding and Management in a Marine Protected Area.” Environmental Management 48 (3): 499–513. doi: 10.1007/s00267-011-9709-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentz, J., A. Rodrigues, P. Dearden, H. Calado, and F. Lopes. 2015. “Crowding in Marine Environments: Divers and Whale Watchers in the Azores.” Ocean & Coastal Management 109: 77–85. doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth, D. 2001. Australian Beach Cultures. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Booth, D. 2013. “History, Culture, Surfing: Exploring Historiographical Relationships.” Journal of Sport History 40 (1): 3–20.
   Google Scholar
• Brower, R. 2008. “Surfers’ Code Signs Go up Along the Gold Coast to Combat Surf Rage.” Accessed January14, 2014. http://surf.transworld.net/1000076261/news/surfers-code-signs-go-up-along-the-gold-coast-to-combat-surf-rage/.
   Google Scholar
• Bryant, A., and K. Charmaz, eds. 2007. The Sage Handbook of Grounded Theory. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Buckley, R. 2002a. “Surf Tourism and Sustainable Development in Indo-Pacific Islands. II. Recreational Capacity and Case Study.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 10 (5): 425–442. doi: 10.1080/09669580208667177
   Google Scholar
• Buckley, R. 2002b. “Surf Tourism and Sustainable Development in the Indo-Pacific Islands. I. The Industry and the Islands.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 10 (5): 405–424. doi: 10.1080/09669580208667176
   Google Scholar
• Charmaz, K. 2006. Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• City of Virginia Beach. 2011. Surfing Regulations. Accessed October 1, 2013. http://www.vbgov.com/government/departments/emergency-medical-services/lifeguard/surfing/pages/default.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• Connelly, L. 2014. The Blackball Returns to the Wedge. Accessed August 3, 2014. http://www.ocregister.com/articles/blackball-612359-wedge-bodysurfers.html.
   Google Scholar
• Corbin, J., and A. L. Strauss. 2008. Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. 3rd ed. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Daskalos, C. T. 2007. “Locals only! The Impact of Modernity on a Local Surfing Context.” Sociological Perspectives 50 (1): 155–173. doi: 10.1525/sop.2007.50.1.155
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, A., and W. Stephenson. 2013. “Assessing the Potential for Surf Break Co-Management: Evidence from New Zealand.” Coastal Management 41 (6): 537–560. doi: 10.1080/08920753.2013.842681
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer, B., and A. D. Short. 2007. “Australian National Surfing Reserves – Rationale and Process for Recognizing Iconic Surfing Locations.” Journal of Coastal Research, no. SI. 50 (Proceedings of the 9th International Coastal Symposium): 99–103.
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher, S., P. Bateman, and A. Emery. 2011. “The Governance of the Boscombe Artificial Surf Reef, UK.” Land Use Policy 28 (2): 395–401. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2010.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, N., and D. Brown. 2006. Surfing and Social Theory: Experience, Embodiment and the Narrative of the Dream Glide. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, T., and B. Shelby. 2000. “Temporal and Spatial Displacement: Evidence from a High-use Reservoir and Alternate Sites.” Journal of Leisure Research 32 (4): 435–456.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson, K. A. 2006. Dimensions of Choice: Qualitative Approaches to Parks, Recreation, Tourism, Sport and Leisure Research. 2nd ed. State College, PA: Venture.
   Google Scholar
• Jordan, A. S., and J. M. Jordan VI. 2008. Gone … But not Forgotten: Virginia Beach. Virginia Beach, VA: Jordan Bros. Group.
   Google Scholar
• Kandui Resort. 2013. Surf Etiquette. Accessed August 5, 2014. http://www.mentawaiislands.com/waves/surf_etiquette/.
   Google Scholar
• Kuzel, A. J. 1999. “Sampling in Qualitative Inquiry.” In Doing Qualitative Research, edited by B. F. Crabtree and W. L. Miller, 2nd ed, 33–45. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Lanagan, D. 2003. “Dropping in: Surfing, Identity, Community and Commodity.” In Some Like it Hot: The Beach as a Cultural Dimension, edited by J. Skinner, K. Gilbert and A. Edwards, 169–185. Aachen: Meyer & Meyer Sport (UK).
   Google Scholar
• Lazarow, N. 2007. “The Value of Coastal Recreational Resources: A Case Study Approach to Examine the Value of Recreational Surfing to Specific Locales.” Journal of Coastal Research, no. SI. 50 (Proceedings of the 9th International Coastal Symposium): 12–20.
   Google Scholar
• Lundberg, N. R., S. Taniguchi, B. P. McCormick, and C. Tibbs. 2011. “Identity Negotiating: Redefining Stigmatized Identities Through Adaptive Sports and Recreation Participation Among Individuals with a Disability.” Journal of Leisure Research 43 (2): 205–225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning, R. E. 1985. “Crowding Norms in Backcountry Settings: A Review and Synthesis.” Journal of Leisure Research 17 (2): 75–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning, R. E., and W. A. Valliere. 2001. “Coping in Outdoor Recreation: Causes and Consequences of Crowding and Conflict Among Community Residents.” Journal of Leisure Research 33 (4): 410–426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, D. L. 1997. Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. 2nd ed., Vol. 16. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, M., and M. Bernal. 2008. The Impact of Surfing on the Local Economy of Mundaka. Spain: Save The Waves Coalition.
   Google Scholar
• Nazer, D. 2004. “The Tragicomedy of the Surfers’ Commons.” Deakin Law Review 9 (2): 655–713.
   Google Scholar
• Needham, M. D., J. J. Vaske, D. Whittaker, and M. P. Donnelly. 2014. “Extending the Encounter-Norm-Crowding Generalization to Angler Evaluations of Other Social and Resource Indicators.” Human Dimensions of Wildlife: An International Journal 19 (3): 288–299. doi: 10.1080/10871209.2014.883654
   Google Scholar
• Ng, K., M. Phillips, H. Calado, P. Borges, and F. Veloso-Gomes. 2013. “Seeking Harmony in Coastal Development for Small Islands: Exploring Multifunctional Artificial Reefs for São Miguel Island, the Azores.” Applied Geography 44: 99–111. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.07.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien, D., and I. Eddie. 2013. “ Benchmarking Global Best Practice: Innovation and Leadership in Surf City Tourism and Industry Development.” Paper presented at the Global Surf Cities Conference, Kirra Community and Cultural Centre, Coolangatta, Queensland, Australia, January 24.
   Google Scholar
• O'Brien, D., and J. Ponting. 2013. “Sustainable Surf Tourism: A Community Centered Approach in Papua New Guinea.” Journal of Sport Management 27: 158–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh, C. O., J. Draper, and A. W. Dixon. 2010. “Comparing Resident and Tourist Preferences for Public Beach Access and Related Amenities.” Ocean & Coastal Management 53 (5–6): 245–251. doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2010.04.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ormrod, J. 2005. “Endless Summer (1964): Consuming Waves and Surfing the Frontier.” Film & History 35 (1): 39–52.
   Google Scholar
• Pearson, K. 1982. “Surfies and Clubbies in Australia and New Zealand.” The Australia and New Zealand Journal of Sociology 18 (1): 5–15. doi: 10.1177/144078338201800102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pernak, R. 2010. “ Potential for Conflict Index of Management Options at Two New Hampshire Beaches.” Master of Science, University of New Hampshire.
   Google Scholar
• Ponting, J. 2014. “Comparing Modes of Surf Tourism Delivery in the Maldives.” Annals of Tourism Research 46: 163–165. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2014.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponting, J., M. McDonald, and S. Wearing. 2005. “De-constructing Wonderland: Surfing Tourism in the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia.” Society and Leisure 28 (1): 141–162.
   Google Scholar
• Ponting, J., and D. O'Brien. (2015). “Regulating “Nirvana”: Sustainable Surf Tourism in a Climate of Increasing Regulation.” Sport Management Review 18 (1): 99–110. doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.07.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponting, J., and D. O'Brien. 2014. “Liberalizing Nirvana: An Analysis of the Consequences of Common Pool Resource Deregulation for the Sustainability of Fiji's Surf Tourism Industry.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 22 (3): 384–402. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.819879
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston-Whyte, R. 2002. “Constructions of Surfing Space at Durban, South Africa.” Tourism Geographies 4 (3): 307–328. doi: 10.1080/14616680210147445
   Google Scholar
• Rendle, E. J., and L. D. Rodwell. 2014. “Artificial Surf Reefs: A Preliminary Assessment of the Potential to Enhance a Coastal Economy.” Marine Policy 45: 349–358. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2013.09.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayan, S., D. H. Krymkowski, R. E. Manning, W. A. Valliere, and E. L. Rovelstad. 2013. “Cultural Influence on Crowding Norms in Outdoor Recreation: A Comparative Analysis of Visitors to National Parks in Turkey and the United States.” Environmental Management 52 (2): 493–502. doi: 10.1007/s00267-013-0076-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarfe, B. E., T. R. Healy, H. G. Rennie, and S. T. Mead. 2009. “Sustainable Management of Surfing Breaks: Case Studies and Recommendations.” Journal of Coastal Research 25 (3): 684–703, 666–668. doi: 10.2112/08-0999.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheibel, D. 1995. ““Making Waves” with Burke: Surf Nazi Culture and the Rhetoric of Localism.” Western Journal of Communication 59 (4): 253–269. doi: 10.1080/10570319509374522
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, S. F., and J. C. Ferreira. 2013. “Beach Carrying Capacity: The Physical and Social Analysis at Costa de Caparica, Portugal.” Journal of Coastal Research no. SI. 65 (Proceedings 12th International Coastal Symposium (Plymouth, England)): 1039–1044.
   Google Scholar
• Sorice, M. G., C. O. Oh, and R. B. Ditton. 2009. “Exploring Level of Support for Management Restrictions Using a Self-Classification Measure of Recreation Specialization.” Leisure Sciences 31 (2): 107–123. doi: 10.1080/01490400802685914
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stedman, L. 1997. “From Gidget to Gonad Man: Surfers, Feminists and Postmodernisation.” Journal of Sociology 33 (1): 75–90. doi: 10.1177/144078339703300106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strother, J. A., and H. Vogelsong. 2002. “ Carrying Capacity & Visitor Experience: Cape Hatteras National Seashore.” Paper presented at the Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium, Bolton Landing, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Sweeney, S. H. 2005. The Spatial Behavior of Surfers. Santa Barbara, CA: University of California at Santa Barbara Department of Geography.
   Google Scholar
• Thapa, B., and A. R. Graefe. 2003. “Level of Skill and its Relationship to Recreation Conflict and Tolerance Among Adult Skiers and Snowboarders.” World Leisure Journal 45 (1): 13–25. doi: 10.1080/04419057.2003.9674301
   Google Scholar
• Tynon, J. F., and E. Gómez. 2012. “Interpersonal and Social Values Conflict Among Coastal Recreation Activity Groups in Hawaii.” Journal of Leisure Research 44 (4): 531–543.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usher, L. E., and E. Gómez. 2015. “ Perceived Crowding and Preferred Management Scenarios Among Surfers.” Paper presented at the Northeast Recreation Research Symposium, Annapolis, MD.
   Google Scholar
• Usher, L. E., and D. Kerstetter. Forthcoming. “Re-defining Localism: An Ethnography of Human Territoriality in the Surf.” International Journal of Tourism Anthropology.
   Google Scholar
• Vaske, J. J., M. D. Needham, and R. C. Cline Jr. 2007. “Clarifying Interpersonal and Social Values Conflict among Recreationists.” Journal of Leisure Research 39 (1): 182–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaske, J. J., and L. B. Shelby. 2008. “Crowding as a Descriptive Indicator and an Evaluative Standard: Results from 30 Years of Research.” Leisure Sciences 30: 111–126. doi: 10.1080/01490400701881341
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virginia Beach Convention & Visitors Bureau. 2011. History of Virginia Beach. Accessed May 19, 2015. http://pressroom.visitvirginiabeach.com/mediakits/VB2011/pdfs/2011HistoricalBackgrounder.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Virginia Beach Convention & Visitors Bureau. 2015. Economic Impact of Tourism on the City of Virginia Beach. Accessed April 3, 2015. http://www.visitvirginiabeach.com/about-us/research/quick-facts-and-statistics/.
   Google Scholar
• Warshaw, M. 2003. The Encyclopedia of Surfing. Orlando, FL: Harcourt.
   Google Scholar
• Wheaton, B. 2013. The Cultural Politics of Lifestyle Sports. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor and Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Young, N., ed. 2000. Surf Rage: A Surfer's Guide to Turning Negatives into Positives. Angourie, NSW: Nymboida Press.
   Google Scholar