Evaluating increased fitness through dispersal: A comparative study on tree populations in a temperate forest, Japan

Literature cited

• Alvarez-Buylla, E. R. & M. Martinez-Ramos, 1990. Seed bank versus seed rain in the regeneration of a tropical tree. Oecologia, 84: 314–325.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, A. N., 1989. Effects of seed predation by ants on seedling densities at a woodland site in SE Australia. Oikos, 48: 171–174.
   Google Scholar
• Augspurger, C. K., 1983. Seed dispersal of the tropical tree, Platypodium elegans, and the escape of its seedlings from fungal pathogens. Journal of Ecology, 71: 759–771.
   Google Scholar
• Augspurger, C. K., 1984. Seedling survival among tropical tree species: Interactions of dispersal distance, light-gaps, and pathogens. Ecology, 65: 1705–1712.
   Google Scholar
• Augspurger, C. K., 1986. Morphology and dispersal potential of wind-dispersed diaspores of neotropical trees. American Journal of Botany, 73: 353–363.
   Google Scholar
• Brokaw, N. V. L., 1986. Seed dispersal, gap colonization, and the case of Cecropia insignis. Pages 323–331 in A. Estrada & T. H. Fleming (ed.). Frugivores and Seed Dispersal. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, D. A. & D. B. Clark, 1984. Spacing dynamics of a tropical rain forest tree: Evaluation of the Janzen-Connell model. American Naturalist, 124: 769–788.
   Google Scholar
• Connell, J. H., 1979. Tropical rain forests and coral reef as open non-equilibrium systems. Pages 141–163 in R. M. Anderson, B. D. Turner & L. R. Taylor (ed.). Population Dynamics. Blackwell, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Dirzo, R. & C. A. Dominguez, 1986. Seed shadows, seed predation and the advantages of dispersal. Pages 237–249 in A. Estrada & T. H. Fleming (ed.). Frugivores and Seed Dispersal. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht.
   Google Scholar
• Geritz, S. A. H., T. J. de Jong & P. G. L. Klinkhamer, 1984. The efficacy of dispersal in relation to ‘safe site’ and seed production. Oecologia, 62: 219–221.
   Google Scholar
• Green, D. S., 1983. The efficacy of dispersal in relation to ‘safe site’ density. Oecologia, 56: 356–358.
   Google Scholar
• Harcombe, P. A., 1987. Tree life table: Simple birth, growth, and death data encapsulate life histories and ecological roles. BioScience, 37: 557–568.
   Google Scholar
• Harper, J. L., 1977. Population Biology of Plants. Academic Press, London.
   Google Scholar
• Herrera, C. M. & P. Jordano, 1981. Prunus mahaleb and birds: The high-efficiency seed dispersal system of a temperate fruiting tree. Ecological Monographs, 51: 203–218.
   Google Scholar
• Hoppes, W. G., 1988. Seed fall pattern of several species of bird-dispersed plants in an Illinois woodland. Ecology, 69: 1092–1095.
   Google Scholar
• Houle, G., 1994. Spatiotemporal patterns in the components of regeneration of four sympatric tree species – Acer rubrum, A. saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis and Fagus grandifolia. Journal of Ecology, 82: 39–53.
   Google Scholar
• Howe, H. F., E. W. Schupp & L. C. Westley, 1985. Early consequences of seed dispersal for a neotropical tree (Virola surinamensis). Ecology, 66: 781–791.
   Google Scholar
• Howe, H. F. & J. Smallwood, 1982. Ecology of seed dispersal. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 13: 201–228.
   Google Scholar
• Hubbell, S. P., 1980. Seed predation and the coexistence of tree species in tropical forests. Oikos, 35: 214–229.
   Google Scholar
• Hubbell, S. P. & R. B. Foster, 1986. Canopy gaps and dynamics of a neotropical forest. Pages 77–96 in M. J. Crawley (ed.). Plant Ecology. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Janzen, D. H., 1971. Seed predation by animals. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 2: 465–492.
   Google Scholar
• Karr, J. R., 1971. Structure of avian communities in selected Panama and Illinois habitats. Ecological Monographs, 41: 130–148.
   Google Scholar
• Martinez-Ramos, M. & E. R. Alvarez-Buylla, 1986. Seed dispersal, gap dynamics and tree recruitment: The case of Cecropia obtusifolia at Los Tuxtlas. Pages 333–346 in A. Estrada & T. H. Fleming (ed.). Frugivores and Seed Dispersal. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht.
   Google Scholar
• Masaki, T., W. Suzuki, K. Niiyama, S. Iida, H. Tanaka & T. Nakashizuka, 1992. Community structure of a species-rich temperate forest, Ogawa Forest Reserve, central Japan. Vegetatio, 98: 97–111.
   Google Scholar
• Masaki, T., Y. Kominami & T. Nakashizuka, 1994. Spatial and seasonal patterns of seed dissemination of Cornus controversa in a temperate forest. Ecology, 75: 1903–1910.
   Google Scholar
• McPeek, M. A. & R. D. Holt, 1992. The evolution of dispersal in spatially and temporally varying environments. American Naturalist, 140: 1010–1027.
   Google Scholar
• Murray, K. G., 1986. Consequences of seed dispersal for gapdependent plants: Relationship between seed shadows, germination requirements, and forest dynamic processes. Pages 187–198 in A. Estrada & T. H. Fleming (ed.). Frugivores and Seed Dispersal. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht.
   Google Scholar
• Nakashizuka, T., S. Iida, W. Suzuki & T. Tanimoto, 1993. Seed dispersal and vegetation development on a debris avalanche on the Ontake volcano, central Japan. Journal of Vegetation Science, 4: 537–542.
   Google Scholar
• Nakashizuka, T., S. Iida, H. Tanaka, M. Shibata, S. Abe, T. Masaki & K. Niiyama, 1992. Community dynamics of Ogawa Forest Reserve, a species rich deciduous forest, central Japan. Vegetatio, 103: 105–112.
   Google Scholar
• Nakashizuka, T., T. Katsuki & H. Tanaka, 1995. Forest canopy structure analyzed by using aerial photographs. Ecological Research, 10: 13–18.
   Google Scholar
• Schupp, E. W., 1988. Seed and early seedling predation in the forest understory and in treefall gaps. Oikos, 51: 71–78.
   Google Scholar
• Schupp, E. W., 1993. Quantity, quality and the effectiveness of seed dispersal by animals. Vegetatio, 107/108: 15–29.
   Google Scholar
• Shibata, M. & T. Nakashizuka, 1995. Seed and seedling demography of four co-occurring Carpinus species in a temperate deciduous forest. Ecology, 76: 1099–1108.
   Google Scholar
• Tanaka, H., M. Shibata & T. Nakashizuka, (in press). Evaluation of the role of wind dispersal in tree population dynamics by using a mechanistic approach. Journal of Sustainable Forestry.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, J. N. & M. F. Willson, 1978. Disturbance and the dispersal of fleshy fruits. Science, 200: 1161–1163.
   Google Scholar
• Venable, D. L. & J. S. Brown, 1988. The selective interactions of dispersal, dormancy, and seed size as adaptations for reducing risk in variable environments. American Naturalist, 131: 360–384.
   Google Scholar
• Venable, D. L. & J. S. Brown, 1993. The population-dynamic functions of seed dispersal. Vegetatio, 107/108: 31–55.
   Google Scholar
• Willson, M. F., 1992. The ecology of seed dispersal. Pages 61–85, in M. Fenner (ed.). Seeds: The Ecology of Regeneration in Plant Communities. CAB International, Wallingford.
   Google Scholar
• Willson, M. F., 1993. Dispersal mode, seed shadows, and colonization patterns. Vegetatio, 107/108: 261–280.
   Google Scholar