References
- AMAP. 2019. AMAP climate change update 2019: an update to key findings of snow, water, ice and permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) 2017. Oslo (Norway): Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP); p. 12.
- Barrere M, Domine F, Belke-Brea M, Sarrazin D. 2018. Snowmelt events in autumn can reduce or cancel the soil warming effect of snow–vegetation interactions in the Arctic. J Climate. 3:9507–9518. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0135.1.
- Barrere M, Domine F, Decharme B, Morin S, Vionnet V, Lafaysse M. 2017. Evaluating the performance of coupled snow–soil models in SURFEXv8 to simulate the permafrost thermal regime at a high Arctic site. Geosci Model Dev. 10(9):3461–3479. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3461-2017.
- Bartlett G, Chapman DS, Harris RN. 2004. Snow and the ground temperature record of climate change. J Geophys Res. 109. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JF000224.
- Beaudoin A, Bernier PY, Villemaire P, Guindon L, Guo XJ. 2017a. Tracking forest attributes across Canada between 2001 and 2011 using a kNN mapping approach applied to MODIS imagery. Can J Forest Res. 48:85–93. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0184.
- Beaudoin A, Bernier PY, Villemaire P, Guindon L, Guo XJ. 2017b. Species composition, forest properties and land cover types across Canada’s forests at 250m resolution for 2001 and 2011. Québec (Canada): Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre. doi:https://doi.org/10.23687/ec9e2659-1c29-4ddb-87a2-6aced147a990.
- Biskaborn BK, Smith SL, Noetzli J, Matthes H, Vieira G, Streletskiy DA, Schoeneich P, Romanovsky VE, Lewkowicz AG, Abramov A, et al. 2019. Permafrost is warming at a global scale. Nat Commun 10:264. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08240-4.
- Bliss LC, Matveyeva NV. 1992. Circumpolar Arctic vegetation. In: Chapin III FS, Jefferies RL, Reynolds JF, Shaver GR, Svoboda J, editors. Arctic ecosystems in a changing climate: an ecophysiological perspective. San Diego (California, USA): Academic Press; p. 59–89.
- Bokhorst S, Pedersen S, Brucker L, Anisimov O, Bjerke J, Brown R, Ehrich D, Essery R, Heilig A, Ingvander S, et al. 2016. Changing Arctic snow cover: a review of recent developments and assessment of future needs for observations, modelling, and impacts. Ambio. 45(5):516–537. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0770-0.
- Brown R, Derksen C, Wang L. 2010. A multi-dataset analysis of variability and change in Arctic spring snow cover extent, 1967–2008. J Geophys Res. 115:D16111. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD013975.
- Brown R, Fang B, Mudryk L. 2019. Update of Canadian historical snow survey data and analysis of snow water equivalent trends, 1967–2016. Atmosphere-Ocean. 57(2):149–156. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2019.1598843.
- Brown RD, Mote P. 2009. The response of Northern Hemisphere snow cover to a changing climate. J Climate. 22:2124–2145. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2665.1.
- Busseau BC, Royer A, Langlois A, Domine F. 2017. Analysis of snow-vegetation interactions in the Low Arctic – subarctic transition zone (north-eastern Canada). Physical Geography. 38(2):159–175. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2017.1283477.
- Cabanes A, Legagneux L, Domine F. 2002. Evolution of the specific surface area and of crystal morphology of Arctic fresh snow during the ALERT 2000 campaign. Atmos Environ. 36:2767–2777. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00111-5.
- Callaghan TV, Tweedie CE, Åkerman J, Andrew C, Bergstedt J, Butler MG, Christensen TR, Cooley D, Dahlberg U, Danby RK, et al. 2011. Multi-decadal changes in tundra environments and ecosystems: synthesis of the International Polar Year - Back to the Future project (IPY-BTF). Ambio. 40:705. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-011-0179-8.
- CAVM. 2003. Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map (CAVM) project. (1:7,500,000 scale), Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) Map No. 1. Anchorage (Alaska): U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
- Chadburn SE, Burke EJ, Essery RLH, Boike J, Langer M, Heikenfeld M, Cox PM, Friedlingstein P. 2015. Impact of model developments on present and future simulations of permafrost in a global land-surface model. Cryosphere. 9:1505–1521. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1505-2015.
- Colbeck SC. 1993. The vapor diffusion-coefficient for snow. Water Resour Res. 29(1):109–115. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/92WR02301.
- Derksen C, Lemmetyinen J, Toose P, Silis A, Pulliainen J, Sturm M. 2014. Physical properties of Arctic versus subarctic snow: implications for high latitude passive microwave snow water equivalent retrievals. J Geophys Res Atmos. 119:7254–7270. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021264.
- Derksen C, Toose P, Rees A, Wang L, English M, Walker A, Sturm M. 2010. Development of a tundra-specific snow water equivalent retrieval algorithm for satellite passive microwave data. Remote Sens Environ. 114(8):1699–1709. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.02.019.
- Diro GT, Sushama L. 2020. Contribution of snow cover decline to projected warming over North America. Geophys Res Lett. 47(e2019GL084414). doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084414.
- Dolant C, Langlois A, Brucker L, Royer A, Roy A, Montpetit B. 2017. Meteorological inventory of Rain-On-Snow events in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and satellite detection assessment using passive microwave data. Phys Geogr. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2017.1400339.
- Domine F, Barrere M, Morin S. 2016a. The growth of shrubs on high Arctic tundra at Bylot Island: impact on snow physical properties and permafrost thermal regime. Biogeosciences. 13(23):6471–6486. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-6471-2016.
- Domine F, Barrere M, Sarrazin D. 2016b. Seasonal evolution of the effective thermal conductivity of the snow and the soil in high Arctic herb tundra at Bylot Island, Canada. Cryosphere. 10(6):2573–2588. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2573-2016.
- Domine F, Barrere M, Sarrazin D, Morin S, Arnaud L. 2015. Automatic monitoring of the effective thermal conductivity of snow in a low-Arctic shrub tundra. Cryosphere. 9(3):1265–1276. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1265-2015.
- Domine F, Belke-Brea M, Sarrazin D, Arnaud L, Barrere M, Poirier M. 2018. Soil moisture, wind speed and depth hoar formation in the Arctic snowpack. J Glaciol. 64(248):990–1002. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2018.89.
- Domine F, Cabanes A, Legagneux L. 2002. Structure, microphysics, and surface area of the Arctic snowpack near Alert during the ALERT 2000 campaign. Atmos Environ. 36(15–16):2753–2765. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00108-5.
- Domine F, Picard G, Morin S, Barrere M, Madore J-B, Langlois A. 2019. Major issues in simulating some Arctic snowpack properties using current detailed snow physics models: consequences for the thermal regime and water budget of permafrost. J Adv Model Earth Sys. 11(1):34–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001445.
- Domine F., Taillandier A. S., Simpson W. R. 2007. A parameterization of the specific surface area of seasonal snow for field use and for models of snowpack evolution. J. Geophys. Res. 112(F02031):13.
- Dutra E, Viterbo P, Miranda PMA, Balsamo G. 2012. Complexity of snow schemes in a climate model and its impact on surface energy and hydrology. J Hydrometeorol. 13(2):521–538. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-11-072.1.
- Fierz C, Armstrong RL, Duran Y, Etchevers P, Greene E, McClung DM, Nishimura K, Satyawali PK, Sokratov SA. 2009. The international classification for seasonal snow on the ground. IHP-VII technical documents in hydrology N°83, IACS contribution N°1. Paris: UNESCO-IHP.
- Filhol S, Sturm S. 2015. Snow bedforms: a review, new data, and a formation model. J Geophys Res Earth Surf. 120(9):1645–1669. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JF003529.
- Frost GV, Epstein HE, Walker DA, Matyshack G, Ermokhina K. 2018. Seasonal and long-term changes to Active-layer temperatures after tall shrubland expansion and succession in Arctic tundra. Ecosystems. 21(3):507–520. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-017-0165-5.
- Gagnon M, Domine F, Boudreau S. 2019. The carbon sink due to shrub growth on Arctic tundra: a case study in a carbon-poor soil in eastern Canada. Environ Res Commun. 1(9):091001. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ab3cdd.
- Gallet J, Domine F, Zender C, Picard G. 2009. Measurement of the specific surface area of snow using infrared reflectance in an integrating sphere at 1310 and 1550 nm. Cryosphere. 3(2):167–182. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-3-167-2009.
- Gasser T, Kechiar M, Ciais P, Burke EJ, Kleinen T, Zhu D, Huang Y, Ekici A, Obersteiner M. 2018. Path-dependent reductions in CO2 emission budgets caused by permafrost carbon release. Nature Geosci. 11(11):830–835. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0227-0.
- Girard F, Payette S, Gagnon R. 2008. Rapid expansion of lichen woodlands within the closed-crown boreal forest zone over the last 50 years caused by stand disturbances in eastern Canada. J Biogeogr. 35(3):529–537. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01816.x.
- Gouttevin I, Menegoz M, Domine F, Krinner G, Koven C, Ciais P, Tarnocai C, Boike J. 2012. How the insulating properties of snow affect soil carbon distribution in the continental pan-Arctic area. J Geophys Res. 117:G02020. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001916.
- Gouttevin I., Langer M., Löwe H., Boike J., Proksch M., Schneebeli M. 2018. Observation and modelling of snow at a polygonal tundra permafrost site: spatial variability and thermal implications. Cryosphere. 12:3693–3717.
- Grünberg I, Wilcox EJ, Zwieback S, Marsh P, Boike J. 2020. Linking tundra vegetation, snow, soil temperature, and permafrost. Biogeosciences. 17(16):4261–4279. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4261-2020.
- Huang M, Piao S, Janssens I, Zhu Z, Wang T, Wu D, Ciais P, Myneni R, Peaucelle M, Peng S, et al. 2017. Velocity of change in vegetation productivity over northern high latitudes. Nature Ecol Evol. 1(11):1649–1654. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0328-y.
- Ju J, Masek JG. 2016. The vegetation greenness trend in Canada and US Alaska from 1984– 2012 Landsat data. Remote Sens Environ. 176:1–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.01.001.
- Karger DN, Conrad O, Böhner J, Kawohl T, Kreft H, Soria-Auza RW, Zimmermann NE, Linder HP, Kessler M. 2017. Climatologies at high resolution for the earth’s land surface areas. Scientific Data. 4(1):170122. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122.
- Langlois A, Johnson C-A, Montpetit B, Royer A, Blukacz-Richards EA, Neave E, Dolant C, Roy A, Arhonditsis G, Kim D-K, et al. 2017. Detection of rain-on-snow (ROS) events and ice layer formation using passive microwave radiometry: a context for Peary caribou habitat in the Canadian Arctic. Remote Sens Environ. 189:84–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.11.006.
- Langlois A, Royer A, Goïta K. 2010. Analysis of simulated and spaceborne passive microwave brightness temperature using in situ measurements of snow and vegetation properties. Can J Remote Sens. 36(S1):135–148. doi:https://doi.org/10.5589/m10-016.
- Langlois A, Royer A, Montpetit B, Roy A, Durocher M. 2020. Presenting snow grain size and shape distributions in Northern Canada using a new photographic device allowing 2D and 3D representation of snow grains. Front Earth Sci. 7:347. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00347.
- Larue F, Royer A, De Sève D, Langlois A, Roy A, Brucker B. 2017. Validation of GlobSnow-2 snow water equivalent over Eastern Canada. Remote Sens Environ. 194:264–277. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.03.027.
- Larue F, Royer A, De Sève D, Roy A, Picard G, Vionnet V. 2018. Simulation and assimilation of passive microwave data using a snowpack model coupled to a calibrated radiative transfer model over North-Eastern Canada. Water Resour Res. 54(7):4823–4848. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2017WR022132.
- Lawrence DM, Slater AG. 2010. The contribution of snow condition trends to future ground climate. Clim Dynam. 34(7–8):969–981. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0537-4.
- Leboeuf A, Morneau C, Robitaille A, Dufour E, Grondin P. 2018. Ecological mapping of the vegetation of Northern Québec. Québec (QC, Canada): Ministere des Forets, de la Faune et des Parcs.
- Ling F, Zhang T. 2003. Impact of the timing and duration of seasonal snow cover on the active layer and permafrost in the Alaskan Arctic. Permafrost Periglac. 14(2):141–150. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.445.
- Liston GE, Hiemstra CA. 2011. The changing cryosphere: Pan-Arctic snow trends (1979–2009). J Climate. 24(21):5691–5712. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00081.1.
- Marsh P, Bartlett P, MacKay M, Pohl S, Lantz T. 2010. Snowmelt energetics at a shrub tundra site in the western Canadian Arctic. Hydrol Process. 24(25):3603–3620. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7786.
- Martin AC, Jeffers ES, Petrokofsky G, Myers-Smith I, Macias-Fauria M. 2017. Shrub growth and expansion in the Arctic tundra: an assessment of controlling factors using an evidence-based approach. Environ Res Lett. 12(8):085007. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa7989.
- Meredith M, Sommerkorn M, Cassotta S, Derksen C, Ekaykin A, Hollowed A, Kofinas G, Mackintosh A, Melbourne-Thomas J, et al. 2019. Polar regions. In: Portner H-O, Roberts DC, Masson-Delmotte V, Zhai P, Tignor M, Poloczanska E, Mintenbeck K, Alegria A, Nicolai M, Okem A et al, editors. IPCC special report on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate. Geneva, Switzerland: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/chapter-3-2/.
- Montpetit B, Royer A, Langlois A, Cliche P, Roy A, Champollion N, Picard G, Domine F, Obbard R. 2012. New shortwave infrared albedo measurements for snow specific surface area retrieval. J Glaciol. 58(211):941–952. doi:https://doi.org/10.3189/2012JoG11J248.
- Mortimer C, Mudryk L, Derksen C, Luojus K, Brown R, Kelly R, Tedesco M. 2020. Evaluation of long-term Northern Hemisphere snow water equivalent products. Cryosphere. 14(5):1579–1594. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1579-2020.
- Mudryk LR, Derksen C, Howell S, Laliberté F, Thackeray C, Sospedra-Alfonso R, Vionnet V, Kushner PJ, Brown R. 2018. Canadian snow and sea ice: historical trends and projections. Cryosphere. 12(4):1157–1176. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1157-2018.
- Myers-Smith IH, Forbes BC, Wilmking M, Hallinger M, Lantz T, Blok D, Tape KD, Macias-Fauria M, Sass-Klaasse U, Lévesque E, et al. 2011. Shrub expansion in tundra ecosystems: dynamics, impacts and research priorities. Environ Res Lett. 48(4):045509. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0184.
- Myers-Smith IH, Kerby JT, Phoenix GK, Bjerke JW, Epstein HE, Assmann JJ, John C, Andreu-Hayles L, Angers-Blondin S, Beck PSA, et al. 2020. Complexity revealed in the greening of the Arctic. Nat Clim Chang. 10(2):106–117. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0688-1.
- Nordicana D. 2020. Meteorological data from the CEN-SILA network in Nunavut and Northern Québec, Canada. Québec (Québec) (Canada): Centre d’études nordiques. http://www.cen.ulaval.ca/nordicanad/.
- Paquin J-P, Sushama L. 2015. On the Arctic near-surface permafrost and climate sensitivities to soil and snow model formulations in climate models. Clim Dynam. 44(1–2):203–228. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2185-6.
- Paradis M, Levesque E, Boudreau S. 2016. Greater effect of increasing shrub height on winter versus summer soil temperature. Environ Res Lett. 11(8):085005. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/085005.
- Park H, Fedorov A, Zheleznyak M, Konstantinov P, Walsh J. 2015. Effect of snow cover on pan-Arctic permafrost thermal regimes. Clim Dynam. 44(9–10):2873–2895. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2356-5.
- Payette S. 1992. Fire as a controlling process in the North American boreal forest. In: Shugart HH, Leemans R, Bonan GB, editors. A systems analysis of the global boreal forest. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press; p. 144–169.
- Payette S, Delwaide A. 2018. Tamm review: the North-American lichen woodland. Forest Ecol Manag. 417:167–183. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.02.043.
- Payette S, Fortin M-J, Gamache I. 2001. The subarctic forest–tundra: the structure of a biome in a changing climate. BioScience. 51(9):709–718. doi:https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0709:TSFTTS]2.0.CO;2.
- Pearson RG, Phillips SJ, Loranty MM, Beck PS, Damoulas T, Knight SJ, Goetz SJ. 2013. Shifts in Arctic vegetation and associated feedbacks under climate change. Nat Climate Change. 3(7):673–677. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1858.
- Pomeroy JW, Brun E. 2001. Physical properties of snow. In: Jones HG, Pomeroy JW, Walker DA, Hoham RW, editors. Snow ecology: an interdisciplinary examination of snow-covered ecosystems. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press; p. 45–126.
- Proksch M, Rutter N, Fierz C, Schneebeli M. 2016. Intercomparison of snow density measurements: bias, precision, and vertical resolution. The Cryosphere. 10(1):371–384. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-371-2016.
- Pulliainen J, Luojus K, Derksen C, Mudryk L, Lemmetyinen J, Salminen M, Ikonen J, Takala M, Cohen J, Smolander T, et al. 2020. Patterns and trends of Northern Hemisphere snow mass from 1980 to 2018. Nature. 581(7808):294–298. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2258-0.
- Roy A, Royer A, St-Jean-Rondeau O, Montpetit B, Picard G, Mavrovic A, Marchand N, Langlois A. 2016. Microwave snow emission modeling uncertainties in boreal and subarctic environments. The Cryosphere. 10(2):623–638. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-623-2016.
- Saberi N, Kelly R, Toose P, Roy A, Derksen C. 2017. Modeling the observed microwave emission from shallow multi-layer tundra snow using DMRT-ML. Remote Sens. 9(12):1327. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9121327.
- Schuur EAG, McGuire AD, Schädel C, Grosse G, Harden JW, Hayes DJ, Hugelius G, Koven CD, Kuhry P, Lawrence DM, et al. 2015. Climate change and the permafrost carbon feedback. Nature. 520(7546):171–179. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14338.
- Schweizer J. 2003. Snow avalanche formation. Rev Geophys. 41(4):1016–1041. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2002RG000123.
- Sommer CG, Wever N, Fierz C, Lehning M. 2018. Investigation of a wind-packing event in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. Cryosphere. 12(9):2923–2939. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2923-2018.
- Sospedra-Alfonso R, William M. 2017. Influences of temperature and precipitation on historical and future snowpack variability over the Northern Hemisphere in the Second Generation Canadian Earth System Model. J Climate. 30(12):4633–4656. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0612.1.
- Sturm M, Benson CS. 1997. Vapor transport, grain growth and depth-hoar development in the subarctic snow. J Glaciol. 43(143):42–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022143000002793.
- Sturm M, Holmgren J, Liston GE. 1995. A seasonal snow cover classification system for local to global applications. J Climate. 8: 1261–128. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008%3C1261:ASSCCS%3E2.0.CO;2.
- Sturm M, Mcfadden JP, Liston GE, ChapinIII FS, Racine CH, Holmgren J. 2001. Snow–shrub interactions in Arctic tundra: a hypothesis with climatic implications. J Climate. 14:336–344. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014%3C0336:SSIIAT%3E2.0.CO;2.
- Taillandier AS, Domine F, Simpson WR, Sturm M, Douglas TA. 2007. Rate of decrease of the specific surface area of dry snow: isothermal and temperature gradient conditions. J Geophys Res Earth Surf. 112:F03003. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jf000514.
- Takala M, Luoju K, Pulliainen J, Derksen C, Lemmetyinen J, Kärnä J-P, Koskinen J, Bojkov B. 2011. Estimating northern hemisphere snow water equivalent for climate research through assimilation of space-borne radiometer data and ground-based measurements. Remote Sens Environ. 115(12):3517–3529. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.08.014.
- Tape K, Sturm M, Racine C. 2006. The evidence for shrub expansion in northern Alaska and the pan-Arctic. Global Change Biol. 12:686–702. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01128.x.
- Torralba V, Doblas‐Reyes FJ, Gonzalez‐Reviriego N. 2017. Uncertainty in recent near‐surface wind speed trends: a global reanalysis intercomparison. Environ Res Lett. 12(11):114019. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8a58.
- Vargel V., Royer A., St-Jean-Rondeau O., Picard G., Roy A., Sasseville V., Langlois A. 2020. Arctic and Subarctic snow microstructure analysis for microwave brightness temperature simulations. Remote Sens. Environ. 242:111754.
- Vincent L.A., Mekis L. 2006. Changes in daily and extreme temperature and precipitation indices for Canada over the twentieth century. Atmos. Ocean. 44(2):177-193.
- Vincent LA, Zhang X, Brown RD, Feng Y, Mekis E, Milewska EJ, Wang H, Wang XL. 2015. Observed trends in Canada’s climate and influence of low-frequency variability modes. J Climate. 28(11):4545–4560. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00697.1.
- Wright PJ, Comey B, Comey M. 2018. Thresholds in wind speed, air temperature and relative humidity controlling slab formation. Proceedings, International Snow Science Workshop, Innsbruck, Austria; p. 987–991.
- Xiao ZQ, Liang S, Wang J, Xiang Y, Zhao X, Song J. 2016. Long-time-series global land surface satellite leaf area index product derived from MODIS and AVHRR surface reflectance. IEEE T Geosci Remote. 54(9):5301–5318. doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2016.2560522.
- Xu L, Myneni RB, Chapin III FS, Callaghan TV, Pinzon JE, Tucker CJ, Zhu Z, Bi J, Ciais P, Tømmervik H, et al. 2013. Temperature and vegetation seasonality diminishment over northern lands. Nature Clim Change. 3:581–586. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1836.
- Zhang T. 2005. Influence of the seasonal snow cover on the ground thermal regime: an overview. Rev Geophys. 43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2004RG000157.
- Zhang T, Osterkamp TE, Stamnes K. 1996. Influence of the depth hoar layer of the seasonal snow cover on the ground thermal regime. Water Resour Res. 32:2075–2086. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR00996.