Regeneration window for fleshy-fruited plants during scrub development on abandoned grassland

Literature cited

• Abramsky, Z., 1983. Experiments on seed predation by rodents and ants in the Israeli desert. Oecologia, 57: 328–332.
   Google Scholar
• Bakker, J. P., A. F. Bos, J. Hoogveld & H. J. Muller, 1991. The role of the seed bank in restoration management of semi-natural grasslands. Pages 449–454 in O. Ravera (ed.). Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems Perturbation and Recovery. Horwood, Chichester, Great Britain.
   Google Scholar
• Bard, G. E., 1952. Secondary succession on the Piedmont of New Jersey. Ecological Monographs, 22: 195–215.
   Google Scholar
• Bazzaz, F. A., 1968. Succession on abandoned fields in the Shawnee Hills, southern Illinois. Ecology, 49: 924–936.
   Google Scholar
• Bertsch, K., 1941. Früchte und Samen. Ein Bestimmungsbuch zur Pflanzenkunde der vorgeschichtlichen Zeit. Enke, Stuttgart.
   Google Scholar
• Borowicz, V. A. & A. G. Stephenson, 1985. Fruit composition and patterns of fruit dispersal of two Cornus spp. Oecologia, 67: 435–441.
   Google Scholar
• Bowers, M. A. & J. L. Dooley, Jr., 1993. Predation hazard and seed removal by small mammals: Microhabitat versus patch scale effects. Oecologia, 94: 247–254.
   Google Scholar
• Brohmer, P., 1988. Fauna von Deutschland. Quelle & Meyer, Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Burton, P. J. & F. A. Bazzaz, 1995. Ecophysiological responses of tree seedlings invading different patches of old-field vegetation. Journal of Ecology, 83: 99–112.
   Google Scholar
• Bustamante, R. O., J. A. Simonetti & J. E. Mella, 1992. Are foxes legitimate and efficient seed dispersers? A field test. Acta Oecologica, 13: 203–208.
   Google Scholar
• Casper, B. B., 1987. Spatial patterns of seed dispersal and postdispersal seed predation of Cryptantha flava (Boraginaceae). American Journal of Botany, 74: 1646–1655.
   Google Scholar
• Cavers, P. B., 1983. Seed demography. Canadian Journal of Botany, 61: 3578–3590.
   Google Scholar
• Ciampalini, B. & S. Lovari, 1985. Food habits and trophic niche overlap of the badger (Meles meles L.) and the red fox (Vulpes vulpes L.) in a Mediterranean coastal area. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde, 50: 226–234.
   Google Scholar
• Connell, J. H. & R. O. Slatyer, 1977. Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization. American Naturalist, 111: 1119–1144.
   Google Scholar
• Debussche, M., J. Escarré & J. Lepart, 1982. Ornithochory and plant succession in Mediterranean abandoned orchards. Vegetatio, 48: 255–266.
   Google Scholar
• Debussche, M. & P. Isenmann, 1989. Fleshy fruit characters and the choices of bird and mammal seed dispersers in a Mediterranean region. Oikos, 56: 327–338.
   Google Scholar
• Debussche, M. & P. Isenmann, 1994. Bird-dispersed seed rain and seedling establishment in patchy Mediterranean vegetation. Oikos, 69: 414–426.
   Google Scholar
• Denslow, J. S., 1987. Fruit removal rates from aggregated and isolated bushes of the red elderberry, Sambucus pubens. Canadian Journal of Botany, 65: 1229–1235.
   Google Scholar
• De Steven, D., 1991a. Experiments on mechanisms of tree establishment in old-field succession: Seedling emergence. Ecology, 72: 1066–1075.
   Google Scholar
• De Steven, D., 1991b. Experiments on mechanisms of tree establishment in old-field succession: Seedling survival and growth. Ecology, 72: 1076–1088.
   Google Scholar
• Estrada, A. & T. H. Fleming (ed.), 1986. Frugivores and Seed Dispersal. Junk, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Facelli, J. M. & S. T. A. Pickett, 1991. Indirect effects of litter on woody seedlings subject to herb competition. Oikos, 62: 129–138.
   Google Scholar
• Fenner, M., 1987. Seedlings. New Phytologist, 106: 35–47.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, A., 1987. Untersuchungen zur Populationsdynamik am Beginn von Sekundärsukzessionen. Dissertationes Botanicae 110: 1–234, Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• Fleming, T. H. & A. Estrada (ed.), 1993. Frugivory and Seed Dispersal: Ecological and Evolutionary Aspects. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
   Google Scholar
• Geologisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg (ed.), 1959. Geologische Exkursionskarte des Kaiserstuhls. Landesvermessungsamt, Stuttgart.
   Google Scholar
• Gill, D. S. & P. L. Marks, 1991. Tree and scrub seedling colonization of old fields in central New York. Ecological Monographs, 61: 183–205.
   Google Scholar
• Glyphis, J. P., S. J. Milton & W. R. Siegfried, 1981. Dispersal of Acacia cyclops by birds. Oecologia, 48: 138–141.
   Google Scholar
• Gross, K. L., 1980. Colonization by Verbascum thapsus (mullein) of an old-field in Michigan: Experiments on the effects of vegetation. Journal of Ecology, 68: 919–927.
   Google Scholar
• Guitián, J., M. Fuentes, T. Bermejo & B. López, 1992. Spatial variation in the interactions between Prunus mahaleb and frugivorous birds. Oikos, 63: 125–130.
   Google Scholar
• Harper, J. L., 1977. Population Biology of Plants. Academic Press, London.
   Google Scholar
• Hay, M. E. & P. J. Fuller, 1981. Seed escape from heteromyid rodents: The importance of microhabitat and seed preference. Ecology, 62: 1395–1399.
   Google Scholar
• Herrera, C. M., 1984. Seed dispersal and fitness determinants in wild rose: Combined effects of hawthorn, birds, mice, and browsing ungulates. Oecologia, 63: 386–393.
   Google Scholar
• Herrera, C. M., 1985. Determinants of plant-animal coevolution: The case of mutualistic dispersal of seeds by vertebrates. Oikos, 44: 132–141.
   Google Scholar
• Herrera, C. M., 1986. Vertebrate-dispersed plants: Why they don’t behave the way they should. Pages 5–18 in A. Estrada & T. H. Fleming (ed.). Frugivores and Seed Dispersal. Junk, Dordrecht.
   Google Scholar
• Herrera, C. M., 1989. Frugivory and seed dispersal by carnivorous mammals, and associated fruit characteristics, in undisturbed Mediterranean habitats. Oikos, 55: 250–262.
   Google Scholar
• Herrera, C. M. & P. Jordano, 1981. Prunus mahaleb and birds: The high-efficiency seed dispersal system of a temperate fruiting tree. Ecological Monographs, 51: 203–218.
   Google Scholar
• Herrera, C. M., P. Jordano, L. López-Soria & J. A. Amat, 1994. Recruitment of a mast-fruiting, bird-dispersed tree: Bridging frugivore activity and seedling establishment. Ecological Monographs, 64: 315–344.
   Google Scholar
• Holthuijzen, A. M. A., T. L. Sharik & J. D. Fraser, 1987. Dispersal of eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) into pastures: An overview. Canadian Journal of Botany, 65: 1092–1095.
   Google Scholar
• Hoppes, W. G., 1988. Seedfall pattern of several species of bird-dispersed plants in an Illinois woodland. Ecology, 69: 320–329.
   Google Scholar
• Houle, G., 1994. Spatiotemporal patterns in the components of regeneration of four sympatric tree species – Acer rubrum, A. saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, and Fagus grandifolia. Journal of Ecology, 82: 39–53.
   Google Scholar
• Howe, H. F., 1979. Fear and frugivory. American Naturalist, 114: 925–931.
   Google Scholar
• Hulme, P. E., 1994. Post-dispersal seed predation in grassland: Its magnitude and sources of variation. Journal of Ecology, 82: 645–652.
   Google Scholar
• Izhaki, I., P. B. Walton & U. N. Safriel, 1991. Seed shadows generated by frugivorous birds in an eastern Mediterranean scrub. Journal of Ecology, 79: 575–590.
   Google Scholar
• Johnstone, I. M., 1986. Plant invasion windows: A time-based classification of invasion potential. Biological Reviews, 61: 369–394.
   Google Scholar
• Kelrick, M. I., J. A. MacMahon, R. R. Parmenter & D. V. Sisson, 1986. Native seed preferences of scrub-steppe rodents, birds and ants: The relationships of seed attributes and seed use. Oecologia, 68: 327–337.
   Google Scholar
• Kollmann, J., 1992. Gebüschentwicklung in Halbtrockenrasen des Kaiserstuhls. Natur und Landschaft, 67: 20–26.
   Google Scholar
• Kollmann, J., 1994. Untersuchungen zur Ausbreitungsökologie endozoochorer Gehölzarten bei der Gebüschentwicklung in Grünlandbrachen. Ph. D. Thesis, Department of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg.
   Google Scholar
• Küppers, M., 1992. Changes in plant ecophysiology across a Central European hedgerow ecotone. Pages 285–303 in A. J. Hansen & F. di Castri (ed.). Landscape Boundaries. Springer, Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• Laska, M. S. & E. W. Stiles, 1994. Effects of fruit crop size on intensity of fruit removal in Viburnum prunifolium (Caprifoliaceae). Oikos, 69: 199–202.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, W. G., P. J. Grubb & J. B. Wilson, 1991. Patterns of resource allocation in fleshy fruits of nine European tall-scrub species. Oikos, 61: 307–315.
   Google Scholar
• Livingston, R. B., 1972. Influence of birds, stones and soil on the establishment of pasture juniper, Juniperus communis, and red cedar, J. virginiana, in New England pastures. Ecology, 53: 1141–1147.
   Google Scholar
• McDonnell, M. J., 1986. Old field vegetation height and the dispersal pattern of bird-disseminated woody plants. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 113: 6–11.
   Google Scholar
• McDonnell, M. J. & E. W. Stiles, 1983. The structural complexity of old field vegetation and the recruitment of bird-dispersed plant species. Oecologia, 56: 109–116.
   Google Scholar
• McKey, D., 1975. The ecology of coevolved seed dispersal systems. Pages 159–191 in L. E. Gilbert & P. H. Raven (ed.). Coevolution of Plants and Animals. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas.
   Google Scholar
• Mittelbach, G. G. & K. L. Gross, 1984. Experimental studies of seed predation in old-fields. Oecologia, 65: 7–13.
   Google Scholar
• Mladenoff, D. J., 1990. The relationship of the soil seed bank and understory vegetation in old-growth northern hardwoodhemlock treefall gaps. Canadian Journal of Botany, 68: 2714–2721.
   Google Scholar
• Mooney, H. A., 1972. The carbon balance of plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 3: 315–346.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, L. A. & M. F. Willson, 1982. The effect of microhabitat, spatial distribution, and display size on dispersal of Lindera benzoin by avian frugivores. Canadian Journal of Botany, 60: 557–560.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, P. & L. F. Neuenschwander, 1988. Seed-bank contributions to regeneration of scrub species after clear-cutting and burning. Canadian Journal of Botany, 66: 169–172.
   Google Scholar
• Müller-Schneider, P., 1983. Verbreitungsbiologie (Diasporologie) der Blütenpflanzen. Veröffentlichungen des Geobotanischen Institutes der ETH in Zürich, Stiftung Rübel, 61: 1–226.
   Google Scholar
• Myster, R. W., 1993. Tree invasion and establishment in old fields at Hutcheson Memorial Forest. The Botanical Review, 59: 251–272.
   Google Scholar
• Myster, R. W. & B. C. McCarthy, 1989. Effects of herbivory and competition on survival of Carya tomentosa (Juglandaceae) seedlings. Oikos, 56: 145–148.
   Google Scholar
• Myster, R. W. & S. T. A. Pickett, 1993. Effects of litter, distance, density and vegetation patch type on postdispersal tree seed predation in old fields. Oikos, 66: 381–388.
   Google Scholar
• Oberdorfer, E., 1990. Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora. Ulmer, Stuttgart.
   Google Scholar
• Ostfeld, R. S. & C. D. Canham, 1993. Effects of meadow vole population density on tree seedling survival in old fields. Ecology, 74: 1792–1801.
   Google Scholar
• Pigott, C. D., 1985. Selective damage to tree-seedlings by bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus). Oecologia, 67: 367–371.
   Google Scholar
• Pijl, L. van der, 1982. Principles of Dispersal in Higher Plants. Springer, Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• Piper, J. K., 1986. Seasonality of fruit characters and seed removal by birds. Oikos, 46: 303–310.
   Google Scholar
• Poschlod, P., A. Deffner, B. Beier & U. Grunicke, 1991. Untersuchungen zur Diasporenbank von Samenpflanzen auf beweideten, gemähten, brachgefallenen und aufgeforsteten Kalkmagerrasenstandorten. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Ökologie, 20: 893–904.
   Google Scholar
• Ridley, H. N., 1930. The Dispersal of Plants throughout the World. Reeve, Ashford.
   Google Scholar
• Rosén, E., 1988. Development and seedling establishment within a Juniperus communis stand on Öland, Sweden. Acta Botanica Neerlandica, 37: 193–201.
   Google Scholar
• Sala, O. E., R. A. Golluscio, W. K. Lauenroth & A. Soriano, 1989. Resource partitioning between shrubs and grasses in the Patagonian steppe. Oecologia, 81: 501–505.
   Google Scholar
• Sallabanks, R., 1992. Fruit fate, frugivory, and fruit characteristics: A study of the hawthorn, Crataegus monogyna (Rosaceae). Oecologia, 91: 296–304.
   Google Scholar
• Sallabanks, R., 1993. Hierarchical mechanisms of fruit selection by an avian frugivore. Ecology, 74: 1326–1336.
   Google Scholar
• Schopfer, P., 1989. Experimentelle Pflanzenphysiologie. Einführung in die Anwendungen. Springer, Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• Schreiber, K.-F., 1993. Standortsabhängige Entwicklung von Sträuchern und Bäumen im Sukzessionsverlauf von brachgefallenem Grünland in Südwestdeutschland. Phytocoenologia, 23: 539–560.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, M. W., 1968. Factors affecting the natural regeneration of sessile oak (Quercus petraea) in north Wales. II. Acorn losses and germination under field conditions. Journal of Ecology, 56: 647–660.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, A. J., 1975. Invasion and ecesis of bird-disseminated woody plants in a temperate forest sere. Ecology, 56: 19–34.
   Google Scholar
• Snow, B. & D. Snow, 1986. Some aspects of avian frugivory in a north temperate area relevant to tropical forest. Pages 159–164 in A. Estrada & T. H. Fleming (ed.). Frugivores and Seed Dispersal. Junk, Dordrecht.
   Google Scholar
• Snow, B. & D. Snow, 1988. Birds and Berries. Poyser, Calton.
   Google Scholar
• Snow, D. W., 1971. Evolutionary aspects of fruit-eating by birds. Ibis, 113: 194–202.
   Google Scholar
• Sorensen, A. E., 1981. Interactions between birds and fruit in a temperate woodland. Oecologia, 50: 242–249.
   Google Scholar
• Tang, W., 1989. Seed dispersal in the cycad Zamia pumila in Florida. Canadian Journal of Botany, 67: 2066–2070.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, S. D., 1982. Microhabitat utilization and foraging behavior of bipedal and quadrupedal heteromyid rodents. Ecology, 63: 1303–1312.
   Google Scholar
• Turcek, F. J., 1961. Oekologische Beziehungen der Vögel und Gehölze. Slovakische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Bratislava, Slovakia.
   Google Scholar
• Turcek, F. J., 1968. Die Verbreitung der Vogelkirsche in den Wäldern durch Vögel. Waldhygiene, 7: 129–132.
   Google Scholar
• Wada, N., 1993. Dwarf bamboos affect the regeneration of zoochorous trees by providing habitats to acorn-feeding rodents. Oecologia, 94: 403–407.
   Google Scholar
• Watt, A. S., 1923. On the ecology of British beechwoods with special reference to their regeneration. I. The causes of failure of natural regeneration of the beech (Fagus silvatica L.). Journal of Ecology, 11: 1–48.
   Google Scholar
• Watt, A. S., 1947. Pattern and process in the plant community. Journal of Ecology, 35: 1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Webb, S. L. & M. F. Willson, 1985. Spatial heterogeneity in postdispersal predation on Prunus and Uvularia seeds. Oecologia, 67: 150–153.
   Google Scholar
• Whelan, C. J., M. F. Willson, C. A. Tuma & I. Souza-Pinto, 1991. Spatial and temporal patterns of postdispersal seed predation. Canadian Journal of Botany, 69: 428–436.
   Google Scholar
• Willson, M. F. & C. J. Whelan, 1990. Variation in postdispersal survival of vertebrate-dispersed seeds: Effects of density, habitat, location, season, and species. Oikos, 57: 191–198.
   Google Scholar
• Willson, M. F. & C. J. Whelan, 1993. Variation of dispersal phenology in a bird-dispersed shrub, Cornus drummondii. Ecological Monographs, 63: 151–172.
   Google Scholar
• Wilmanns, O., W. Wimmenauer, G. Fuchs, H. Rasbach & K. Rasbach, 1989. Der Kaiserstuhl: Gesteine und Pflanzenwelt. Ulmer, Stuttgart.
   Google Scholar
• Yarranton, G. A. & R. G. Morrison, 1974. Spatial dynamics of a primary succession: Nucleation. Journal of Ecology, 62: 417–428.
   Google Scholar
• Zar, J. H., 1984. Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
   Google Scholar