References
- Baeuerle , PA . 1991 . The inducible transcription activator NF‐kappa B: regulation by distinct protein subunits . Biochim Biophys Acta , 1072 : 63 – 80 .
- Ben‐Ze'ev , A . 1991 . Animal cell shape changes and gene expression . Bioassay , 13 : 207 – 212 .
- Bissell , MJ , Hall , HG and Parry , G . 1982 . How does the extracellular matrix direct gene expression? . J Theor Biol , 99 : 31 – 68 .
- Blank , V , Kourilsky , P and Israel , A . 1992 . NF‐κB and related proteins: Rel/dorsal homologies meet ankyrin‐like repeats . Trends Biochem Sci , 17 : 135 – 140 .
- Botteri , FM , Ballmer‐Hofer , K , Rajput , B and Nagamine , Y . 1990 . Disruption of cytoskeletal structures results in the induction of the urokinase‐type plasminogen activator gene expression . J Biol Chem , 265 : 13327 – 13334 .
- Brown , K , Park , S , Kanno , T , Franzoso , G and Siebenlist , U . 1993 . Mutual regulation of the transcriptional activator NF‐κ B and its inhibitor, IκB‐α . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 90 : 2532 – 2536 .
- Burnette , WN . 1981 . “Western blotting”: Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from sodium dodecyl suliate‐polyacrylamide gels to unmodified nitrocellulose and radiographic detection with antibody and radioiodinated protein A . Anal Biochem , 112 : 195 – 203 .
- Doyle , T and Botstein , D . 1996 . Movement of yeast cortical actin cytoskeleton visualized in vivo . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 93 : 3888 – 3891 .
- Gilmore , TD and Morin , PJ . 1993 . The I kappa B proteins: members of a multifunctional family . Trends Genet , 9 : 1019 – 1029 .
- Grumont , RJ and Gerondakis , S . 1994 . Alternative splicing of RNA transcripts encoded by murine p105 NF‐κB gene generates IκB‐γ isoforms with different inhibitory activities . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 91 : 4367 – 4371 .
- Gundersen , GG , Khawaja , S and Bulinski , CJ . 1989 . Generation of a stable, posttranslationally modified microtubule array is an early event in myogenic differentiation . J Cell Biol , 109 : 2275 – 2288 .
- Henkel , T , Machleidt , T , Alkalay , I , Kronke , M , Ben‐Neriah , Y and Baeuerle , PA . 1993 . Rapid proteolysis of I kappa B‐alpha is necessary for activation of transcription factor NF ‐κB . Nature , 365 : 182 – 185 .
- Hunter , T and Karin , M . 1992 . The regulation of transcription by phosphorylation . Cell , 70 : 6231 – 6240 .
- Knudsen , KA and Horwitz , AF . 1977 . Tandem events in myoblast fusion . Dev Biol , 58 : 328 – 338 .
- Lee , JS , Von der Ahe , D , Kiefer , B and Nagamine , Y . 1993 . Cytoskeletal reorganization and TPA differently modify AP‐1 to induce the urokinase‐type plasminogen activator gene in LLC‐PK 1 cells . Nucleic Acids Res , 21 : 3365 – 3372 .
- Lee , KH , Baek , MY , Moon , KY , Song , WK , Chung , CH , Ha , DB and Kang , M‐S . 1994 . Nitric Oxide as a messenger molecule for myoblast fusion . J Biol Chem , 289 : 14371 – 14374 .
- Lee , KH , Kim , DG , Shin , NY , Song , WK , Kwon , H , Chung , CH and Kang , M‐S . in press . NF‐κB‐dependent expression of nitric oxide synthase for membrane fusion of chick embryonic myoblasts . Biochem J ,
- Lenardo , MJ and Baltimore , D . 1989 . NF‐κB: a pleiotropic mediator of inducible and tissue‐specific gene control . Cell , 58 : 227 – 229 .
- Liebermann , T and Baltimore , D . 1990 . Activation of IL‐6 gene expression through the NF‐κB transcription factor . Mol Cell Biol , 10 : 2317 – 2324 .
- Lin , AW , Chang , CC and McCormick , CC . 1996 . Molecular cloning and expression of an avian macrophage nitric‐oxide synthase cDNA and analysis of the genomic 5'‐flanking region . J Biol Chem , 271 : 11911 – 11919 .
- Liou , H‐C and Baltimore , D . 1993 . Regulation of the NF‐κB/rel transcription factor and IκB inhibitor system . Curr Opin Cell Biol , 5 : 477 – 487 .
- Lowenthal , J , Ballard , D , Bogerd , H , Bohnlein , E and Greene , W . 1989 . Tumor necrosis factor‐alpha activation of the IL‐2 receptor alpha gene involves the induction of κB‐specific DNA binding proteins . J Immunol , 142 : 31221 – 31228 .
- Luduena , RF and Roach , MC . 1991 . Tubulin sulfhydryl groups as probes and targets for antimitotic and antimicrotubule agents . Pharmacol Ther , 49 : 133 – 152 .
- Lux , SE , John , KM and Bennett , V . 1990 . Analysis of cDNA for human erythrocyte ankyrin indicates a repeated structure with homology to tissue‐differentiation and cell‐cycle control proteins . Nature , 344 : 36 – 42 .
- Manie , S , Schmid‐Alliana , A , Kubar , J , Ferrua , B and Rossi , B . 1993 . Disruption of microtubule network in human mono‐cytes induces expression of interleukin‐1 but not that of interleukin‐6 nor tumor necrosis factor‐alpha: Involvement of protein kinase A stimulation . J Biol Chem , 263 : 13675 – 13681 .
- Nameroff , M and Munar , E . 1976 . Inhibition of cellular differentiation by phospholipase C . Dev Biol , 49 : 288 – 293 .
- Nolan , GP and Baltimore , D . 1992 . The inhibitory ankyrin and activator Rel proteins . Curr Opin Genet Dev , 2 : 211 – 220 .
- Osborn , L , Kunkel , S and Nabel , GJ . 1989 . Tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1 stimulate the human immunodeficiency virus enhancer by activation of the nuclear factor κB . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 86 : 2336 – 2341 .
- Rosette , C and Karin , M . 1995 . Cytoskeletal control of gene expression: disruption of microtubules activates NF‐κB . J Ceil Biol , 128 : 1111 – 1119 .
- Schreck , R , Meier , B , Mannel , DN , Droge , W and Baeuerle , PA . 1992 . Dithiocarbamates as potent inhibitors of nuclear factor κB activation in intact cells . J Exp Med , 175 : 1181 – 1194 .
- Schreiber , E , Matthias , P , Muller , MM and Shaffner , W . 1989 . Rapid detection of octamer binding proteins with ‘mini‐extracts’, prepared from a small number of cells . Nucleic Acids Res , 17 : 6419 – 6420 .
- Sen , R and Baltimore , D . 1986 . Multiple nuclear factors interact with the immunoglobulin enhancer sequences . Cell , 46 : 705 – 716 .
- Shimizu , H , Mitomo , K , Watanabe , T , Okamoto , S and Yamamoto , K‐I . 1990 . Involvement of a NF‐κB like transcription factor in the activation of the interleukin‐6 gene by inflammatory lymphokines . Mol Cell Biol , 10 : 561 – 568 .
- Shirakawa , F and Mizel , S . 1989 . In vitro activation and nuclear translocation of NF‐κB catalyzed by cAMP‐dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C . Mol Cell Biol , 9 : 2424 – 2430 .
- Sun , SC , Gaunch , PA , Ballard , DW and Greene , WC . 1993 . NF‐kappa B controls expression of inhibitor I kappa B alpha: evdence for an inducible autoregulatory pathway . Science , 259 : 1912 – 1915 .
- Xie , Q‐W , Kashiwabara , Y and Nathan , C . 1994 . Role of transcription factor NF‐κB/Rel in induction of nitric oxide synthase . J Biol Chem , 169 : 4705 – 4709 .
- Yaffe , D . 1968 . Retention of differentiation potentialities during prolonged cultivation of myogenic cells . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 61 : 477 – 483 .
- Zabel , U and Baeuerle , PA . 1990 . Purified human IκB can rapidly dissociate the complex of the NF‐κB transcription factor with its cognate DNA . Cell , 61 : 255 – 265 .
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: 82–2–880–6687, Fax: 82–2–872–1993