235
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Tree species composition, stand structure and distribution patterns across three Kashmir Himalayan forests, India

& ORCID Icon
Pages 311-324 | Received 01 Jan 2022, Accepted 25 Feb 2022, Published online: 07 Mar 2022

References

  • Ahmad M, Uniyal SK, Batish DR, Singh HP, Jaryan V, Rathee S, Sharma P, Kohli RK. 2020. Patterns of plant communities along vertical gradient in Dhauladhar Mountains in lesser Himalayas in North-Western India. Sci Total Environ. 716:136919. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136919.
  • Alexander JM, Kueffer C, Daehler CC, Edwards PJ, Pauchard A, Seipel T, Miren Consortium. 2011. Assembly of non-native floras along elevational gradients explained by directional ecological filtering. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 108(2):656–661. doi:10.1073/pnas.1013136108
  • Ali A, Mattsson E. 2016. Individual tree size inequality enhances aboveground biomass in homegarden agroforestry systems in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. Sci Total Environ. 575:6–11. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.022.
  • Ao A, Changkija S, Tripathi SK. 2021. Stand structure, community composition and tree species diversity of sub-tropical forest of Nagaland, Northeast India. Trop Ecol. 62(4):549–562. doi:10.1007/s42965-021-00170-5.
  • Badgley C, Smiley TM, Terry R, Davis EB, DeSantis LR, Fox DL, Hopkins SS, Jezkova T, Matocq MD, Matzke N, et al. 2017. Biodiversity and topographic complexity: modern and geohistorical perspectives. Trends Ecol Evol. 32(3):211–226. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2016.12.010
  • Barnes BV, Zak DR, Denton SR, Spurr SH. 1998. Forest ecology. 4th ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
  • Carpenter C. 2005. The environmental control of plant species density on a Himalayan elevation gradient. J Biogeogr. 32(6):999–1018. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01249.x.
  • Champion HG, Seth SK. 1968. A revised survey of the forest types of India. Delhi: Government of India Press.
  • Charlery L, Nielsen MR, Meilby H, Smith-Hall C. 2016. Effects of new roads on environmental resource use in the Central Himalaya. Sustainability. 8(4):363. doi:10.3390/su8040363.
  • Cochran W. 1977. Sampling techniques. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley.
  • Colwell RK, Mao CX, Chang J. 2004. Interpolating, extrapolating, and comparing incidence-based species accumulation curves. Ecology. 85(10):2717–2727. doi:10.1890/03-0557.
  • Curtis JT, McIntosh RP. 1950. The interrelations of certain analytic and synthetic phytosociological characters. Ecology. 31(3):434–455. doi:10.2307/1931497.
  • Dad JM, Muslim M, Rashid I, Reshi ZA, Reshi ZA. 2021. Time series analysis of climate variability and trends in Kashmir Himalaya. Ecol Ind. 126:107690. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107690.
  • Dakhil MA, Li J, Pandey B, Pan K, Liao Z, Olatunji OA, Zhang L, Eid EM, Abdelaal M. 2021. Richness patterns of endemic and threatened conifers in south-west China: topographic-soil fertility explanation. Environ Res Lett. 16(3):034017. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abda6e.
  • Dar JA, Subashree K, Raha D, Kumar A, Khare PK, Khan ML. 2019. Tree diversity, biomass and carbon storage in sacred Groves of Central India. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 26(36):37212–37227. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-06854-9.
  • Dar JA, Sundarapandian S. 2016. Patterns of plant diversity in seven temperate forest types of Western Himalaya, India. J Asia-Pac Biodivers. 9(3):280–292. doi:10.1016/j.japb.2016.03.018.
  • Das AK, Singha LB, Khan ML. 2017. Community structure and species diversity of Pinus merkusii Jungh. and de vriese forest along an altitudinal gradient in Eastern Himalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Trop Ecol. 58:397–408.
  • Fisher RA, Corbet AS, Williams CB. 1943. The relation between the number of species and the number of individuals in a random sample of an animal population. J Anim Ecol. 12(1):42–58. doi:10.2307/1411.
  • Fosaa AM. 2004. Biodiversity patterns of vascular plant species in mountain vegetation in the Faroe Islands. Divers Distrib. 10(3):217–223. doi:10.1111/j.1366-9516.2004.00080.x.
  • FSI. 2017. State of forest report. Dehradun: Forest Survey of India.
  • Gairola S, Rawal RS, Todaria NP. 2008. Forest vegetation patterns along an altitudinal gradient in sub-alpine zone of west Himalaya, India. Afr J Plant Sci. 2:042–048.
  • Gairola S, Sharma CM, Rana CS, Ghildiyal SK, Suyal S. 2010. Phytodiversity (Angiosperms and Gymnosperms) in Mandal-Chopta forest of Gharwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. Nat Sci. 8:1–17.
  • Gebrehiwot K, Desalegn T, Woldu Z, Demissew S, Teferi E. 2018. Soil organic carbon stock in Abune Yosef afroalpine and sub-afroalpine vegetation, northern Ethiopia. Ecol Process. 7(1):6–14. doi:10.1186/s13717-018-0117-9.
  • Gogoi RR, Adhikari D, Upadhaya K, Barik SK. 2020. Tree diversity and carbon stock in a subtropical broadleaved forest are greater than a subtropical pine forest occurring in similar elevation of Meghalaya, north-eastern India. Trop Ecol. 61(1):142–149. doi:10.1007/s42965-020-00061-1.
  • Hamid M, Khuroo AA, Malik AH, Ahmad R, Singh CP. 2021. Elevation and aspect determine the differences in soil properties and plant species diversity on Himalayan mountain summits. Ecol Res. 36(2):340–352. doi:10.1111/1440-1703.12202.
  • Haq SM, Calixto ES, Kumar M. 2021a. Assessing biodiversity and productivity over a small-scale gradient in the protected forests of Indian Western Himalayas. J Sustain For. 40(7):675–694. doi:10.1080/10549811.2020.1803918.
  • Haq SM, Calixto ES, Rashid I, Khuroo AA. 2021b. Human-driven disturbances change the vegetation characteristics of temperate forest stands: a case study from Pir Panchal mountain range in Kashmir Himalaya. Trees Forests People. 6:100134. doi:10.1016/j.tfp.2021.100134.
  • Haq SM, Khuroo AA, Malik AH, Rashid I, Ahmad R, Hamid M, Dar GH. 2020. Forest ecosystems of Jammu and Kashmir State. In: Dar GH, Khuroo AA, editors. Biodiversity of the Himalaya: jammu and Kashmir State. Singapore: Springer; p. 191–208.
  • Hoy A, Katel O, Thapa P, Dendup N, Matschullat J. 2016. Climatic changes and their impact on socio-economic sectors in the Bhutan Himalayas: an implementation strategy. Reg Environ Change. 16(5):1401–1415. doi:10.1007/s10113-015-0868-0.
  • Husson F, Josse J, Le S, Mazet J 2020. FactoMineR: multivariate exploratory data analysis and data mining. R package version 2.4.
  • Hutchins RB, Blevins RL, Hill JD, White EH. 1976. The influence of soils and microclimate on vegetation of forested slopes in eastern kentucky. Soil Sci. 121(4):234–241. doi:10.1097/00010694-197604000-00008.
  • Jacobi CM, Carmo FF. 2011. Life-forms, pollination and seed dispersal syndromes in plant communities on ironstone outcrops, SE Brazil. Acta Bot Bras. 25(2):395–412. doi:10.1590/S0102-33062011000200016.
  • Jafari SM, Zarre SH, Alavipanah SK. 2013. Woody species diversity and forest structure from lowland to montane forest in hyrcanian forest ecoregion. J Mountain Sci. 10(4):609–620. doi:10.1007/s11629-013-2652-2.
  • Johnson EA, Miyanishi K. 2007. Plant disturbance ecology: the process and response. Burlington: Elsevier.
  • Kandel P, Chettri N, Chaudhary RP, Badola HK, Gaira KS, Wangchuk S, Bidha N, Uprety Y, Sharma E. 2019. Plant diversity of the kangchenjunga landscape, Eastern Himalayas. Plant Divers. 41(3):153–165. doi:10.1016/j.pld.2019.04.006.
  • Kassambara A. 2017. Practical guide to principal component methods in R: PCA, M(CA), FAMD, MFA, HCPC, factoextra. Scotts Valley (CA): STHDA.
  • Kassambara A, Mundt F 2020. Factoextra: extract and visualize the results of multivariate data analyses. R package version 1.0.7.
  • Kaushal S, Siwach A, Baishya R. 2021. Diversity, regeneration, and anthropogenic disturbance in major Indian Central Himalayan forest types: implications for conservation. Biodivers Conserv. 30(8–9):2451–2480. doi:10.1007/s10531-021-02203-w.
  • Khamyong S, Lykke AM, Seramethakun D, Barfod AS. 2004. Species composition and vegetation structure of an upper montane forest at summit of Mt D0i Inthanon, Thailand. Nord J Bot. 23(1):83–97. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2003.tb00371.x.
  • Khan N, Jhariya MK, Yadav DK, Banerjee A. 2020. Structure, diversity and ecological function ofshrub species in an urban setup of Sarguja, Chhattisgarh, India. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 27(5):5418–5432. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-07172-w.
  • Khan AM, Qureshi R, Saqib Z. 2019. Multivariate analyses of the vegetation of the western Himalayan forests of Muzaffarabad district, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Ecol Indic. 104:723–736. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.05.048.
  • Khera N, Kumar A, Ram J, Tewari A. 2001. Plant biodiversity assessment in relation to disturbances in mid elevational forest of central Himalaya, India. Trop Ecol. 42:83–95.
  • Körner C. 2007. The use of altitude in ecological research. Trends Ecol Evol. 22(11):569–574. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.006.
  • Körner C, Ohsawa M, Spehn E. 2005. Mountain systems. In: Hassan R, Scholes R, Ash N, editors. Ecosystems and human well-being: current state and trends, Vol. 1 Millenium Ecosystem Assessment. Washington (DC): Island Press; p. 681–716.
  • Krishnan MS. 1982. Geology of India and Burma. 6th ed. New Delhi: CBS.
  • Kunwar RM, Sharma SP. 2004. Quantitative analysis of tree species in two community forests of Dolpa district, mid-west Nepal. Him J Sci. 2:23–28.
  • Leak WB. 1996. Long-term structural change in uneven-aged northern hardwoods. Forest Sci. 42:160–165.
  • Lele N, Joshi PK. 2009. Analyzing deforestation rates, spatial forest cover changes and identifying critical areas of forest cover changes in North-East India during 1972–1999. Environ Monit Assess. 156(1–4):159–170. doi:10.1007/s10661-008-0472-6.
  • Li L, Huang Z, Ye W, Cao H, Wei S, Wang Z, Lian J, Sun IF, Ma K, He F. 2009. Spatial distributions of tree species in a subtropical forest of China. Oikos. 118(4):495–502. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.16753.x.
  • Magurran AE. 2004. Measuring biological diversity. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
  • Mahapatra SK, Walia CS, Sidhu GS, Rana KP, Lal T. 2000. Characterization and classification of the soils of different physiographic units in the sub-humid ecosystem of Kashmir region. J Indian Soc Soil Sci. 48:572–577.
  • Malik AY, Singh DP, Yunus M, Bhat GA, Shukla G, Bhat JA, Rather MM, Chakravarty S. 2021. Diversity and structure of plant assemblages in open scrub vegetation patches of Dachigam National Park at Kashmir Himalayas. Trees Forests People. 3:100060. doi:10.1016/j.tfp.2020.100060.
  • Mandal G, Joshi SP. 2014. Analysis of vegetation dynamics and phytodiversity from three dry deciduous forests of Doon Valley, Western Himalaya, India. J Asia-Pac Biodivers. 7(3):292–304. doi:10.1016/j.japb.2014.07.006.
  • Mielke PW, Berry KJ. 2001. Permutation methods: a distance function approach. New York: Springer.
  • Miura M, Manabe T, Nishimura N, Yamamoto S. 2001. Forest canopy and community dynamics in a temperate old-growth evergreen broad-leaved forest, South-Western Japan: a 7-year study of a 4-ha plot. J Ecol. 89(5):841–849. doi:10.1046/j.0022-0477.2001.00603.x.
  • Mori SA, Boom BM, de Carvalho Am, Dos Santos TS, de Carvalho AM. 1983. Southern Bahian moist forests. Bot Rev. 49(2):155–232. doi:10.1007/BF02861011.
  • Nafeesa Z, Haq SM, Bashir F, Gaus G, Mazher M, Anjum M, Rasool A, Rashid N. 2021. Observations on the floristic, life-form, leaf-size spectra and habitat diversity of vegetation in the Bhimber hills of Kashmir Himalayas. Acta Ecol Sin. 41(3):228–234. doi:10.1016/j.chnaes.2021.03.003.
  • Naidu MT, Kumar OA. 2016. Tree diversity, stand structure and community composition of tropical forest in Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India. J Asia-Pac Biodivers. 9(3):328–334. doi:10.1016/j.japb.2016.03.019.
  • Nanda SA, Reshi ZA, Ul-haq M, Lone A, Mir SA. 2018. Taxonomic and functional plant diversity patterns along an elevational gradient through treeline ecotone in Kashmir. Trop Ecol. 59:211–224.
  • Narayan CA, Anshumali J. 2015. Diversity indices and importance values of a tropical deciduous forest of Chhotanagpur plateau, India. J Biodiv Environ Sci. 7:358–367.
  • Odum EP. 1971. Fundamentals of ecology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co.
  • Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Kindt R, Legendre P, Minchin PR, O’hara RB, Simpson GL, Solymos P, Stevens MH, Wagner H 2017. vegan: community ecology package. R package version 2.5‐7.
  • Pande PK. 2001. Quantitative vegetation analysis as per aspect and altitude, and regeneration behaviour of tree species in Garhwal Himalayan forest. Ann For. 9:39–52.
  • Pandey A, Badola HK, Rai S, Singh SP. 2018. Timberline Structure and Woody Taxa Regeneration towards Treeline along Latitudinal Gradients in Khangchendzonga National Park, Eastern Himalaya. PLoS One. 13(11):e207762. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207762.
  • Pandey B, Nepal N, Tripathi S, Pan K, Dakhil MA, Timilsina A, Justine MF, Koirala S, Nepali KB. 2020. Distribution pattern of gymnosperms’ richness in Nepal: effect of environmental constrains along elevational gradients. Plants. 9(5):625. doi:10.3390/plants9050625.
  • Peel MC, Finlayson BL, Mcmahon TA. 2007. Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci Discuss. 11(5):1633–1644. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007.
  • Pielou EC. 1975. Ecological diversity. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
  • Podlaski R, Sobala T, Kocurek M. 2019. Patterns of tree diameter distributions in managed and unmanaged Abies alba Mill. and Fagus sylvatica L. forest patches. For Ecol Manage. 435:97–105. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2018.12.046.
  • Polunin A, Stainton A. 1984. Flowers of the Himalaya. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Pragasan A, Parthasarathy N. 2010. Landscape-level tree diversity assessment in tropical forests of southern Eastern Ghats, India. Flora. 205(11):728–737. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2010.04.011.
  • Quazi SA, Ashton MS, Thadani R. 2003. Regeneration of monodominant stands of Banj Oak (Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus) on abandoned terraces in the central Himalayas. J Sust For. 17(4):75–90. doi:10.1300/J091v17n04_05.
  • R Core Team. 2021. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna (Austria): R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
  • Rafiqpoor D, Kier G, Kreft H. 2005. Global centers of vascular plant diversity. Nova Acta Leopold. 92:61–83.
  • Rahbek C. 2005. The role of spatial scale and the perception of large-scale species richness patterns. Ecol Lett. 8(2):224–239. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00701.x.
  • Resurrección BP, Goodrich CG, Song Y, Bastola A, Prakash A, Joshi D, Liebrand J, Shah SA. 2019. In the shadows of the Himalayan Mountains: persistent gender and social exclusion in development. In: Wester P, Mishra A, Mukherji A, Shrestha Cham AB, editors. The Hindu Kush Himalaya assessment: mountains, climate change, sustainability and people. Singapore: Springer International Publishing; p. 491–516.
  • Roeland K 2022. BiodiversityR: package for community ecology and suitability analysis. R package version 2.14‐7.
  • Sajad S, Haq SM, Yaqoob U, Calixto ES, Hassan M. 2021. Tree composition and standing biomass in forests of the northern part of Kashmir Himalaya. Vegetos. 34(4):857–866. doi:10.1007/s42535-021-00234-w.
  • Shaheen H, Khan RW, Hussain K, Ullah TS, Nasir M, Mehmood A. 2016. Carbon stocks assessment in subtropical forest types of Kashmir Himalayas. Pak J Bot. 48:2351–2357.
  • Shaheen H, Ullah Z, Khan SM, Harper DM. 2012. Species composition and community structure of western Himalayan moist temperate forests in Kashmir. For Ecol Manage. 278:138–145. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2012.05.009.
  • Sharma CM, Baduni NP, Gairola S, Ghildiyal SK, Suyal S. 2010. Effects of slope aspects on forest compositions, community structures and soil properties in natural temperate forests of Garhwal Himalaya. J For Res. 21(3):331–337. doi:10.1007/s11676-010-0079-y.
  • Sharma CM, Mishra AK, Tiwari OP, Krishan R, Rana YS. 2017. Effect of altitudinal gradients on forest structure and composition on ridge tops in Garhwal Himalaya. Energ Ecol Environ. 2(6):404–417. doi:10.1007/s40974-017-0067-6.
  • Sharma CM, Suyal S, Gairola S, Ghildiyal SK. 2009. Species richness and diversity along an altitudinal gradient in moist temperature forest of Garhwal Himalaya. J Am Sci. 5:119–128.
  • Sharma CM, Tiwari OP, Rana YS, Krishan R, Mishra AK. 2018. Elevational behaviour on dominance–diversity, regeneration, biomass and carbon storage in ridge forests of Garhwal Himalaya, India. For Ecol Manage. 424:105–120. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2018.04.038.
  • Singh JS, Singh SP. 1987. Forest vegetation of the Himalaya. Bot Rev. 53:80–192.
  • Soetaert K, Heip C. 1990. Sample-size dependence of diversity indices and the determination of sufficient sample size in a high-diversity deep-sea environment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 25:305–307. doi:10.3354/meps059305.
  • Spehn EM, Liberman M, Körner C. 2006. Land use change and mountain biodiversity. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
  • Spies TA. 1998. Forest structure: a key to the ecosystem. Northwest Sci. 72:34–39.
  • Sundarapandian SM, Pascal JK. 2013. Edge effects on plant diversity in tropical forest ecosystems at Periyar Wild life sanctuary in Western Ghats of India. J For Res. 24(3):403–418. doi:10.1007/s11676-013-0373-6.
  • Ter Braak CJF. 1987. The analysis of vegetation–environment relationship by canonical correspondence analysis. Vegetatio. 69(1–3):69–77. doi:10.1007/BF00038688.
  • Thakur U, Bisht NS, Kumar M, Kumar A. 2021. Influence of altitude on diversity and distribution pattern of trees in Himalayan temperate forests of Churdhar Wildlife Sanctuary, India. Water Air Soil Pollut. 232(5):205. doi:10.1007/s11270-021-05162-8.
  • Tiwari OP, Sharma CM, Rana YS. 2020. Influence of altitude and slope-aspect on diversity, regeneration and structure of some moist temperate forests of Garhwal Himalaya. Trop Ecol. 61(2):278–289. doi:10.1007/s42965-020-00088-4.
  • Tripathi A, Shankar U. 2014. Patterns of species dominance, diversity and dispersion in ‘khasi hill sal’ forest ecosystem in northeast India. For Ecosyst. 1(1):23. doi:10.1186/s40663-014-0023-2.
  • van Der Velden N, Slik JF, Hu YH, Lan G, Lin L, Deng X, Poorter L. 2014. Monodominance of Parashorea chinensis on fertile soils in a Chinese tropical rain forest. J Trop Ecol. 30(4):311–322. doi:10.1017/S0266467414000212.
  • Wang J, Wang H, Cao Y, Bai Z, Qin Q. 2016. Effects of soil and topographic factors on vegetation restoration in opencast coal mine dumps located in a loess area. Sci Rep. 6(1):22058. doi:10.1038/srep22058.
  • Wani AA, Joshi PK, Singh O. 2015. Estimating biomass and carbon mitigation of temperate coniferous forests using spectral modeling and field inventory data. Ecol Inf. 25:63–70. doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2014.12.003.
  • Wickham H, Chang W, Henry L, Pedersen TL, Takahashi K, Wilke C, Woo K, Yutani H, Dunnington D,R. 2021. ggplot2: create elegant data visualizations using the grammar of graphics. R package version 3.3.5.
  • Xu J, Grumbine RE, Shrestha A, Eriksson M, Yang X, Wang YU, Wilkes A. 2009. The melting Himalayas: cascading effects of climate change on water, biodiversity, and livelihoods. Conserv Biol. 23(3):520–530. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01237.x.
  • Yam G, Tripathi OP. 2016. Tree diversity and community characteristics in Talle Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern Himalaya, India. J Asia-Pac Biodivers. 9(2):160–165. doi:10.1016/j.japb.2016.03.002.
  • Yousaf Z. 2017. Plant ecology: traditional approaches to recent trends. Croatia: IntechOpen.
  • Yuan Z, Wang S, Ali A, Gazol A, Ruiz-Benito P, Wang X, Lin F, Ye J, Hao Z, Loreau M. 2018. Aboveground carbon storage is driven by functional trait composition and stand structural attributes rather than biodiversity in temperate mixed forests recovering from disturbances. Ann For Sci. 75(3):67. doi:10.1007/s13595-018-0745-3.
  • Zaz SN, Romshoo SA, Krishnamoorthy RT, Viswanadhapalli Y. 2019. Analyses of temperature and precipitation in the Indian Jammu and Kashmir region for the 1980–2016 period: implications for remote influence and extreme events. Atmos Chem Phys. 19(1):15–37. doi:10.5194/acp-19-15-2019.
  • Zhang W, Huang D, Wang R, Liu J, Du N. 2016. Altitudinal patterns of species diversity and phylogenetic diversity across temperate mountain forests of Northern China. PLoS One. 11(7):e0159995. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159995.
  • Zhang JT, Zhang B, Cheng JJ, Zhang QD, Tian SG, Liu SJ, Liu SJ. 2011. Forest community analysis in the Songshan National Nature reserve of China using self-organizing map. Russ J Ecol. 42(3):216–222. doi:10.1134/S1067413611030179.
  • Zilliox C, Gosselin F. 2014. Tree species diversity and abundance as indicators of understory diversity in French mountain forests: variations of the relationship in geographical and ecological space. For Ecol Manage. 321:105–116. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2013.07.049.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.