Vascular plant communities in the polar desert of Alert (Ellesmere Island, Canada): Establishment of a baseline reference for the 21st century

References

• Aiken SG, Dallwitz MJ, Consaul LL, McJannet CL, Boles RL, Argus GW, Gillett JM, Scott PJ, Elven R, LeBlanc MC, et al. 2007. Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Ottawa (ON): NRC Research Press, National Research Council of Canada; [accessed 2020 Nov 10]. http://nature.ca/aaflora/data.
   Google Scholar
• Alekseyenko AV. 2016. Multivariate Welch t-test on distances. Bioinformatics. 32(23):3552–3558. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btw524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson D, Bliss L. 1998. Association of plant distribution patterns and microenvironments on patterned ground in a polar desert, Devon Island, N.W.T., Canada. Canada Arctic Alpine Res. 30(2):97–107. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1552124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronsson M, Heiðmarsson S, Jóhannesdóttir H, Barry T, Braa J, Burns CT, Coulson SJ, Cuyler C, Falk K, Helgason H, et al. 2021. State of the Arctic terretrial biodiversity report. Akureyri: Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna International Secretariat.
   Google Scholar
• Bay C. 1997. Floristical and ecological characterization of the polar desert zone of Greenland. J Veg Sci. 8(5):685–696. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/3237373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bay C. 1998. Vegetation mapping of Zackenberg valley, Northeast Greenland. Copenhagen: Danish Polar Center & Botanical Museum.
   Google Scholar
• Bell KL, Bliss LC. 1980. Plant reproduction in a High Arctic environment. Arctic Alpine Res. 12(1):1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1550585.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belnap J, Kaltenecker JH, Rosentreter R, Williams J, Leonard S, Eldridge D. 2001. Biological soil crusts: ecology and management. Technical Reference 1730-2. Denver: United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management.
   Google Scholar
• Belnap J, Lange OL. 2003. Biological soil crusts: structure, function, and management. Heidelberg: Springer Science & Business Media.
   Google Scholar
• Berner LT, Massey R, Jantz P, Forbes BC, Macias-Fauria M, Myers-Smith I, Kumpula T, Gauthier G, Andreu-Hayles L, Gaglioti BV, et al. 2020. Summer warming explains widespread but not uniform greening in the Arctic tundra biome. Nat Commun. 11(1):4621. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18479-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billings WD. 1987. Constraints to plant growth, reproduction, and establishment in Arctic environments. Arctic Alpine Res. 19(4):357–365. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1551400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billings WD, Bliss LC. 1959. An alpine snowbank environment and its effects on vegetation, plant development, and productivity. Ecology. 40(3):388–397. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1929755.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billings WD, Peterson KM. 1980. Vegetational change and ice-wedge polygons through the thaw-lake cycle in Arctic Alaska. Arctic Alpine Res. 12(4):413–432. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1550492.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjorkman AD, García Criado M, Myers-Smith IH, Ravolainen V, Jónsdóttir IS, Westergaard KB, Lawler JP, Aronsson M, Bennett B, Gardfjell H, et al. 2020. Status and trends in Arctic vegetation: evidence from experimental warming and long-term monitoring. Ambio. 49(3):678–692. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01161-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bliss LC. 1962. Adaptations of Arctic and alpine plants to environmental conditions. Arctic. 15(2):117–144. doi:https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic3564.
   Google Scholar
• Bliss LC. 1975. Tundra grasslands, herblands, and shrublands and the role of herbivores. Geosci Man. 10:51–79.
   Google Scholar
• Bliss LC. 1981. North American and Scandinavian tundras and polar deserts. In: Bliss LC, Heal OW, Moore JJ, editors. Tundra ecosystems: a comparative analysis. New York (NY): Cambridge University Press; p. 8–24.
   Google Scholar
• Bliss LC, Matveyeva N. 1992. Circumpolar Arctic vegetation. In: Chapin FS, Jefferies RL, Reynolds JF, Shaver GR, Svoboda J, Chu EW, editors. Arctic ecosystems in a changing climate: an ecophysiological perspective. New York (NY): Academic Press; p. 59–89.
   Google Scholar
• Bliss LC, Courtin GM, Pattie DL, Riewe RR, Whitfield DWA, Widden P. 1973. Arctic tundra ecosystems. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 4(1):359–399. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.002043.
   Google Scholar
• Bliss LC, Gold WG. 1994. The patterning of plant communities and edaphic factors along a high arctic coastline: implications for succession. Can J Bot. 72(8):1095–1107. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/b94-134.
   Google Scholar
• Bliss LC, Henry GHR, Svoboda J, Bliss DI. 1994. Patterns of plant distribution within two polar desert landscapes. Arctic Alpine Res. 26(1):46–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1551876.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bliss LC, Svoboda J. 1984. Plant communities and plant production in the western Queen Elizabeth Islands. Ecography. 7(3):325–344. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1984.tb01137.x.
   Google Scholar
• Bliss LC, Svoboda J, Bliss DI. 1984. Polar deserts, their plant cover and plant production in the Canadian High Arctic. Ecography. 7(3):305–324. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1984.tb01136.x.
   Google Scholar
• Böcher TW. 1977. Cerastium alpinum and C. arcticum, a mature polyploid complex. Botaniska Notiser. 130(3):303–309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borcard D, Gillet F, Legendre P. 2018. Numerical Ecology with R. 2nd ed. Cham: Springer International Publishing. Chapter 3, Association measures and matrices; p. 35–57.
   Google Scholar
• Breen K, Lévesque E. 2006. Proglacial succession of biological soil crusts and vascular plants: biotic interactions in the High Arctic. Can J Bot. 84(11):1714–1731. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/b06-131.
   Google Scholar
• Bridgland JP. 1986. The flora and vegetation of Cape Herschel, Ellesmere Island, N.W.T. [master’s thesis]. University of Newfoundland.
   Google Scholar
• Brouillet L, Desmet P, Coursol F, Meades SJ, Favreau M, Anions M, Bélisle P, Gendreau C, Shorthouse D, and contributors. 2010. Database of vascular plants of Canada (VASCAN); [accessed 2020 Jul 05]. http://data.canadensys.net/vascan.
   Google Scholar
• Bruggemann PF, Calder JA. 1953. Botanical investigation in Northeast Ellesmere Island, 1951. Can Field-Nat. 67(4):157–174.
   Google Scholar
• Brysting AK, Elven R. 2000. The Cerastium alpinum–C. arcticum complex (Caryophyllaceae): numerical analyses of morphological variation and a taxonomic revision of C. arcticum Lange s.l. Taxon. 49(2):189–216. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1223835.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CAFF. 2018. Circumpolar biodiversity monitoring program strategic plan 2018-2021. CAFF Monitoring Series Report No. 29. Akureyri: Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna.
   Google Scholar
• Callaghan TV, Tweedie CE, Webber PJ. 2011. Multi-decadal changes in tundra environments and ecosystems: the international polar year-back to the future project (IPY-BTF). Ambio. 40(6):555. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-011-0162-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canaday BB, Fonda RW. 1974. The influence of subalpine snowbanks on vegetation pattern, production, and phenology. B Torrey Bot Club. 101(6):340–350. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2484957.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CAVM Team. 2003. Circumpolar Arctic vegetation map. Scale 1:7,500,000. Anchorage (AK): Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) Map No. 1. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; [accessed 2020 Sept 21]. http://www.geobotany.uaf.edu/cavm/credits.shtml.
   Google Scholar
• Chao A, Chazdon RL, Colwell RK, Shen T-J. 2006. Abundance-based similarity indices and their estimation when there are unseen species in samples. Biometrics. 62(2):361–371. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0420.2005.00489.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen T, Barry T, Taylor JJ, Doyle M, Aronsson M, Braa J, Burns C, Coon C, Coulson S, Cuyler C, et al. 2020. Developing a circumpolar programme for the monitoring of Arctic terrestrial biodiversity. Ambio. 49(3):655–665. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01311-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen T, Payne J, Doyle M, Ibarguchi G, Taylor J, Schmidt NM, Gill M, Svoboda M, Aronsson M, Behe C, et al. 2013. Arctic terrestrial biodiversity monitoring plan: terrestrial expert monitoring group, circumpolar biodiversity monitoring program. CAFF Monitoring Series Report; No. 7. Akureyri.
   Google Scholar
• Collins M, Knutti R, Arblaster J, Dufresne J-L, Fichefet T, Friedlingstein P, Gao X, Gutowski WJ, Johns T, Krinner G, et al. 2013. Long-term climate change: projections, commitments and irreversibility. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Tignor MMB, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM, editors. Climate change 2013: the physical science basis contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; p. 1029–1136.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford RMM. 2008. Plants at the margin: ecological limits and climate change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cray HA, Pollard WH. 2015. Vegetation recovery patterns following permafrost disturbance in a Low Arctic setting: case study of Herschel Island, Yukon, Canada. Arct Antarct Alp Res. 47(1):99–113. doi:https://doi.org/10.1657/AAAR0013-076.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlberg A, Bültmann H. 2013. Fungi. In: Meltofte H, editor. Arctic biodiversity assessment status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Akureyri: Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna; p. 355–371.
   Google Scholar
• Dalton AS, Margold M, Stokes CR, Tarasov L, Dyke AS, Adams RS, Allard S, Arends HE, Atkinson N, Attig JW, et al. 2020. An updated radiocarbon-based ice margin chronology for the last deglaciation of the North American Ice Sheet Complex. Quat Sci Rev. 234:106223. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106223
   Google Scholar
• De Cáceres M, Legendre P. 2009. Associations between species and groups of sites: indices and statistical inference. Ecology. 90(12):3566–3574. doi:https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1823.1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desjardins E, Lai S, Payette S, Dubé M, Sokoloff PC, St-Louis A, Poulin M-P, Legros J, Sirois L, Vézina F, et al. 2021a. Survey of the vascular plants of alert (Ellesmere Island, Canada), a polar desert at the northern tip of the Americas. Check List. 17(1):181–225. doi:https://doi.org/10.15560/17.1.181.
   Google Scholar
• Desjardins E, Lai S, Vézina F, Tam A, Berteaux D 2021b. Cover data of vascular plants, cryptogams, and ground substrates at Alert (Ellesmere Island, Nunavut), v. 1.0 (2018-2019). Nordicana D88. doi: https://doi.org/10.5885/45711CE-0B46454CA9594B53.
   Google Scholar
• Desmet P, Brouillet L. 2013. Database of vascular plants 1750 of Canada (VASCAN): a community contributed taxonomic checklist of all vascular plants of Canada, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and Greenland. PhytoKeys. 25:55–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.25.3100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dufrêne M, Legendre P. 1997. Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecol Monogr. 67(3):345–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elberling H. 2000. Spatial pattern of Lesquerella arctica: effects of seed bank and desiccation cracks. Écoscience. 7(1):86–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.2000.11682576.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmendorf SC, Henry GHR, Hollister RD, Björk RG, Boulanger-Lapointe N, Cooper EJ, Cornelissen JHC, Day TA, Dorrepaal E, Elumeeva TG, et al. 2012. Plot-scale evidence of tundra vegetation change and links to recent summer warming. Nat Clim Change. 2(6):453–457. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1465.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• England J. 1976. Postglacial isobases and uplift curves from the Canadian and Greenland High Arctic. Arctic Alpine Res. 8(1):61–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1550610.
   Google Scholar
• Epstein HE, Raynolds MK, Walker DA, Bhatt US, Tucker CJ, Pinzon JE. 2012. Dynamics of aboveground phytomass of the circumpolar Arctic tundra during the past three decades. Environ Res Lett. 7(1):015506. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/015506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ESRI. 2018. ArcGIS version 10.6.1. Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.; [accessed 2018 May 02]. https://www.esri.com/.
   Google Scholar
• Daniëls FJA, Elvebakk A, Matveyeva NV, Mucina L. 2016. The Drabo corymbosae-Papaveretea dahliani − a new vegetation class of the High Arctic polar deserts. Hacquetia. 15(1):5–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/hacq-2016-0001.
   Google Scholar
• Daniëls FJA, Gillespie L, Poulin M. 2020. ABA 2013 Appendix 9.2 – endemic Arctic vascular plant distribution. [accessed 2020 Aug 05]. http://geo.abds.is/geonetwork/srv/api/records/b0f0c3de-1e3f-4679-b7db-05a7c0c8250c.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia-Pichel F, Wojciechowski MF. 2009. The evolution of a capacity to build supra-cellular ropes enabled filamentous cyanobacteria to colonize highly erodible substrates. PLoS One. 4:e7801. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauthier G, Bêty J, Cadieux M-C, Legagneux P, Doiron M, Chevallier C, Lai S, Tarroux A, Berteaux D. 2013. Long-term monitoring at multiple trophic levels suggests heterogeneity in responses to climate change in the Canadian Arctic tundra. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 368(1624):20120482–20120482. eng. doi:https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GBIF. 2020. Global biodiversity information facility. [accessed 2020 Aug 05]. https://www.gbif.org.
   Google Scholar
• Government of Canada. 2010. Canadian climate normals 1981–2010 station data. [accessed 2020 Mar 29]. https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?searchType=stnProv&lstProvince=NU&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=1731&dispBack=0.
   Google Scholar
• Goward SN, Dye DG. 1987. Evaluating North American net primary productivity with satellite observations. Adv Space Res. 7(11):165–174. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(87)90308-5.
   Google Scholar
• Gower ST, Kucharik CJ, Norman JM. 1999. Direct and indirect estimation of leaf area index, fAPAR, and net primary production of terrestrial ecosystems. Remote Sens Environ. 70(1):29–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00056-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliday G. 2002. The British flora in the Arctic. Watsonia. 24:133–144.
   Google Scholar
• Hamidi B, Wallace K, Vas C, Alekseyenko AV. 2019. -test: robust distance-based multivariate analysis of variance. Microbiome. 7(1):51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-019-0659-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodson E, Shahid F, Basinger J, Kaminskyj S. 2008. Fungal endorhizal associates of Equisetum species from Western and Arctic Canada. Mycol Prog. 8(1):19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-008-0574-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hope AS, Kimball JS, Stow DA. 1993. The relationship between tussock tundra spectral reflectance properties and biomass and vegetation composition. Int J Remote Sens. 14(10):1861–1874. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01431169308954008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultén E. 1956. The Cerastium alpinum complex. A case of world-wide introgressive hybridization. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift. 50(3):411–495.
   Google Scholar
• Ims RA, Ehrich D. 2013. Terrestrial ecosystems. In: Meltofte H, editor. Arctic biodiversity assessment: status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Akureyri: Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna; p. 385–440.
   Google Scholar
• IPCC. 2019. IPCC Special report on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate. [accessed 2020 Oct 26]. https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/.
   Google Scholar
• Jonasson S. 1988. Evaluation of the point intercept method for the estimation of plant biomass. Oikos. 52(1):101–106. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/3565988.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones GA, Henry GHR. 2003. Primary plant succession on recently deglaciated terrain in the Canadian High Arctic. J Biogeogr. 30(2):277–296. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00818.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Roux PC, Aalto J, Luoto M. 2013. Soil moisture’s underestimated role in climate change impact modelling in low-energy systems. Global Change Biol. 19(10):2965–2975. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legendre P, De Cáceres M, Morlon H. 2013. Beta diversity as the variance of community data: dissimilarity coefficients and partitioning. Ecol Lett. 16(8):951–963. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legendre P, Gallagher ED, Legendre P, Gallagher ED. 2001. Ecologically meaningful transformations for ordination of species data. Oecologia. 129(2):271–280. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420100716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legendre P, Legendre L. 2012. Numerical ecology. 3rd. Vol. 24. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Lévesque E. 1997. Plant distribution and colonization in extreme polar deserts, Ellesmere Island, Canada [dissertation]. Toronto (ON): University of Toronto.
   Google Scholar
• Lévesque E. 2001. Small scale plant distribution within a polar desert plateau, central Ellesmere Island, Canada. Écoscience. 8(3):350–358. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.2001.11682663.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis LR, Ickert-Bond SM, Biersma EM, Convey P, Goffinet B, Hassel K, La Farge C, Metzgar JS, Stech M, Villarreal JC, et al. 2017. Future directions and priorities for Arctic bryophyte research. Arctic Sci. 3:475–497. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2016-0043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindenmayer D, Likens G. 2010. Effective ecological monitoring. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Liptzin D. 2006. A banded vegetation pattern in a High Arctic community on Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut, Canada. Arct Antarct Alp Res. 38(2):216–223. doi:https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(2006)38[216:ABVPIA]2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamet SD, Young N, Chun KP, Johnstone JF. 2016. What is the most efficient and effective method for long-term monitoring of alpine tundra vegetation? Arctic Sci. 2(3):127–141. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2015-0020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maycock PF, Fahselt D. 1992. Vegetation of stressed calcareous screes and slopes in Sverdrup Pass, Ellesmere Island, Canada. Can J Bot. 70:2359–2377. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/b92-296.
   Google Scholar
• McMichael CE. 1999. Estimating CO2 exchange at two sites in Arctic tundra ecosystems during the growing season using a spectral vegetation index. Int J Remote Sens. 20(4):683–698. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/014311699213136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihoub J-B, Henle K, Titeux N, Brotons L, Brummitt NA, Schmeller DS. 2017. Setting temporal baselines for biodiversity: the limits of available monitoring data for capturing the full impact of anthropogenic pressures. Sci Rep. 7(1):41591. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motyka J, Dobrzanski B, Zawadzki S. 1950. Wstepne badania nad lakami polud-niowo-wschodniej Lubelszczyzny (Preliminary studies on meadows in the south-east of Lublin province). Ann Univ Mariae Curie-Sklodowska 5E. 5(13):367–447. Polish.
   Google Scholar
• Muc M, Freedman B, Svoboda J. 1989. Vascular plant communities of a polar oasis at Alexandra Fiord (79° N), Ellesmere Island, Canada. Can J Bot. 67(4):1126–1136. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/b89-147.
   Google Scholar
• Nabe-Nielsen J, Normand S, Hui FKC, Stewart L, Bay C, Nabe-Nielsen LI, Schmidt NM. 2017. Plant community composition and species richness in the High Arctic tundra: from the present to the future. Ecol Evol. 7(23):10233–10242. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakatsubo T, Uchida M, Sasaki A, Kondo M, Yoshitake S, Kanda H. 2015. Carbon accumulation rate of peatland in the High Arctic, Svalbard: implications for carbon sequestration. Polar Sci. 9(2):267–275. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2014.12.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natural Resources Canada. 2015. Canadian digital elevation model (CDEM). Ottawa (ON); [accessed 2020 Mar 29]. https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/7f245e4d-76c2-4caa-951a-45d1d2051333.
   Google Scholar
• Natural Resources Canada. 2017. CanVec series. Ottawa (ON); [accessed 2020 Mar 29]. https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/8ba2aa2a-7bb9-4448-b4d7-f164409fe056.
   Google Scholar
• NatureServe. 2020. NatureServe explorer. NatureServe; [accessed 2020 Oct 05]. https://explorer.natureserve.org/.
   Google Scholar
• O’Kane K. 2018. Plant succession in the High Arctic: patterns & mechanisms [master’s thesis]. Vancouver (BC): University of British Columbia.
   Google Scholar
• Pattison RR, Jorgenson JC, Raynolds MK, Welker JM. 2015. Trends in NDVI and tundra community composition in the Arctic of NE Alaska between 1984 and 2009. Ecosystems. 18(4):707–719. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-015-9858-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen A, Zöckler C, Gunnarsdottir M. 2004. Circumpolar biodiversity monitoring program framework document - CBMP Report No. 1. Akureyri: Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson KM. 2014. Plants in Arctic environments. In: Monson RK, editor. Ecology and the environment: the plant sciences, volume 8. New York (NY): Springer; p. 363–388.
   Google Scholar
• Pushkareva E, Kvíderová J, Šimek M, Elster J. 2017. Nitrogen fixation and diurnal changes of photosynthetic activity in Arctic soil crusts at different development stage. Eur J Soil Biol. 79:21–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2017.02.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. 2020. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; [accessed]. http://www.r-project.org/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Rao CR. 1995. A review of canonical coordinates and an alternative to correspondence analysis using Hellinger distance. Qüestiió. 19:23–63.
   Google Scholar
• Ravolainen V, Soininen EM, Jónsdóttir IS, Eischeid I, Forchhammer M, Van Der Wal R, Pedersen ÅØ. 2020. High Arctic ecosystem states: conceptual models of vegetation change to guide long-term monitoring and research. Ambio. 49(3):666–677. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01310-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricotta C, Podani J. 2017. On some properties of the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity and their ecological meaning. Ecol Complex. 31:201–205. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2017.07.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaver GR, Bret-Harte MS, Jones MH, Johnstone J, Gough L, Laundre J, ChapinFS. 2001. Species composition interacts with fertilizer to control long-term change in tundra productivity. Ecology. 82(11):3163–3181. doi:https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[3163:SCIWFT]2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheard JW, Geale DW. 1983. Vegetation studies at Polar Bear Pass, Bathurst Island, N.W.T. I. Classification of plant communities. Can J Botany . 61(6):1618–1636.
   Google Scholar
• Shively JM, English RS, Baker SH, Cannon GC. 2001. Carbon cycling: the prokaryotic contribution. Curr Opin Microbiol. 4:301–306. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-5274(00)00207-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shur Y, Jorgenson T, Kanevskiy M, Ping C-L. 2008. Formation of frost boils and earth hummocks. In: Kane DI, Hinkel KM, editors. Ninth International Conference on Permafrost, extended abstracts; Fairbanks: Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska. p. 287–288.
   Google Scholar
• Smith SL, Throop J, Lewkowicz AG, Burn CR. 2012. Recent changes in climate and permafrost temperatures at forested and polar desert sites in northern Canada. Can J Earth Sci. 49(8):914–924. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/e2012-019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohlberg EH, Bliss LC. 1984. Microscale pattern of vascular plant distribution in two high arctic plant communities. Can J Bot. 62(10):2033–2042. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/b84-277.
   Google Scholar
• Solstad H. 2008. Taxonomy and evolution of the diploid and polyploid Papaver sect. Meconella (Papavaraceae) [dissertation]. Oslo: University of Oslo.
   Google Scholar
• Stow D, Hope A, McGuire D, Verbyla D, Gamon J, Huemmrich F, Houston S, Racine C, Sturm M, Tape K, et al. 2004. Remote sensing of vegetation and land-cover change in Arctic tundra ecosystems. Remote Sens Environ. 89(3):281–308. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2003.10.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stow D, Petersen A, Hope A, Engstrom R, Coulter L. 2007. Greenness trends of Arctic tundra vegetation in the 1990s: comparison of two NDVI data sets from NOAA AVHRR systems. Int J Remote Sens. 28(21):4807–4822. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160701264284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svoboda J, Henry GHR. 1987. Succession in marginal Arctic environments. Arctic Alpine Res. 19(4):373–384. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1551402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talbot SS, Yurtsev BA, Murray DF, Argus GW, Bay C, Elvebakk A. 1999. Atlas of the rare vascular plants of the Arctic. CAFF Technical Report No. 3. Anchorage (AK): U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service.
   Google Scholar
• Tape KD, Hallinger M, Welker JM, Ruess RW. 2012. Landscape heterogeneity of shrub expansion in Arctic Alaska. Ecosystems. 15(5):711–724. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-012-9540-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor A, Brown RJE, Pilon J, Judge AS. 1982. Permafrost and the shallow thermal regime at Alert, N.W.T. In: French HM, editor. Proceedings of the Fourth Canadian Permafrost Conference; Mar 2–6 1981; Calgary, AB. Ottawa (ON): National Research Council of Canada. p. 12–22.
   Google Scholar
• Vanderpuye AW, Elvebakk A, Nilsen L. 2002. Plant communities along environmental gradients of high-arctic mires in Sassendalen, Svalbard. J Veg Sci. 13(6):875–884. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02117.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker A, Epstein H, Raynolds M, Kuss P, Kopecký M, Frost G, Daniëls F, Leibman M, Moskalenko N, Matyshak G, et al. 2012. Environment, vegetation and greenness (NDVI) along the North America and Eurasia Arctic transects. Environ Res Lett. 7:015504. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/015504.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker D, Walker M. 1991. History and pattern of disturbance in Alaskan arctic terrestrial ecosystems: a hierarchical approach to analysing landscape change. J Appl Ecol. 28:244–276. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2404128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker DA, Kuss P, Epstein HE, Kade AN, Vonlanthen CM, Raynolds MK, Daniëls FJA. 2011. Vegetation of zonal patterned-ground ecosystems along the North America Arctic bioclimate gradient. Appl Veg Sci. 14(4):440–463. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-109X.2011.01149.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker M. 1995. Patterns and causes of Arctic plant community diversity. In: Chapin FS, Körner C, editors. Arctic and Alpine biodiversity: patterns, causes and ecosystem consequences. Ecological studies (analysis and synthesis). Vol. 113. Berlin: Springer; p. 3–20.
   Google Scholar
• Walker M. 1996. Community baseline measurements for ITEX studies. In: Molau U, Mølgaard P, editors. International tundra experiment manual. 2nd ed. Copenhagen: Danish Polar Center; p. 39–41.
   Google Scholar
• Wietrzyk-Pełka P, Rola K, Patchett A, Szymański W, Węgrzyn MH, Björk RG. 2021. Patterns and drivers of cryptogam and vascular plant diversity in glacier forelands. Sci Total Environ. 770:144793. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo MK, Young KL. 2006. High Arctic wetlands: their occurrence, hydrological characteristics and sustainability. J Hydrol. 320(3–4):432–450. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.025
   Google Scholar
• Woo M-K, Young KL. 2014. Disappearing semi-permanent snow in the High Arctic and its consequences. J Glaciol. 60(219):192–200. doi:https://doi.org/10.3189/2014JoG13J150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wookey P, Aerts R, Bardgett R, Baptist F, Bråthen K, Cornelissen J, Gough L, Hartley I, Hopkins D, Lavorel S, et al. 2009. Ecosystem feedbacks and cascade processes: understanding their role in the responses of Arctic and alpine ecosystems to environmental change. Global Change Biol. 15:1153–1172. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01801.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young KL, Woo M-K. 2003. Thermo-hydrological responses to an exceptionally warm, dry summer in a high Arctic environment. Nordic Hydrol. 34(1–2):51–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2003.0028.
   Google Scholar
• Yurtsev BA. 1994. Floristic division of the Arctic. J Veg Sci. 5(6):765–776. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/3236191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwolicki A, Zmudczyńska-Skarbek K, Wietrzyk-Pełka P, Convey P. 2020. High Arctic vegetation. In: Goldstein MI, DellaSala DA, editors. Encyclopedia of the world’s biomes. Oxford: Elsevier; p. 465–479.
   Google Scholar