2
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Labile sex expression and dynamics of gender in Thymelaea hirsuta

, , &
Pages 55-66 | Received 28 Jul 1994, Accepted 24 Nov 1994, Published online: 24 Mar 2016

References

  • Aalders, L. E. & L. V. Hall, 1963. The inheritance and morphological development of male sterility in common lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology, 5: 380–383.
  • Ayyad, M. A. & A. A. El-Ghonemy, 1976. Phytosociological and environmental gradients in a sector of the western desert of Egypt. Vegetatio, 31: 93–102.
  • Baker, H. G. & P. A. Cox, 1984. Further thoughts on dioecism in islands. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 71: 244–253.
  • Bawa, K. S., 1980. Evolution of dioecy in flowering plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 11: 15–39.
  • Bawa, K. S., 1982. Seed dispersal and the evolution of dioecism in flowering plants: A response to Herrera. Evolution, 36: 1322–1325.
  • Bertin, R. L. & C. M. Newman, 1993. Dichogamy in angiosperms. Botanical Review, 59: 112–152.
  • Bierzychudek, P, 1984. Determinants of gender in jack-in-the-pulpit: The influence of plant size and reproductive history. Oecologia, 65: 14–18.
  • Charlesworth, D. & B. Charlesworth, 1978. Population genetics of partial male-sterility and the evolution of monoecy and dioecy. Heredity, 41: 137–153.
  • Charnov, E. L, 1982. The Theory of Sex Allocation. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
  • Condon, M. A. & L. E. Gilbert, 1988. Sex expression of Gurania psiguria (Cucurbitaceae): Neotropical vines that change sex. American Book of Botany, 75: 875–884.
  • Cox, P. A., 1981. Niche partitioning between sexes of dioecious plants. American Naturalist, 117: 295–307.
  • Cruden, R. W., 1988. Temporal dioecism: Systematic breadth, associated traits and temporal patterns. Botanical Gazette, 149: 1–15.
  • Cruden, R. W. & S. M. Hermann-Parker, 1977. Temporal dioecism: An alternative to dioecism. Evolution, 31: 863–866.
  • Darwin, C., 1877. The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species. John Murray, London.
  • Dawson, T. E. & J. R. Ehleringer, 1993. Gender-specific physiology, carbon isotope discrimination, and habitat distribution in boxelder, Acer negundo. Ecology, 74: 798–815.
  • Diggle, P. K., 1993. Developmental plasticity, genetic variation, and the evolution of andromonoecy in Solanum hirtum (Solanaceae). American Book of Botany, 80: 967–973
  • Dommée, B., J. L. Bompar & N. Denelle, 1990. Sexual tetramorphism in Thymelaea hirsuta (Thymelaeaceae): Evidence of the pathway from heterodichogamy to dioecy at the interspecific level. American Book of Botany, 77: 1449–1462.
  • El-Keblawy, A. A., 1994. Variability among sexual phenotypes of Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl. populations in Egypt. Ph. D. thesis, Faculty of Science, University of Tanta, Tanta.
  • Emberger, L., 1955. Une classification biogéographique des climats. Recueil de Travaux de Laboratoires de Botanique, Géologie et Zoologie, Université de Montpellier, 7: 3–43.
  • Fox, J. F. & A. T. Harrison, 1981. Habitat assortment of sexes and water balance in a dioecious grass. Oecologia, 49: 233–235.
  • Freeman, D. C., L. G. Klikoff & K. T. Harper, 1976. Differential resource utilization by the sexes of dioecious plants. Science, 193: 597–599.
  • Freeman, D. C, K. T. Harper & E. L. Charnov, 1980a. Sex change in plants: Old and new observations and new hypothesis. Oecologia, 47: 222–232.
  • Freeman, D. C, K. T. Harper & W. K. Ostler, 1980b. Ecology of plant dioecy in the intermountain region of western North America and California. Oecologia, 44: 410–417.
  • Freeman, D. C, E. D. McArthur & K. T. Harper, 1984. The adaptive significance of sexual lability in plants using Atriplex canescens as a principal example. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 71: 265–277.
  • Freeman, D. C & J. J. Vitale, 1985. The influence of environment on the sex ratio and fitness of spinach. Botanical Gazette, 146: 137–142.
  • Freeman, D. C., B. A. Wachocki, M. J. Stender, D.E. Goldschlag & H. J. Michaels, 1994. Seed size and sex ratio in spinach: Application of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis to plants. Ecoscience, 1: 54–63.
  • Frick, B. & P. B. Cavers, 1989. Aberrations in sex expression in Silene latifolia. American Naturalist, 134: 562–573.
  • Gregorius, H. R., M. D. Ross & E. M. Gillet, 1983. Selection in plant populations of effectively infinite size. V. Biallelic models of trioecy. Genetics, 103: 529–544.
  • Givnish, T. J., 1980. Ecological constraints on the evolution of breeding systems in seed plants: Dioecy and dispersal in gymnosperms. Evolution, 34: 952–972.
  • Gleeson, S. K., 1982. Heterodichogamy in walnuts: Inheritance and stable ratios. Evolution, 36: 892–902.
  • Hall, L. V., L. E. Aalders & G. W. Wood, 1966. Female sterility in the common lowbush blueberry, Vaccinum angustifolium Ait. Canadian Book of Genetics and Cytology, 5: 296–299.
  • Heslop-Harrison, J., 1972. Sexuality of the angiosperms. Pages 133–287 in F. C. Steward (ed.). Plant Physiology: A Treatise, Vol. 6c. Academic Press, New York.
  • Lloyd, D. G., 1972. Breeding systems in Cotula L. (Compositae, Anthemideae). II. Monoecious populations. New Phytologist, 71: 1195–1202.
  • Lloyd, D. G., 1975. Breeding systems in Cotula. IV. Reversion from dioecy to monoecy. New Phytologist, 74: 125–145.
  • Lloyd, D. G., 1980a. The distribution of gender in four angiosperm species illustrating two evolutionary pathways to dioecy. Evolution, 34: 123–134
  • Lloyd, D. G., 1980b. Sexual strategies in plants. III. A quantitative method for describing the gender of plants. New Zealand Book of Botany, 18: 103–108.
  • Lloyd, D. G. & K. S. Bawa, 1984. Modification of the gender of seed plants in varying conditions. Evolutionary Biology, 17: 255–338.
  • Lloyd, D. G., and C.J. Webb. 1977. Secondary sex characters in seed plants. Botanical Review, 43: 177–216.
  • Lloyd, D. G., C. J. Webb & R. B. Primack, 1980. Sexual strategies in plants.II. Data on the temporal regulation of maternal investment. New Phytologist, 86: 81–92.
  • Lovett Doust, J., 1980. Floral sex ratios in andromonoecious Umbelliferae. New Phytologist, 85:265-273.
  • Lovett Doust, J. & P. B. Cavers, 1982. Sex and gender dynamics in jack-in-the-pulpit, Arisaema triphyllum (Araceae). Ecology, 63: 797–808.
  • Lovett Doust, J. & L. Lovett Doust, 1988. Modules of production and reproduction in a dioecious clonal shrub Rhus typhina. Ecology, 69: 741–750.
  • McArthur, E. D., 1977. Environmentally induced changes in sex expression in Atriplex canescens. Heredity, 38: 97–103.
  • McArthur, E. D. & D. C. Freeman, 1982. Sex expression in Atriplex canescens: Genetics and environment. Botanical Gazette, 143: 476–482.
  • McArthur, E. D., D. C. Freeman, L. S. Luckinbill, S. C. Sanderson & G. L. Noller, 1992. Are trioecy and sexual lability in Atriplex canescens genetically based? Evidence from clonal studies. Evolution, 46: 1708–1721.
  • Meigs, P., 1973. World distribution of coastal deserts. Pages 3–13 in H. K. David & A. Z. Wilson (ed.). Coastal Deserts: Their Natural and Human Environment. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona.
  • Onyekwelu, S. S. & J.L. Harper, 1979. Sex ratio and niche differentiation in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Nature, 282: 609–611.
  • Pendeleton, R. L., E. D. McArthur, D. C. Freeman & A. C. Blauer, 1988. Heterodichogamy in Grayia brandegei (Chenopodiaceae): Report from a new family. American Journal of Botany, 75: 267–274.
  • Primack, R. B. & C. McCall, 1986. Gender variation in a red maple population (Acer rubrum; Aceraceae): A seven-year study of a “polygamodioecious” species. American Journal of Botany, 73: 1239–1248.
  • Ramadan, A. A., A. El-Keblawy, K. H. Shaltout & J. Lovett-Doust, 1994. Sexual polymorphism, growth and reproductive effort in Egyptian Thymelaea hirsuta (Thymelaeaceae). American Journal of Botany, 81: 847–857.
  • Ross, M. D., 1982. Five evolutionary pathway to subdioecy. American Naturalist, 119: 297–318.
  • Schaffner, J. H., 1925. Experiments with various plants to produce change of sex in the individual. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 52: 35–47.
  • Schlessman, M. A., 1986. Interpretation of evidence for choice in plants. American Naturalist, 128: 416–420.
  • Schlessman, M. A., 1988. Gender diphasy (sex choice). Pages 139–153 in J. Lovett Doust & L. Lovett Doust (ed.). Plant Reproductive Ecology: Patterns and Strategies. Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Shaltout, K. H., 1987. Pattern, phenology and sex ratio of Egyptian Thymelaea hirsuta populations Vegetatio, 72: 67–73.
  • Silvertown, J. & J. Lovett Doust. 1993. Introduction to Plant Population Biology. 3rd edition. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.
  • Solomon, B. P., 1986. Sexual allocation and andromonoecy: Resource investmemt in male and hermaphrodite flowers of Solanum carolinense (Solanaceae). American Journal of Botany, 73: 1215–1221.
  • Thomson, J. D. & S. C. H. Barrett, 1981. Temporal variation of gender in Aralia hispida Vent. (Araliaceae). Evolution, 35: 1094–1107.
  • Tiedemann, A. R., McArthur, E. D. & D. C. Freeman, 1987. Variations in physiological metabolites and chlorophyll in sexual phenotypes of ‘Rincon’ fourwing saltbush. Journal of Range Management, 40: 151–155.
  • Trivers, R. L. & D.E. Willard, 1973. Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science, 179: 90–92.
  • Vitale J. J. & D. C. Freeman, 1985. Secondary sex characteristics in Spinacia oleracea L.: Quantitative evidence for the existence of at least three sexual morphs. American Journal of Botany, 72: 1061–1066.
  • Vitale J.J. & D. C. Freeman, 1986. Partial niche separation in Spinacia oleracea L.: An examination of reproductive allocation. Evolution, 40: 426–430.
  • Vitale J. J., D. C. Freeman, L. A. Merlotti & M. D. Alessandro, 1987. Patterns of biomass allocation in Spinacia oleracea (Chenopodiaceae) across a salinity gradient: Evidence for a partial niche separation. American Journal of Botany, 74: 1049–1054.
  • Willson, M. F., 1979. Sexual selection in plants. American Naturalist, 113: 777–790.
  • Zahran, M. A. & A. J. Willis, 1992. The Vegetation of Egypt. Chapman & Hall, London.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.